Last round NPTE

The test shown in the photograph (pull to sit test with infant head lag) is being performed on a 1-month-old infant who was carried to full term. The test result shown is MOST consistent with which of the following findings? 1. Normal tone 2. Spasticity 3. Hypotonicity 4. Rigidity

1. From birth to 3 months, the infant's head will lag behind the body until a sitting position is attained.

Glossopharyngeal breathing is an appropriate technique to teach a patient who has: 1. a high cervical spinal cord injury. 2. emphysema. 3. cystic fibrosis. 4. asthma.

1. Glossopharyngeal breathing is a means of increasing pulmonary function when there is severe weakness of the muscles of inspiration, as found in a patient with a higher cervical spinal cord injury

A patient with myasthenia gravis has been transferred from intensive care to an acute care neurology unit after a myasthenic crisis. Which of the following physical therapy interventions is MOST appropriate for the patient? 1. Deep breathing exercises 2. Instruction in skin inspection 3. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation 4. Treadmill training with progressive incline

1. In the acute care setting, deep breathing and coughing should be encouraged

The BEST exercise level for an aerobic program for weight loss is: 1. less than or equal to 60% of maximum heart rate for 45 to 60 minutes, 5 to 7 days/week. 2. 80% to 90% of maximum heart rate for 45 to 60 minutes, 3 days/week. 3. less than or equal to 60% of maximum heart rate for 15 to 20 minutes, 3 days/week. 4. 80% to 90% of maximum heart rate for 15 to 20 minutes, 5 to 7 days/week.

1. Initial exercise training for obese individuals should be moderate (40% to 60% of maximum heart rate) and eventually progress to higher intensities (50% to 75%). Frequency should be 5-7 days/week; duration should be 45-60 minutes/session.

A patient sustained severe chemical burns on both legs, requiring split-thickness skin grafts. To prevent hypertrophic scar formation, the BEST intervention is: 1. pressure garments. 2. functional positioning for the legs. 3. a walking exercise program. 4. prolonged muscle stretching.

1. Pressure garments worn 23 hours/day have been found to reduce the formation or thickness of hypertrophic scars

Which of the following conditions are benign tumors of the connective tissue? 1. Fibroma and chondroma 2. Fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma 3. Papilloma and adenoma 4. Adenocarcinoma and basal cell carcinoma

1. This option lists two types of benign tumors of the connective tissue.

A physical therapist can BEST assess for astereognosis by asking the patient to: 1. identify a spoon, a toothbrush, and a comb by touch. 2. bring a toothbrush or a spoon to the mouth repeatedly, using rapid brisk motions. 3. demonstrate how to use a toothbrush, a spoon, or a comb. 4. name familiar objects, such as a toothbrush, a spoon, and a comb.

1. identify a spoon, toothbrush, and comb by touch

A patient with a left tibial fracture is restricted to 25% weight-bearing. The patient is currently walking with a single axillary crutch on the left side. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate action for the physical therapist? 1. Have the patient use a walker instead of a crutch. 2. Have the patient use 2 axillary crutches. 3. Switch the crutch to the patient's right side. 4. Prescribe a quad cane to use on the left side.

2 crutches

When taking a patient's pulse, which of the following numerical pulse amplitude classifications represents a normal finding? 1. 1+ 2. 2+ 3. 3+ 4. 4+

2+ 1. 1+ is a DIMINISHED pulse and is the result of reduced stroke volume and ejection fraction and/or increased vascular resistance. 2. 2+ is considered NORMAL under resting conditions. 3. 3+ is a moderately increased pulse amplitude and is associated with increased stroke volume and ejection fraction. 4. 4+BOUNDING is a markedly increased pulse amplitude and is associated with increased stroke volume and ejection fraction.

Which of the following is NOT a good time/suggestion to exercise a pts with diabetes 2-4 hours after taking insulin In temperate weather Having carbs readily available In the morning

2-4 hours after taking insulin Also not in cold or hot weather

A patient reports recent onset of unilateral pain in the temporalis region and upper neck area and a sensation of fullness in the ear. The patient's range of mouth opening is 4 fingers' width. Pain increases when the patient bites down on a cotton roll with the back molars and during palpation over the area of the masseter muscle. There is no clicking joint noise during repeated mouth opening. Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate? 1. Heat and masticatory muscle strengthening 2. Heat and masticatory muscle relaxation technique 3. Joint mobilization with anterior translation followed by ice 4. Joint mobilization with vertical distraction and long-axis distraction

