Language

...phonemic

Phonemic awareness is imperative for developing and mastering skills in reading and writing.

...Phonology

Phonology is foundational to all other aspects of language development. Children must hear the sounds of a language before they can acquire (begin to use it as their own) that language. All other components of language are based upon a child's ability to understand and produce sounds.

what is phonology

Phonology is the sound system of the language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined (Menn & Stoel-Gammon, 2009; Panneton, Mcllreavey, & Bhullar, 2008, in Santrock, 2009).

...Piaget

Piaget (1965), states that children are active learners, making learning fun and interesting will arouse the children natural curiosity. The repetition of words, phrases and language allows children to play with language.

Piaget

Piaget- Piaget's theories on children learning language is mainly focused around "cognitive development," meaning language is controlled by the development of thinking. If a baby can use sentences involving phrases such as, "more than", "less than" it is obvious that the concepts of "more than" must have been grasped, before the child uses the phrase in an utternace.

...pitch

Pitch refers to how high or low a voice is when producing a sound, stress refers to how loud or soft it is, and juncture refers to the pauses or connections between words phrases and sentences (

...Language centres

Providing an effective Language Centre that is print rich, comfortable and appealing for children to engage in reading, storytelling, listening, writing, and manipulating and playing with letters and words. In this type of environment children's interest in words sounds, their conventions and their meaning is aroused

...facilitating language

Providing enjoyment - to encourage the development of phonemic skills teachers must promote enjoyment in using language (for example, storytelling, rhyming, poetry, chants,

...Listening

The ability to listen is not the same as hearing, listening is a process which is somewhat systematic

The Development of Phonological Awareness Skills:

The order of the acquisition of phonological awareness skills are asfollows:- rhyme skills- spelling- recognizing words with similar sounds ahead- recognizing words with similar sounds at the end-recognizing the number of sounds in a word and spelling vowel-consonant, consonant-vowel, consonant-vowel-consonant stylewords-spelling consonant-consonant-vowel-consonant, consonant-vowel-consonant-consonant and consonant-consonant-vowel-consonant-consonant style words- Manipulating the sounds in a word (e.g. Deleting /c/ and pronoun-cing a new word /at/ instead of /cat/) (Paul, 1995).

Key Elements in Effective Practice

These competencies are acquired through a combination of skill and knowledge gained through education, training and practical experience.

How children acquire language

They begin by absorbing, listening and then imitating and practising. Their responses are reinforced by these significant others and patterns begin to emerge, even for the babies, as they try so hard to make sense of what is happening around them

systems of sound

This system of sounds includes articulation, pronunciation and intonation

definition of young children listening

as a form of communication that involves hearing, interpreting, and constructing meanings; an active process that is not limited to the spoken word; and an essential way of participating in daily routines as well as wider decision-making processes (Jalongo, 2010).

benefit of reading to babies and young children Cultural

awarness of cultural differences and similarities broadens perspectives

literacy-interacting -accessible materials

books, magazines, magnetic letters, chalkboards, paper, writing tools, and computer

benefit of reading to babies and young children emotional

enjoyment from reading, beginning to relate emotions to others

benefit of reading to babies and young children cognitive

expands knowledge and memory problem solving classification skills perks interest in books active rather than passive learning logical sequencing expands imagination

literacy-interacting - role models

parents and caregivers who talk, listen, read, write, and ask question

benefit of reading to babies and young children self-esteem

perceives self as a reader makes choices among books

The components of language

phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax and pragmatics.

benefit of reading to babies and young children muscle skills

relaxation of large muscles small muscles holding and turning pages

...Brewer (2007)

says language is defined as a system of communication used by humans, which is either produced orally or by sign and that can be extended to its written form.

literacy-interacting- rich environment

signs, books, labels, and computers

Why is language crucial to young children's development?

solely the province of those working with young children, as it is also a concern of parents, carers, families and even policymakers. There is a need for practitioners to disseminate knowledge and good practice to these stakeholders. Those educating young children should be well qualified, but also knowledgeable and well informed about their role and its practical application

...phonemic

that phonemic awareness is the ability to think about and work with individual sounds in spoken languages

Noam Chomsky's (1965)

theory that language is inherent in each child at birth. He calls it 'language acquisition device' (LAD). It is a structure in the brain that makes the learning of language possible, only in humans.

