Language arts// Bases of English

Oxford English Dictionary

gives the current, common meaning along with the ways in which a word has been used throughout history

Proscriptive grammer

lists the rules that have to be followed in order for a person to correctly use standard english

ferous

producing (omni)

-tomy

to cut (ana)

cide

to kill (bio-)

tac

touch

sub-

under

Dr. Samuel Johnson

compiled the first comprehensive English dictionary in 1775.

litigation

lawsuit

stanza

A group of lines in a poem

poetry

A kind of rhythmic, compressed language that uses figures of speech and imagery designed to appeal to our emotions and imagination.

Connotation

All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests

podian

(macro)

Rules of business English

-Put the purpose of your letter in the first sentence. State the purpose clearly and completely, restating information included in previous correspondence rather than referring to earlier letters. Avoid flowery phrases and wordiness. Always get to the point immediately. -Use short sentences. The average length of sentences in business letters is ten to fifteen words. Fifteen words are easier to read than thirty. -Use short words. Instead of using common, straightforward words, some writers enjoy showing off their vocabulary. "We are delighted to answer your request in the affirmative." is stilted and awkward. "We are happy to say yes" is not only simpler but more sincere.

Recognizing standard english

//contractions, second person pronouns, abbreviations, and other language short cuts are used only when necessary to avoid inflated, elaborate language or when appropriate to the style and tone if an author/speaker// Subject verbs agree in # as do pronouns and antecedents// verb tenses are consistent// modifying words are placed correctly//

Puritan Plain Style

A direct style of writing that uses simple sentences and everyday language

bibliography

A document showing all the sources used to research information.

Habitation

A place to live

abbreviations

A shortened form of a word or phrase

Technical Writing

A type of expository writing that is used to convey information for technical or business purposes.

Narrative

A type of writing that recounts important events in the order in which they happened

Preposition

A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word

mandamus

A writ ordering an individual or organization to perform some specified action

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.

Hershey

An opinion or doctrine contrary to church dogma

Habeas Corpus

An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.

Separtists

Christians who separated from the Church of England because they believed it was corrupt

Puritans

Christians who wanted to purify the Church of England

Informal speech has?

Contractions and idioms are frequent

Resolution

End of the story where loose ends are tied up

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

duct

Lead

Unorthodox

Not conforming to accepted practices or beliefs, especially in religion

Rhythm

Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables

A Key into the Language of America

Provides a dictionary for the Narragansett language And a description of the customs manners and worships

Language Standardization

Taking on a writing system in order to develop a written standard for language. It can often increase a language's social status.

Predestination

The belief ghat god has already decided ones fate in advance and that humans can do nothing to change their fate

Rhetorical features

The choice of words, phrases, and other textual features that contribute to the style of writing and reinforce meaning.

Puritan doctrine

The idea that those who have faith in Christ adhering to the teaching of the Bible will receive God's grace

syllable division

The process of breaking down multisyllabic words into separate syllables for greater ease in pronunciation. They are indicated by white spaces and dot.

omni

all, every

Guide words

These words are located at the top of a book and help you locate information faster

Paradox

a contradiction or dilemma

thesaurus

a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms

petition

a formal request for government action

ex post facto law

a law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed

bill of attainder

a law which allows the government to confiscate property and deny all civil rights to one guilty of specific crimes. Not constitutional in the US

annotated bibliography

a list of books about a particular subject or field of study, including a brief description of each book

tone

a manner of speaking or writing reflecting an author's attitude toward his subject. Tone may be moral, serious, humorous, satiric, objective, etc. Compare atmosphere, mood

Pagan

a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions

Plaintiff

a person who brings a case against another in a court of law.

prosecutor

a person, especially a public official, who institutes legal proceedings against someone.

resolution

a proposition presented by a group to a larger body in authority

Dialect

a regional, social, or ethnic variation of a language, differing from standard usage in vocabulary, pronunciation, and idiom