2. Absence of joint clicks, normal range of motion, and increased pain during the biting down test indicate muscular or ligament involvement (most likely excessive muscle tension). This intervention would address the soft tissues involved jt mobs not warranted for normal mouth opening

A patient with a focal lesion in the region of the left basal ganglia will MOST likely demonstrate: 1. clasp knife resistance to active range of motion and hypotonia in the left extremities. 2. cogwheel resistance to passive range of motion and tremor in the right extremities. 3. clasp knife resistance to passive range of motion and tremor in the right extremities. 4. cogwheel resistance to active range of motion and hypotonia in the left extremities.

2. Cogwheel resistance to passive manipulation results from lesions of the basal ganglia. Tremor is also seen with injury to the basal ganglia.

A healthy, older, sedentary individual has normal vital signs at rest. During maximal aerobic exercise, which of the following values should demonstrate MINIMAL change? 1. Stroke volume 2. Diastolic blood pressure 3. Venous oxygen content 4. Systolic blood pressure

2. Diastolic blood pressure

A patient in a persistent vegetative state in a nursing home has developed a Stage 2 ischial pressure injury. The pressure injury has not improved after 4 weeks of standard wound care treatment. The physical therapist should recommend a consultation with: 1. an orthotist to investigate lower extremity bracing. 2. a nutritionist to investigate level of protein. 3. a respiratory therapist to administer oxygen therapy. 4. a surgeon to perform a skin flap

2. Increased protein levels are linked to improved wound healing in patients with pressure injuries (Baranoski, pp. 237-238). The international guidelines for prevention and treatment of pressure injuries includes referral of all individuals with a pressure injury to a dietician (nutritionist) for early assessment and intervention for nutritional problems.

Which of the following findings are associated with the LOWEST risk for a subsequent cardiac event? 1. Left ventricular ejection fraction of 55% and functional capacity of 3 metabolic equivalents (METs) 2. Occasional premature ventricular contractions and functional capacity of 6 metabolic equivalents (METs) 3. Exercise-induced ST segment depression of less than 2 mm and sustained supraventricular tachycardia 4. Exercise-induced ST segment depression of greater than 2 mm and left ventricular ejection fraction of 45%

2. It is common to have a few premature ventricular contractions in a normal heart (O'Sullivan, p. 496). A patient is at low risk for increased morbidity and mortality if functional capacity is greater than or equal to 6 metabolic equivalents An ejection fraction of 55% to 75% is considered normal A patient is at moderate risk for increased morbidity and mortality if functional capacity is less than 5-6 metabolic equivalents

A patient reports lateral elbow pain after playing tennis for 2 hours. Which of the following muscles is MOST likely involved? 1. Supinator 2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 3. Brachioradialis 4. Triceps

2. Lateral epicondylalgia (tennis elbow) is defined as a pathologic condition of the wrist extensor muscles at their origin on the lateral humeral epicondyle. The tendinous origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis is the area of most pathologic change.

A physical therapist is treating a patient with a traumatic brain injury who has severe cognitive impairments and bilateral hip and knee flexion contractures. The MOST appropriate intervention to treat the patient's contractures is: 1. manual resistance-through-range technique. 2. prolonged stretch technique. 3. contract-relax technique. 4. neurodevelopmental techniques.

2. Prolonged stretch technique has ample evidence to suggest that it is most efficient for reducing this patient's primary problem of muscle stiffness

A patient receives neuromuscular electrical stimulation to the quadriceps femoris in supine position with 30° of knee flexion. No contraction is elicited, even though the patient reports a strong tingling sensation under the electrodes. Which of the following alterations is MOST appropriate in order to elicit a contraction? 1. Increase in current amplitude 2. Increase in pulse duration 3. Decrease in electrode size 4. Decrease in distance between electrodes

2. Pulse duration is the time from the beginning of the first phase of a pulse to the end of the last phase of a pulse (p. 223). Most patients find longer pulse durations more comfortable when larger muscles are being stimulated (p. 247). Longer pulses are needed to depolarize motor nerves (p. 228).