Jean Piaget (1969)

to create that stimulating, print-rich, conversational and interactional teaching/learning environment that

Why is language crucial to young children's development?

when working with young children is fundamental. You need to develop and establish an occupational knowledge base that accounts for both professional and practical knowledge. Knowledge and articulation about how young children acquire language and develop into competent thinkers and language users is key to good practice.

definition for literacy

"literacy includes the capacity to read, understand and critically appreciate various forms of communication including spoken language, printed text, broadcast media, and digital media."

...Stepping stones

"varying sizes with audio, rhyming words and large print all foster fundamental stepping stones for language and literacy development to grow. The child/children benefits from not just hearing sounds, but rather begin actively involved in their articulation of sounds

phoneme

A phoneme is the basic unit of sound in a language; it is the smallest unit of sound that affects meaning

phonology

Brewer (2007) explains phonology as the system of sounds that make up the language.

Bruner

Bruner- As a way of respoonding to Chomsky's LAD learning system. Bruner theorised the lanuage acquisition support system (LASS) Bruner states through lass that parents often use books and images to develop their childs naming abilities and their ability to get involved in conversation.

...talk to your baby

Every child, to be educationally successful, needs a language -rich environment, one in which adults speak well, listen attentively, and read aloud every day." Earnest L.Boyer in Talk to your baby. Language rich environments, with listening centers, books with

...morphology

InAny unit of meaning involved in word formation is referred to as morphology. Morphology is a sub-component of phonologytonation involves pitch, stress and juncture

How children acquire language

. Each new experience, whether as children (or adults) extends language skills in some way. Each new creation - a new word, a new way of expressing something, extends the system for the generations that follow. In turn, old ways are replaced with new and so it goes on ad infinitum. Such is the power that language offers to children, and such is the power they have over

Listening

. Firstly, listening involves taking in meaningful sounds and noises and in some way, retaining and using them (Kanu, 2012).

How children acquire language

. Gradually they learn to reproduce sounds and words and establish an understanding of how language works, the structure and grammatical sense of putting these sounds and words together. It is generally held that children have an inbuilt language acquisition device (LAD) and/or a language acquisition support system (LASS) that enables this to occur.

...Language acquisition

. Language acquisition begins in the womb; the child hears sounds from the mother's environment.

action plan for language development

1) Consciously speak clearly with the child, children and all parents and staff 2) Use 'think aloud' sometimes when performing duties, especially when the child in study is present or nearby 3) Encourage interactions, collaborations and peer tutoring among the children 4) Incorporate more music, song and dance in small group learning activities

action plan

5) Begin a show and tell at least one day in each week 6) Allow children to picture read for their peers 7) Play games like 'I spy' and 'find it' with the children 8) Conduct workshops to inform parents on how they can promote language development with their children 9) Build a collaboration with the child's parents to establish a plan of action for providing more opportunities at home for conversations 10) Spend more time with the child and the other children, just talking about experiences and emotions felt

...Listening

According to (Diener, 2012), if a child is asked a question the child first hears the question, then interprets the meaning and then formulates a response.

...sound

Children learn to pronounce these sounds as they learn to talk, and they learn to associate the sounds with letters as they learn to read and write.

word awareness

Children might be at different skill levels on word awareness andsyllable awareness in the same process. However, it should be con-sidered that phonological awareness skills are the basics of develo-ping reading abilities (Jenkins & Bowen 1994; Owens, 1999; Roth& Baden, 2001; Roth, Troia, Worthington & Handy, 2006; Stone,Merritt & Cherkes-Julkowski, 1998; Wright & Jacobs, 2003).

