Language Test 3

What are the anaphoric expressions in the following sentence? Dr. Foster gave Andy some medicine after he told her about his headaches and she advised him to take the pills three times a day until the pain went away.

He, her,his,she, him, the pills, the pain

The quantity maxim

Make your contribution as informative as is required, but not more, or less, than is required.

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

script

a conventional knowledge structure in memory for the series of actions involved in events such as "going to the dentist"

hedges

a qualifier, such as probably, that makes a statement ambiguous

metonymy

a word or phrase that is used to stand in for another word (He drank the whole bottle = the liquid)

What kinds of deictic expressions are used here (e.g. We = person deixis)? a. We went there last summer. b. I'm busy now so you can't stay here. Come back later.

a. i.We = person deixis ii.Went there = spatial deixis iii.Last summer = temporal deixis b. i. I = person ii. you = person iii. Here = spatial iv. come back = spatial v. Now = temporal vi. Later = temporal

How do we describe the pragmatic difference between the pair here and now versus there and then?

a. Here and now refers to things close to the speaker b. There and then refer to things not close to the speaker

face

public self image

co-hyponyms

two or more words that share the same superordinate term

synonyms

words that have similar meanings

What semantic feature must a noun have in order to be used in this sentence?The ___ were discussing what to do.

+ human

How many pragmatic markers are used in the following interaction?Mana: Why does everyone think he's a genius, I mean, he gets things wrong like the rest of us, doesn't he? Maka: Well, I don't know, he got that award last year for innovation, you know, the Brill award, at the convention in New York, I think it was.

4

What is a "filled pause"?

A break in the flow of speech, using sounds such as em and er

adjacency pair

A sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The first utterance leads to a set of expectations about the response. (Thank you. You're welcome.)

implicature

An implied meaning that has to be inferred by a speaker as a result of one of the maxims being broken

How do speakers mark completion points at the end of a turn?

By asking a question or pausing at the end of a completed syntactic structure.

What is the basic difference between cohesion and coherence?

Cohesion refers to the formal ties and connections that exist within texts. Coherence refers to everything fitting together well when interpreting texts.

face-threatening act

If you say something that represents a threat to another person's self-image.

What phrase is used more often instead of "thematic rules" and what other term is used instead of "theme" in the semantic analysis of noun phrases?

Instead of "thematic rules," the phrase "semantic rules" is used more often. Instead of "theme," the word "patient" is used in the semantic analysis of noun phrases

How is the word "discourse" usually defined?

It is usually defined as "language beyond the sentence"

co-operative principle

Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged

Identify the roles of the seven noun phrases in this sentence: With her new gold club, Anne Marshall whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole and she suddenly felt invincible.

New gold club = instrument Anne Marshall = agent Ball = theme The woods = source Grassy area = goal The hole = location She = experiencer

What kind of opposites can be identified via the "negative test"?

Non-gradable antonyms can be identified via this test

How is the term "prototype" used in semantics?

Shirt is a prototype for clothes, a prototype is "the characteristic instance of a category".

Using semantic features, how would you explain the oddness of these sentences? - The television drank my water. - His dog writes poetry.

Television is - animate, and for it to work in this sentence it would need to be an animate noun This sentence needs a noun that is human, and dog is - human

Which maxim involves not saying things you believe to be false?

The Quality maxim

Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about? I won't bore you with all the details, but it wasn't a pleasant experience.

The Quantity maxim

In terms of speech acts how would you explain the unusual nature of this interaction between a visitor to a city, with luggage, looking lost, and a man in the street outside the railway station. Visitor: Excuse me. Do you know where the Ambassador Hotel is?Resident: Oh sure, I know where it is. (and walks away)

The visitor is using indirect speech "do you know where __ is" The resident is replying to the questions as if it were direct speech and says yes then doesn't give directions

How do we describe these regular conversational patterns? Hi ~ Hello and Bye ~ See you later

These are Adjacency Pairs

What are hedges in discourse?

These are Words or phrases used to indicate that we are not really sure that what we are saying is sufficiently correct or complete.

homophones

These are words that are pronounced the same, but have different meanings.

What is an "insertion sequence"?

This is An adjacency pair that comes between the first and second parts of another pair

What is the technical term for the phrase an old car in its relationship with it in the following utterance? I have an old car, but it runs great.

This is Antecedent

Which of the following words are co-hyponyms? Ant, cabbage, insect, plant, turnip, vegetable

Turnip and cabbage are co-hyponyms

homonyms

Two words that sound alike and are spelled alike but have different meanings.

non-gradable antonyms

Words which are direct opposites (e.g. alive-dead)

What kind of inference is involved in interpreting each of these utterances? a. Teacher: You can borrow my Shakespeare. b. Waiter: The ham sandwich left without paying. c. Nurse: The hernia in room 5 wants to talk to the doctor.

a. Shakespeare is the author of the book and can be used to refer to a copy of that book b. The name of the meal can be used to refer to the person who ordered it c. The name of the medical condition is used to refer to the patient who has that medical condition

What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: a. Your clock isn't working. b. Where did he find the money? c. We regret buying that car. d. The king of France is bald.