During scoliosis screening, the forward bend evaluation is conducted to determine the presence of which of the following clinical features? 1. Excessive thoracic kyphosis 2. Vertebral rotation 3. Lateral spinal deviation 4. Lumbar lordosis

2. Scoliosis during forward bending is indicated by a spinal curve. This is called a rib hump and is caused by rotation of the vertebral bodies lateral spinal deviation would be better assessed with plumbline

A patient who has pleural effusion is performing segmental breathing exercises. Where should manual counterpressure be applied to encourage expansion of the posterior basal segments of the patient's lower lobes? 1. Lower lateral costal area 2. Posterior lower ribs 3. Anterior midchest 4. Anterior lower ribs

2. Segmental breathing combines breathing control with manual cues to specific areas of the chest wall. Proper hand placement to encourage posterior basal expansion is over the posterior aspect of the lower ribs.

After a 30-day backpacking trip, a patient has pain over the lateral aspect of the shoulder. Upon examination of the patient, the physical therapist notes weakness of elbow flexion and shoulder abduction on the same side as the pain. A lesion at which of the following sites is MOST likely the source of these symptoms? 1. Axillary nerve 2. Upper trunk of the brachial plexus 3. Long thoracic nerve 4. Musculocutaneous nerve

2. The symptoms are consistent with damage to the C5 and C6 nerve roots.

Which of the following conditions are malignant tumors of the connective tissue? 1. Fibroma and chondroma 2. Fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma 3. Papilloma and adenoma 4. Adenocarcinoma and basal cell carcinoma

2. This option lists two types of malignant tumors of the connective tissue.

A patient has right lower lobe atelectasis following abdominal surgery. Upon auscultation, a physical therapist notes no adventitious breath sounds. Which of the following is MOST appropriate for this patient? 1. Percussion and vibration in left Trendelenburg position 2. Vigorous percussion and vibration with nebulizer 3. Spirometry with segmental breathing exercises 4. Practice of incisional splinting for coughing techniques

3. Adventitious breath sounds are abnormal sounds such as crackles, wheezes, and stridor. Atelectasis is a collapse of lung tissue. Spirometry and segmental breathing exercises are appropriate interventions for atelectasis without the presence of adventitious breath sounds.

A physical therapist is treating an adolescent patient who has medial elbow pain. The patient has been advised by the physician to rest the elbow, but the patient's parents insist that the patient play in an upcoming baseball tournament. Which of the following actions is MOST appropriate for the therapist? 1. Instruct the family in pain relief strategies. 2. Discuss concerns about the patient's condition with the patient's baseball coach. 3. Report concerns about the patient's treatment adherence to the referring physician. 4. Tape the patient's elbow.

3. Concerns about the patient's recovery should be communicated to the referring practitioner prior to action

A patient has resulting lymphedema after a radical mastectomy on the left side and has an arteriovenous dialysis shunt in the right upper extremity. Which of the following locations would be MOST appropriate to auscultate the patient's blood pressure? 1. Left cubital fossa 2. Right cubital fossa 3. Left popliteal fossa 4. Right femoral triangle

3. If both arms are inappropriate for measuring blood pressure, the thigh is an appropriate location with auscultation at the popliteal artery. Alternative sites for measurement in the lower extremity are proximal to the popliteal artery or proximal to the ankle with auscultation of the posterior tibial artery.

A patient has right shoulder pain that extends from the right upper trapezius to the thorax between the scapulae. The patient reports a recent tendency to bruise easily and has dark-colored urine and clay-colored stools. Which of the following organs is MOST likely the etiology of these findings? 1. Heart 2. Kidney 3. Liver 4. Pancreas

3. Liver dysfunction will cause all of the symptoms described in the stem: jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stool, easy bruising, and right shoulder pain

Which of the following signs and symptoms are MOST characteristic of herpes zoster? 1. Unilateral scales along the affected dermatome followed by numbness and burning 2. Bilateral scales along the affected dermatomes followed by numbness and burning 3. Pain and paresthesia followed by a unilateral rash along the affected dermatome 4. Pain and paresthesia followed by a bilateral rash along the affected dermatomes

3. Pain and paresthesia followed by a unilateral rash along the affected dermatome

A patient with a recent onset of steroid-induced myopathy would have the MOST difficulty performing which of the following activities? 1. Writing with a pen 2. Dressing 3. Climbing stairs 4. Rising from a supine position

3. Prolonged use of corticosteroids can lead to corticosteroid-induced catabolism, resulting in inhibition of muscle protein synthesis and muscle weakness. The proximal muscles of the lower and upper extremities are affected first. Patients first report difficulty in climbing stairs.