...phonological

Children with reading problems have phonological problems aswell. These problems are generally related to the discrimination of rhymes into smaller phonemic units. Children with severe phono-logical problems during preschool are at risk for developing readingand spelling skills (Reason & Frederickson, 2000; Roth et al, 2006;Snowling, 2000; Snowling & Stackhouse, 2001; Thomson, 2001).However, acquiring phonological awareness skills and learning thelinks between sounds in order to express the written symbols havepositive effects on overwhelming these problems (Lovett, Laceren

Chomsky

Chomsky created the LAD- language acquisition device 1. Baby already knows about linguistic rules, as they are born with an innate knowledge of language. 2. The baby hears examples of his/ her native language 3. The linguistic rules help the baby make estimations and presumptions about the language it is hearing. 4. From these estimations and presumption the baby works out grammatical sets of rules. As more language is heard the grammar becomes more and more like adults.

Chomsky

Chomsky- Noam Chomsky stated that children are born with an innate knowledge of language when they are born and learning of their native language is at high speed when hearing it from others. This links to children overrgularising and putting grammar into utterences when they are not needed. Chomsky is one of the most famous theorists on child language acquisition, but becase his theories were based on his own intuitions about English and not actually studied on real children, many theorists find flaws within his theories and statements

How children acquire language

Given minimum exposure to language, every child will acquire a sophisticated symbol system to serve its communicative needs. They gain an understanding about their own particular language and culture, but also knowledge and comprehension of the world around them. Some children will acquire more than one language, sometimes two or three at the same time, sometimes one after another. And among children as a whole, there will be an infinite variety of patterns of language use.

Halliday (1978)

Halliday (1978) as quoted in Tompkins (1998) explained language is a complex system for creating meaning through socially shared conventions

How Parents Facilitate Language Development

Infant-directed speech has been shown to be more effective in getting an infant's attention as well as aiding in language development. Researchers believe that the use of motherese helps babies learn words faster and easier. As children continue to grow, parents naturally adapt their speaking patterns to suit their child's growing linguistic skills.

Phonology

Is the system of sounds that and make up language it includes the sounds that are used to make words, the rules for combining the sounds and stress and intonation patterns that help to communicate meaning

The Use of Phonological Connections in Reading Process

It is necessary to acquire three different but related skills in nor-mal the development of phonological awareness skills. One of the-se skills is phonemic perception, the other one is articulation skillsand the third one is phonological awareness, which is the ability of discrimination and association of the sounds in words (Acarlar &Ege, 1996; Grawburg , 2004; Topbafl, 2005).Children who get familiar with rhymes and alliterations duringpreschool are more successful than children who don't. Standardcomplicated phonological skills require the production of words bybeginning and ending sounds (Ball, 1997; Ott, 1997; Stiller, 2005;Snowling, 2000). Similar to rhyme and alliteration skills, childrenwho recognize the beginning and ending sounds of words are moresuccessful than children who don't (Jenkins & Bowen 1994; Phelps,2003; Ball, 1997).

Language is

Language is both receptive and expressive.

Why is language crucial to young children's development?

Language is crucial to young children's development; it is the essential key for learning, for communicating and building relationships with others as well as for enabling children to make sense of the world around them. Your role in developing and encouraging language acquisition in children is therefore of the utmost importance.

language

Language is the powerful tool that humans use to turn actions and events into thoughts

What is Literacy?

Literacy is a word which describes a whole collection of behaviours, skills, knowledge, processes, and attitudes.

...oral language

Oral language consists of listening comprehension and vocabulary; it is considered to be the foundation for literacy development.

...Modeling

Modeling - by speaking clearly (Articulation) and practicing correct diction (Expressive language) teachers will demonstrate what children will attempt to emulate while acquiring that language. According to (Norton, 1999 in Morrow, 2004) Young children's social development is influenced by their observations of others and identification with role models

...morphemes

Morphemes are words or parts of words that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful parts (Santrock, 2009).

Noam Chomsky (1965)

Noam Chomsky (1965) theorized that humans are equipped with a language acquisition device - a structure in the brain that made possible the learning of language. His theory holds that language is inherent in the child at birth and needs only to be triggered by social contact with speakers in order to emerge.

...Oral language

Oral language according to Isreal (2007) is a predictor of reading ability.

receptive language

Receptive language involves making meaning while expressive language involves communicating that meaning to others

Language

Santrock (2009) Life-span Development, Language is defined as a form of communication, whether spoken, written or signed, that is based on a system of symbols.

