Landforms Quiz 6 and 7

7. Abrasion is usually confined to a zone which extends up to __________ above the ground. a. 1 cm (0.39 in.) b. 1 m (3.28 ft.) c. 5 m (16.4 ft.) d. 10 m (32.4 ft.)

b. 1 m (3.28 ft.)

4. The often-sited work on eolian processes is The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes written by a. William Morris Davis. b. John Wesley Powell. c. Ralph A. Bagnold. d. Edward Abbey.

c. Ralph A. Bagnold.

25. Desertification is not caused by which of the following? a. overgrazing b. climate change c. erosion and salinization of crop land d. deforestation e. All of these

e. All of these

15. Significant loess deposits are found in the a. Mississippi and Missouri valleys. b. eastern Washington region. c. Ukraine in the former Soviet Union. d. Loess Plateau of China, some 300,000 km2 (115,800 mi2). e. All of these regions contain loess.

e. All of these regions contain loess.

28. Barrier islands can migrate. a. True b. False

a. True

24. As the potential evapotranspiration increases, salinity decreases. a. True b. False

b. False

25. Brine water tends to occur near coastal deltas. a. True b. False

b. False

8. Elongated, streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called a. ventifacts. b. yardangs. c. desert pavements. d. alluvial rock structures.

b. yardangs.

19. Which of the following is not true of alluvial fans? a. They often serve as good sources of groundwater. b. They frequently occur in the eastern United States. c. The largest sized sediment is found near the top of the fan, and the smallest near the bottom. d. They are depositional features.

b. They frequently occur in the eastern United States.

14. Generally speaking, "beaches" span the zone a. between high and low spring tides. b. from several feet above high tide to several feet below low tide. c. between high and low neap tides. d. from the high tide line during a spring tide to the low tide line during a neap tide.

b. from several feet above high tide to several feet below low tide.

3. Brine water results from a. the influx of river water into the ocean. b. stagnation of water in a floodplain swamp. c. high evapotranspiration rates. d. heavy rainfall and low temperatures.

c. high evapotranspiration rates.

14. A crescent-shaped dune with anchoring vegetation is called a a. barchanoid ridge. b. longitudinal dune. c. parabolic dune. d. reversing dune.

c. parabolic dune.

6. Which of the following terms is not a correct reference to a desert pavement? a. gibber plain b. lag gravels c. sand seas d. reg desert

c. sand seas

7. Which of the following is not true of tides? a. They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun. b. They are complex daily oscillations in sea level. c. They are influenced by the size, depth, and topography of ocean basins. d. They are influenced by shoreline configuration and latitude.

a. They are produced solely by the gravitational pull of the Sun.

21. Approximately two thirds (66 percent) of the world's population lives in or near a coastal region. a. True b. False

a. True

27. Longitudinal sand dunes are oriented parallel to the prevailing wind. a. True b. False

a. True

30. The Colorado River system is experiencing a drought that is more severe than any in the historic record. a. True b. False

a. True

21. A continuous depositional apron, or __________, may form if individual alluvial fans coalesce into one sloping surface. This feature contrasts with a __________, which is an erosional surface along a mountain front where bedrock is covered by a thin veneer of alluvium. a. bajada; pediment b. pediment; bajada c. playa; bolson d. horst; graben

a.. bajada; pediment

28. Wind-blown loess deposits are only derived from glacial and periglacial sources. a. True b. False

b. False

29. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo wreaked havoc in Puerto Rico, yet missed the South Carolina coastline. a. True b. False

b. False

22. Buttes, mesas, and inselbergs represent a. pinnacles of rock and rock masses that were uplifted by compressional forces. b. erosional remnants of a once extensive and continuous rock layer. c. erosional remnants of vertically tilted strata. d. the erosional remnants of volcanoes (i.e., volcanic necks).

b. erosional remnants of a once extensive and continuous rock layer.

10. Small sized sand that is blown in a strong wind will produce ripples that are a. closely spaced. b. widely spaced. c. It is impossible to say what the spacing will be because there is no relationship between ripple spacing, sand size, and wind velocity.

b. widely spaced.