A patient who has tetraplegia experiences an insidious onset of pain inferior to the glenohumeral joint. Soft tissue swelling, local warmth, and erythema are present, as well as limited range of motion. The patient's serum alkaline phosphatase levels are elevated. Which of the following conditions are MOST likely present? 1. Actinomycosis and osteomalacia 2. Pyogenic infection and cellulitis 3. Septic arthritis and ectopic bone formation 4. Granulomatous infection and thrombophlebitis

3. Septic arthritis is characterized by rapid onset, over hours or days, of monoarthritis with a joint that is swollen, red, tender, and warm with limited range of motion due to pain (Goodman, p. 1245). Increases in alkaline phosphatase levels with local edema, heat, and erythema are indicative of heterotopic ossification (ectopic bone formation)

A patient has acute rheumatoid arthritis involving the wrist joints. Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate? 1. Resistive exercises to end range 2. Functional fine motor tasks 3. Splints with wrists in neutral position 4. Passive stretching exercises

3. Splints can be applied to rest the involved joints, prevent excessive movement, and reduce mechanical stresses, all of which are desired outcomes in the acute phase of rheumatoid arthritis.

A patient with severe arthritis of the hips and knees is able to partially stand but cannot clear the armrest of the wheelchair adequately during stand-pivot transfers. Which of the following strategies is BEST to facilitate the transfer? 1. Design a therapy program for increasing strength of the lower extremities. 2. Design a therapy program for improving active range of motion of the lower extremities. 3. Recommend that the family acquire a wheelchair with removable armrests. 4. Recommend that the family acquire a mechanical lift for transfers.

3. The patient is able to partially stand. Removable armrests are recommended for patients who will perform a lateral swinging or squat-pivot transfer. It will also be helpful during periods of exacerbation.

A patient in supine position with lower extremities extended exhibits an anterior pelvic tilt. To test the patient's upper abdominal strength effectively, which of the following procedures should be implemented FIRST? 1. Manually stabilize the pelvis. 2. Place a hand at the posterior lumbar spine. 3. Place a pillow roll under the patient's knees. 4. Manually stabilize the lower extremities.

3. The patient's short hip flexors are preventing posterior pelvic tilt in the supine position; placing a pillow roll under the knees will passively flex the hips and allow the lumbar spine to flatten in preparation for the upper abdominal muscle test. The first step in this muscle test is correct positioning of the patient

A physical therapist is administering a graded exercise test. Which of the following patient responses is an ABSOLUTE indication for terminating the exercise test? 1. Fatigue, shortness of breath, or wheezing 2. A drop in systolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg in the absence of ischemic changes 3. A request to stop the test 4. A rise in diastolic blood pressure to 90 mm Hg

3. The test is over when the subject requests that the test be stopped.

A patient reports right lower quadrant pain. When the patient is in the supine position with hips and knees flexed 90°, deep palpation in the right lower quadrant reproduces the pain. What is the MOST appropriate action for the physical therapist to do NEXT? 1. Inform the patient about possible diverticulitis. 2. Test rectus abdominis strength. 3. Stretch the right hip flexor muscles. 4. Contact the physician about possible iliac vein thrombosis.

3. This is the test position to identify dysfunction of the iliopsoas muscles; therefore, stretching the right hip flexor, which is the muscle action of the iliopsoas, is the appropriate action.

Which of the following conditions are benign tumors of the epithelium/skin? 1. Fibroma and chondroma 2. Fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma 3. Papilloma and adenoma 4. Adenocarcinoma and basal cell carcinoma

3. This option lists two types of benign tumors of the epithelium/skin.

A patient has a diagnosis of L3 lumbar nerve root impingement. Which of the following tests is MOST appropriate for a physical therapist to include during an examination of this patient? 1. Knee flexion strength and sensation over the posterior aspect of the thigh 2. Hip flexion strength and sensation over the lateral aspect of the knee 3. Knee extension strength and sensation over the medial aspect of the knee 4. Knee extension strength and sensation over the proximal anterior aspect of the thigh

3. To examine for possible L3 neurological impairment, the examiner should assess knee extension strength (L3 myotome) and sensation over the inner knee and anterior lower leg

A patient who has stage IV metastatic cancer has been admitted to the hospital for a course of chemotherapy, placed in protective isolation, and referred to a physical therapist for general mobility. What is the BEST way to protect the patient's health while treating the patient at bedside? 1. The patient should be seen for 10 minutes 1 time/day until the isolation restriction has been lifted. 2. The patient should wear a mask and gloves during the treatment. 3. The therapist should wear a mask and gloves during the treatment. 4. The therapist should frequently wash hands at the bedside sink during the treatment.