Skinner

Skinner- Skinner bases his theory of children acquiring language thrugh behaviourism. Skinner states that all behaviour is conditined e.g. punished or rewarded until it becomes natural and automatic. Babies imitate their parents/carers and are either reprimanded or praised according to their accuracy. This is Skinner going against Chomsky, as he believe biology plays almost no part in the way children learn language.

Theories of Language Development

So how exactly does language development happen? Researchers have proposed several different theories to explain how and why language development occurs. For example, the behaviorist theory of B.F. Skinner suggests that the emergence of language is the result of imitation and reinforcement. The nativist theory of Noam Chomsky suggests that language in an inherent human quality and that children are born with a language acquisition device that allows them to produce language once they have learned the necessary vocabulary

...phonemes

When children understand phonemes (the sounds letters make) and can combine these sounds, then they are at an advantageous place for deep and active learning in semantics (words and meanings), syntax (grammar) and pragmatics (the ability to use language appropriately in different situations).

How children acquire language

Young children acquire language through significant others by interaction in their immediate environment, through responding to sounds, sentences and experiences expressed by their parents, family and other carers

literacy-interacting- experiences

contact with community, nature, real, objects, and a variety of people

Language development

follows a sequence, which is fairly predictable even through there are many individual variations . Babies respond to stimulus in the environment, through cooing and babbling to expressive jargons and one-word sentences.

benefit of reading to babies and young children Language

hearing the spoken word expanding vocabulary hearing grammar questions, and voice inflections

benefit of reading to babies and young children listening

hears sound discrimination lengthens attention span learns learning behaviour hears, rhythmic languag and rhyming words

Relationship between Phonological Awareness Skills andReading

importantindicators of early reading skills. Literature suggests a strong posi-tive correlation between phonological awareness skills and readingskills development. Besides, longitudinal studies show that chil-dren who don't have phonological awareness skills have difficultiesin reading(Taylor, 1996). Moreover, experimental studies on pho-nological awareness suggest that the implementation of phonologi-cal awareness education has positive effects on the development of reading and spelling abilities (Acarlar, Ege

curriculum strand

in the second strand- effective communication- which states that, "children will develop the ability to listen for various purposes and respond in an appropriate manner."

benefit of reading to babies and young children social

intimacy with reader relationships with characters social dilemmas for conflict resoultions

literacy-interacting

listening and talking

Listening

listening is the first component of literacy, it is foundational to the overall literacy development of the child, and therefore must be an important part of every early childhood teacher's daily classroom routines and activities.

six components of literacy

listening, speaking, reading, writing, visualizing, and representing.

Interesting phonemic awareness materials - phonemic skills can be enhanced through a variety of manipulative materials such as;

o Lotto games of rhyming words or words that begin with the same sound. o Syllable clapping cards-The child draws a picture card from a basket and claps the number of syllables in the word. The child then turns the card over to see if he/she was correct. The back of the card contains a numeral indicating the correct number of claps. o Word cards to sort by beginning sounds, vowel sounds, and/or the number of letters (Owocki,2005). o Small objects to sort by their beginning sound. o Literacy phonics cubes - One cube might contain beginning consonants and the other might contain word endings. The child rolls the two dice and creates a word (Bullard, 2010).

How Parents Facilitate Language Development

with infants known as infant-directed speech, or motherese (aka "baby talk"). If you've every heard someone speak to a baby, you'll probably immediately recognize this style of speech. It is characterized by a higher-pitched intonation, shortened or simplified vocabulary, shortened sentences and exaggerated vocalizations or expressions. Instead of saying "Let's go home," a parent might instead say "Go bye-bye."

literacy-interacting

writing, seeing, and doing

. Practitioners need to develop, demonstrate and continuously improve their: Key Elements in Effective Practice

• Relationships with both children and adults • Understanding of the individual and diverse ways that children learn and develop • Knowledge and understanding in order to actively support and extend children's learning in and across all areas and aspects of learning and development • Practice in meeting all children's needs, learning styles and interests • Work with parents, carers and the wider community • Work with other professionals within and beyond the setting