23. The composition of the ocean in terms of the ratio of individual mineral salts is remarkably homogenous. a. True b. False

a. True

26. The coastal environment is also known as the littoral zone. a. True b. False

a. True

26. Water is essential to the formation of a desert pavement. a. True b. False

a. True

27. A significant seismic sea wave occurs an average of every 3.5 years in the Pacific Basin. a. True b. False

a. True

29. Soils formed from loess tend to be infertile. a. True b. False

b. False

30. The barrier islands off the Louisiana shore have been growing at fast rates in recent decades. a. True b. False

b. False

19. Marco Island, Florida, is used in the text as an example of a. a natural, protected mangrove environment that was saved by planning using a GIS approach. b. a mangrove ecosystem completely urbanized. c. a coral atoll. d. a nature preserve

b. a mangrove ecosystem completely urbanized.

10. Sand on a beach moves in a zigzag pattern when waves strike the beach __________, and this movement of material is known as __________. a. at an angle; longshore drift b. at an angle; beach drift c. head on; longshore drift d. head on; beach drift

b. at an angle; beach drift

17. Which of the following is not related to coral rock formations? a. atolls b. bay barriers and barrier spits c. reefs d. barrier reefs

b. bay barriers and barrier spits

13. Which of the following is not an example of an erosional coastal landform? a. sea arch b. tombolo c. wave-cut platform d. notched cliff

b. tombolo

16. In order for an atoll to form, what had to happen? a. erosion b. submergence c. tectonic upwarping d. both erosion and submergence e. both erosion and tectonic upwarping

d. both erosion and submergence

22. Water can be considered a "universal" solvent. a. True b. False

a. True

1. Which of the following is not true regarding Earth's oceans? a. Development on Marco Island was prevented due to sensitive mangrove habitat. b. 50% of Earth's population lives in coastal areas. c. 50% of the oceans' coastlines are at risk of loss or disruption. d. Coral bleaching is affecting reefs worldwide.

a. Development on Marco Island was prevented due to sensitive mangrove habitat.

13. Relatively small dunes that are crescentic in shape are termed __________ dunes. a. barchan b. star c. longitudinal d. seif

a. barchan

5. The formation of desert pavement a. involves both wind and water. b. is produced by abrasion only. c. is not related to deflation. d. involves wind processes only.

a. involves both wind and water.

4. About 2 percent of the oceanic mass comprises the a. mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures. b. deep cold zone that is near freezing. c. thermocline transition zone. d. bottom-most layers of each ocean basin that are surprisingly warmer than surface layers.

a. mixing zone of blended solutes and temperatures.

11. An earthquake, submarine landslide, or eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a a. tsunami. b. tidal wave. c. slow-moving giant swell. d. wave in the open ocean of great height.

a. tsunami.

16. The loess deposits in North America are derived from __________, and those in China are derived from __________. a. glacial and periglacial regions; glacial and periglacial regions b. glacial and periglacial regions; deserts c. deserts; glacial and periglacial regions d. deserts; deserts

b. glacial and periglacial regions; deserts

2. Which of the following grain sizes is most readily moved by the wind? a. large b. intermediate c. small

b. intermediate

11. Which side of a dune typically has a slope angle equal to that of the angle of repose for sand? a. windward b. leeward c. stoss d. top

b. leeward

12. Linear dunes and seif dunes are oriented a. parallel to the wind. b. perpendicular to the wind. c. randomly in relation to wind direction.

b. perpendicular to the wind.

18. As regards wetlands, which of the following is correctly matched? a. salt marsh - between the equator and the 30th parallel in both hemispheres b. salt marsh - poleward of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere c. mangrove swamps - poleward of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere d. salt marshes - low productivity due to the salinity

b. salt marsh - poleward of the 30th parallel in either hemisphere

18. The spatial distribution of Earth's dry regions are attributable to all of the following factors except a. subtropical high-pressure cells between 15° and 35° N and S latitudes. b. rain shadows to the lee of mountain ranges. c. the equatorial low-pressure region and the ITCZ. d. great distances from moisture-bearing air masses.

c. the equatorial low-pressure region and the ITCZ.