3. Wearing a mask and gloves during treatment is the universal precaution recommendation when treating a patient in protective isolation.

Which of the following statements BEST explains why a patient with reports of dyspnea would benefit from the position shown in the photograph (the pt is seated, leaning forwards with his forearms on his knees)? 1. The accessory respiratory muscles are relaxed in the position shown. 2. The position increases the thoracic cavity volume. 3. The position allows increased strength of contraction of the diaphragm. 4. The position encourages pursed-lip breathing and emphasizes expiration.

3. When the person leans forward as in the photograph, the intraabdominal pressure rises and lengthens the diaphragm as it is raised upward. This allows the strength of the contraction to increase. Due to the improved length-tension relationship, the diaphragm has an improved strength of contraction.

When compared to maximal oxygen uptake values obtained in a lower extremity exercise test, values obtained in an upper extremity exercise test are typically: 1. 30% to 40% lower. 2. the same. 3. 10% to 20% higher. 4. 30% to 40% higher.

30-40% lower

Which of the following procedures is MOST appropriate for measuring a wound that has well-defined margins? 1. Clean the skin around the wound, place a nonsterile ruler on the wound to obtain measurements, and then clean the ruler for future use. 2. Clean the skin around the wound, place a nonsterile ruler on the wound to obtain measurements, and then discard the ruler after use. 3. Place a nonsterile ruler close to the wound to obtain measurements and then clean the ruler for future use. 4. Place a nonsterile ruler close to the wound to obtain measurements and then discard the ruler after use.

4 use non sterile, then discard after use a ruler should NOT make contact with the wound bed

For a patient with a lesion proximal to the dorsal root ganglion, a sensory nerve conduction velocity test will reveal that conduction times are: 1. decreased in amplitude. 2. markedly decreased. 3. markedly increased. 4. within normal limits.

4. A sensory nerve conduction test only measures the distal component of a peripheral nerve. The technique would not be able to detect abnormalities in a lesion proximal to the dorsal root ganglion. If only sensory roots are injured, no electromyogram changes occur.

During a bedside evaluation, a patient shows a sudden increase in the rate and depth of respirations, followed by a gradual decrease in respirations and periods of apnea. Which of the following respiratory patterns is the patient exhibiting? 1. Hyperventilation 2. Paradoxical breathing 3. Tachypnea 4. Cheyne-Stokes

4. Cheyne-Stokes respiration is breathing that waxes and wanes cyclically so that periods of deep breathing alternate with periods of apnea (no breathing)

Which of the following phases of running is MOST likely to aggravate a hamstring injury? 1. Heel strike (initial contact) 2. Midswing 3. Foot flat (loading response) 4. Deceleration (terminal swing)

4. Deceleration is the phase of the gait cycle where the hamstrings are most active in eccentrically controlling hip flexion and knee extension. With running or sprinting, the amount of strain put on the hamstrings is much greater, and the eccentric force needed to control hip flexion and knee extension can cause the hamstrings to be injured.

Following a left cerebrovascular accident, a patient displays mild balance deficits along with weakness in the gluteus medius. Which of the following activities is MOST appropriate for this problem? 1. Walking backward on an inclined surface 2. Sidelying right hip abduction 3. Partial squats against a wall 4. Lateral weight-shifts in stance

4. Lateral weight-shifting in stance can help to improve balance abilities and also involves gluteus medius activation. Any shift in body mass in a lateral direction involves hip abductors/adductors

A patient with a brainstem infarction resulting in left lateral medullary syndrome is MOST likely to demonstrate which of the following symptoms? 1. Hemiparesis in the left side of the body 2. Hemiparesis in the right side of the body 3. Loss of discriminative touch and proprioception in the left side of the body 4. Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the right side of the body

4. Loss of pain and temperature sensation in the right side of the body

Which of the following nerves are MOST active during the emptying phase of micturition? 1. Sympathetic nerves from the hypogastric plexus 2. Parasympathetic nerves from the hypogastric plexus 3. Sympathetic nerves from the pelvic plexus 4. Parasympathetic nerves from the pelvic plexus

4. Parasympathetic nerves from the pelvic plexus fire in order to contract the bladder and begin emptying.

For the healthcare professional, the MOST effective means of preventing the spread of infection among patients with burns is: 1. topical chemotherapy. 2. sterile dressings. 3. prophylactic antibiotics. 4. hand washing.