Great Awakening

a religious movement that swept through the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s characterized by a deep sense of spiritual commitment and a personal connection with god

historical method

a research method used in lexicography that traces a word's development through its use in literature,( still used to compile dictionaries. Dozens of readers comb through magazines, newspapers, books, textbooks, standard reference books, and other dictionaries in search of new words and new meanings not included in older editions of standard dictionaries. Continuous updating is necessary because the language is always changing. The modern lexicographer can use computers to compare meanings or to locate quotations from stored volumes of information, eliminating a great deal of drudgery.)

mood

a specific state of mind or feeling generated by a work of literature. Also called atmosphere

Usage

a way of using words and grammatical forms "I ain't hungry" is not grammatical, but it is not currently acceptable usage

Idiom

a word of phrase unique to a particular language or dialect, often with a figurative or non-literal meaning

Colloquialism

a word or phrase used in informal conversation, not writing

deposition

a written statement by a witness

hearing

an appearance in front of a judge before a trial

hypothesis

an unproved scientific conclusion drawn from known facts and used as a basis for further investigation

archaic

ancient; old-fashioned

network

anything reticulated or decussated at equal distances with interstices between the intersections

peri

around

whereas

begins with the reasoning of a resolution

flect

bend

ultra-

beyond

rupt

break, burst

Dictionary of Modern English Usage

british dictionary stressing Standard English

Descriptive grammer

describes what the language does

word information

dictionary

Language Study Tools

dictionary, thesaurus

pepsia

digestion (dys-)

Corpus Delecti Rule

facts which prove that a crime has been committed

phobia

fear

atmosphere

figurative, the coloring or feeling that pervades a work of literature. Also called a mood (Compare tone)

morph

form

Standard English

formal and informal English as written or spoken by educated people; English usage which has gained cultural, social and literary acceptance

Syllabication

forming or dividing words into syllables

eu-

good, normal

examples of usage

idk

Nonstandard English

includes ungrammatical speech, some dialect, words, slang, and jargon

macro-

large

expository prose

nonfiction writing designed to inform, persuade, demonstrate, etc

unabridged

not shortened or condensed; complete

a-, an-

not, without

part of speech

noun, adjective, verb, adverb given in abbreviated form for each word. Unless a student knows the grammatical function of a new word, he cannot use it in a sentence.

tory

one who adheres to the ancient constitution of the State and the apostolical hierarchy of the Church of England

etymology

origin and development of a word; derivation

obsolete

out-of-date, no longer in use

hyper-

over

Parts of a dictionary

part of speech, etymology, definition

compressed meaning

poetic words and phrases with connotations a reader or listener is expected to recognize

inverted funnel format

presentation of most important ideas first, supporting evidence second, and nonessential details last (aka inverted triangle

Ungrammatical speech

speech that incorrectly uses any of the part of speech or that violates the rules of grammer

a guide word may be found in the dictionary by means of its

spelling or sound

technical English

standard English with highly technical vocabulary, as used by doctors, scientists, lawyers, and other professionals who know and use specialized vocabulary within a field

dontia

teeth (exo-)

pronunciation

the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spoken

lexicography

the compilation of dictionaries

Jargon

the language of a particular group, profession, or activity

whig

the name of a faction

contraction

the process of becoming smaller

appeal

the rehearsing of a case in a higher court. Every decision handed down can be appealed through the proper channels up to the supreme court. There is no appeal from the supreme court. Most cases are not appealed through the whole judicial system because of the expense. A court hearing an appeal is a appellate court

line

the smallest section of a poem; determined by rhythm pattern, visual effects, and word relationships

Grammer

the study of words as they are used in a language, including their form and function with one another

invocation

the summoning of a deity or the supernatural

What is style determined by?

vocabulary, descriptive devices, kinds and lengths of sentences, attitude of the writer

endo

within

intra-

within, inside

less

without (duct)

Slang

words, phrases, and meanings that are new, flashy, and popular that only last a short time

Prose

written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. (nonfiction or expository) Expository #3's [logical organization, carefully chosen vocabulary, authors writing style)