23. The major erosional force in the desert is a. wind. b. the eolian process. c. water and fluvial processes. d. human activity.

c. water and fluvial processes.

3. A 50 kmph (30 mph.) wind blowing for 24 hours moves how much sand over 1m2 (1yd2) a. 10 kg (22 lbs.) b. 50 kg (110 lbs.) c. 500 kg (1100 lbs.) d. 1000 kg (2200 lbs.) e. 2000 kg (44000 lbs.)

d. 1000 kg (2200 lbs.)

2. The average salinity of sea water may be expressed as a. 3.5 percent, or 35 parts per thousand. b. 35,000 parts per million. c. 35 grams per kilogram. d. All of these are correct. e. None of these are correct as stated.

d. All of these are correct.

12. Which of the following is true of worldwide sea level? a. Over the long term, levels have been very constant. b. Changes in sea level are usually unrelated to tectonic processes. c. Changes seem to occur without any relation to global average temperatures. d. It was about 130 m (430 ft.) lower 18,000 B.P., and about 10 cm lower 100 years or so ago.

d. It was about 130 m (430 ft.) lower 18,000 B.P., and about 10 cm lower 100 years or so ago.

17. In which region of the United States. are eolian processes most effective? a. northeast b. southeast c. northwest d. southwest

southwest

6. From inland to the ocean, which sequence of zones is correct? a. nearshore, backshore, coast b. beach, surf zone, coast c. coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore d. ocean, beach, cliffs

c. coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore

15. In order to reestablish eroding beaches, some municipalities deposit sand on the beach using trucks. In the process, known as beach nourishment, the beach front may be steepened relative to its original slope. Based on the relationship between beach slope and wave type, you know that this restoration process will result in the generation of __________. a. small breakers that will maintain the beach b. small breakers that will build the beach up even more in a cycle of positive feedback c. plunging breakers that will erode the newly deposited sand d. plunging breakers that will maintain the beach

c. plunging breakers that will erode the newly deposited sand

24. Addition of more dams on the Colorado River would result in __________ available water because __________. a. more; of the obvious fact that dams create reservoirs which store water that would otherwise flow into the sea b. less; some of the impounded water would seep into rock and become unavailable c. less; some of the water would evaporate d. both less; some of the impounded water would seep into rock and become unavailable and less; some of the water would evaporate

d. both less; some of the impounded water would seep into rock and become unavailable and less; some of the water would evaporate

20. So-called "sleeper waves" result from a. earthquakes. b. volcanic eruptions. c. submarine landslides. d. constructive, in-phase interference.

d. constructive, in-phase interference.

. For purposes of discussing eolian processes, the wind acts like a a. solid. b. gas. c. plasma. d. fluid.

d. fluid.

20. Which of the following is not another name for an alluvial fan? a. qanat b. karex c. foggara d. gibber plain

d. gibber plain

5. A general term for the coastal environment is a. shoreline. b. coast. c. coastline. d. littoral zone.

d. littoral zone.

9. A sea stack (i.e., an isolated pillar of rock located offshore) is the erosional remnant of a a. volcanic neck. b. spit. c. tombolo. d. rocky headland.

d. rocky headland.

9. Pebbles can be moved by __________ in a process known as __________. a. deflation; saltation b. deflation; surface creep c. saltating particles; deflation d. saltating particles; surface creep

d. saltating particles; surface creep

8. Which of the following is not true of tides? a. The Moon's gravitational pull on Earth is greater than that of the Sun's. b. Inertia produces a bulge on the side of Earth opposite that of the Moon. c. Tidal bulges rotate with Earth; i.e., they move with the landmasses as Earth rotates. d. The tidal bulge located on the side of Earth opposite that of the Moon results from the fact that it is "left in position" while the water on the side facing the Moon is drawn toward the Moon. e. Most places on Earth experience two high tides and two low tides each day.

c. Tidal bulges rotate with Earth; i.e., they move with the landmasses as Earth rotates.