a. That you have a clock b. That he found money c. That we bought a car d. That there is a king of France

Someone stands between you and the TV set you're watching, so you decide to say one of the following. Identify which would be direct or indirect speech acts. a. Move! b. You're in the way. c. Could you please sit down? d. Please get out of the way.

a. direct b. indirect c. direct d. direct

Are the underlined words in these sentences best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy? a. The /pen/ is mightier than the /sword/. b. I had to park on the /shoulder/ of the road. c. Yes, I love those. I ate a whole /box/ on Sunday! d. The bookstore has some new /titles/ in linguistics. e. Computer /chips/ created an important new technology f. I'm going to sue your /ass/! g. I think that kind of music was called new /wave/.

a. metonymy b. polysemy c. metonymy d. metonymy e. polysemy f. metonymy g. polysemy

In these examples, is the speaker appealing to positive or negative face? a. If you're free, there's going to be a party at Yuri's place on Saturday. b. Let's go to the party at Yuri's place on Saturday. Everyone's invited.

a. negative face b. positive face

Which of the following opposites are gradable, non-gradable, or reversive? a. absent/present b. appear/disappear c. fail/pass d. fair/unfair e. Fill it/ empty it f. high/low

a. non-gradable b. reversive c. non-gradable d. gradable e. reversive f. gradable

What is the basic lexical relation between each pair of words listed here? a. assemble/disassemble b. damp/moist c. deep/shallow d. dog/schnauzer e. furniture/table f. married/single g. move/run h. peace/piece i. pen/pen

a. reversives b. synonyms c. Gradable antonyms d. hyponyms e. hyponyms f. Non-gradable antonyms g. hyponyms h. homophones i. homonyms

inference

additional information used by the listener to create a connection between what is said and what must be meant

semantic roles

also called "thematic roles"; the part played by a noun phrase

reference

an act by which a speaker (or writer) uses language to enable a listener (or reader) to identify something

speech act

an action that involve language such as "requesting," "questioning," or "informing" The action performed by a speaker with an utterance

insertion sequence

an adjacency pair that comes between the first and second parts of another pair

reversives

antonyms in which the meaning of one is the reverse action of the other (e.g. dress-undress)

semantic features

basic elements such as "human," included as plus (+human) or minus (-human), used in an analysis of the components of word meaning

the manner maxim

be clear, brief, and orderly

the relation maxim

be relevant

The quality maxim

do not say that which you believe to be false or for which you lack adequate evidence

coherence

everything fitting well together

Deictic expressions

gestures used to point to point at things and people

deixis

greek for pointing

instrument

if an agent uses another entity in order to perform an action, that other entity is the ___

turn-taking

in a conversation, nonverbal regulators that indicate who talks when and to whom

completion point

in conversation, the end of a turn, usually marked by a pause at the end of a phrase or sentence

discourse

language beyond the sentence

filled pauses

pauses in the stream of speech that you fill with vocalizations such as er, um, ah, well, and you know; ineffective and will make you appear hesitant, unprepared, and unsure of yourself.

face-saving act

saying something that reduces a possible threat to another person's self-image

In the study of discourse understanding, what are scripts?

series of actions involved in events such as "Going to the movies".

pragmatic markers

short expressions such as "you know", "I mean well", that indicate the speaker's attitude to the listener or the utterance

politeness

showing awareness and consideration of another person's face

referential meaning

the basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of words, also described as "objective" or "conceptual" meaning

polysemy

the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase

theme

the entity that is involved in or affected by the action

agent

the entity that performs the action

cohesion

the formal ties and connections that exist within texts

superordinate

the higher level term in hyponymy (flower-daffodil)

prototype

the idea of the "characteristic instance" of a category (pigeon = bird)

negative face

the need to be independent and free from imposition

positive face

the need to feel connected, to belong, to be a member of the group

lexical relations

the relationships of meaning, such as synonymy, between words

linguistic context or co-text

the set of other words used in the same phrase or sentence

physical context

the situation, time or place in which words are used

discourse analysis

the study of language beyond the sentence, in text and conversation

corpus linguistics

the study of language in use by analyzing the occurrence and frequency of forms

associative/ emotive meaning

the type of meaning that people might connect with the use of words (needle = painful)

turns

typically one person speaks at a time and there tends to be an avoidance of silence between speaking

tautology

unnecessary repetition

cataphora

use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer ahead to another word in a sentence

anaphora

use of pronouns (it) and noun phrases with "the" (the puppy) to refer back to something already mentioned

direct speech act

utterance that performs its function in a direct and literal manner

indirect speech act

utterance whose meaning depends on context rather than on literal meaning

presupposition

what a speaker or writer assumes is true or known by a listener or reader

experiencer

when a noun phrase is used to designate an entity as the person who has a feeling, perception or state

Hyponymy

when the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another (animal/horse)

location

where an entity is

source

where the entity moves from

goal

where the entity moves to

collocation

words that frequently occur together

antonyms

words that have opposite meanings

gradable antonyms

words with opposite meanings along a scale (e.g. big-small)