4. The most common mode of spreading infection within burn patients is through contact from hospital personnel. This option is correct because hand washing is the most effective means of minimizing cross-contamination in the hospital setting

A 4-year-old child has maxillary hypoplasia, an elongated mid face, and a short, upturned nose. The child has a short attention span and poor growth. Which of the following interventions would be MOST appropriate for the child? 1. Gait training with a rolling walker 2. Sensory desensitization activities 3. Activities to inhibit spasticity 4. Dynamic balance activities

4. The stem describes characteristics of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome. Fine motor dysfunction, visuomotor deficits, balance problems, and weak grasp are characteristics of children with fetal alcohol syndrome. Balance activities would benefit the child.

A patient sustained a cervical hyperextension injury that caused bleeding into the central gray matter of the lower cervical spinal cord. Which of the following descriptions BEST reflects the highest level of function the patient is likely to achieve? 1. Inability to transfer without assistance and use of a motorized wheelchair required for mobility 2. Ability to propel a standard wheelchair independently with upper extremities but inability to walk 3. Independence in bed mobility and self-care activities but use of a sliding board required for transfers 4. Ability to walk but difficulty with distal upper extremity and hand function

4. This is a description of central cord syndrome. Because the spinal tracts for the lower extremities are positioned more laterally in the spinal cord, upper extremities are more affected than lower extremities. Patients with central cord syndrome typically recover the ability to ambulate with some remaining distal arm weakness. Seventy-seven percent of patients with central cord syndrome will attain ambulatory function, and 42% will attain hand function.

Which of the following conditions are malignant tumors of the epithelium/skin? 1. Fibroma and chondroma 2. Fibrosarcoma and chondrosarcoma 3. Papilloma and adenoma 4. Adenocarcinoma and basal cell carcinoma

4. This option lists two types of malignant tumors of the epithelium/skin.

BUN level > ______ indicates gout

7.0

HEP exercise for canalithiasis

Brandt daroff

which myotome/nerve root is most asc with ulnar deviation

C8

Which type of breathing is asc with end of life Cheyne stokes Kussmaul breathing Apneustic Paradoxical

Cheyne stokes

Hypertensive response to exercise: DBP > _____ Increase in dBP > _____ sBP > _____

DBP > 110 Increase in dBP > 10 SBP greater than 260

CN for lacrimation

Facial

CN for post tongue sensation

Glossopharyngeal

CN for posterior tongue taste

Glossopharyngeal

Your pt recently diagnosed with UVH is in the clinic performing and intervention of sitting while moving their head up and down, and doing positional changes. This would be classified as what form of vestibular rehab Habituation Gaze stability Postural stability Semont maneuver

Habituation

Which line monitors central venous pressure Arterial PICC Hickman Swan ganz

Hickman

If the pt tests negative then they definitely do NOT have the disease. This describes which: High sensitivity High specificity True positive True negative

High specificity True negative

A patient's electrocardiogram shows a junctional rhythm. The patient's heart rate is 60 bpm and regular. Which of the following waves will MOST likely be absent from the rhythm strip? 1. P 2. R 3. S 4. T

Junctional rhythm originates from the atrioventricular junction instead of the sinoatrial node, which normally causes the P wave. Therefore, the P wave will be missing. R, S, T waves come from the ventricles after stimulation from the atrioventricular junction and will be unaffected.

Which of the following breathing patterns is a compensatory strategy to release greater amounts of CO2 from the body Cheyne stokes Kussmaul breathing Apneustic Paradoxical

Kussmaul

Which type of breathing is associated with ketoacidosis and metabolic acidosis Cheyne stokes Kussmaul breathing Apneustic Paradoxical

Kussmaul

A PT is examining a 15 months old patient with Down syndrome. The patient has neck pain, limited neck motion, and decreased strength of extremities as compared to the last PT session. DTR of upper limb are 3+. Loss of sensation in extremities The MOST likely cause of these symptoms is: A. Upper motor neuron signs seen in Down syndrome. B. Spinal cord impingement due to Atlanto-axial joint subluxation. C. Increased tone and reflexes seen in Down syndrome. D. Atlanto-axial joint subluxation causing lemniscal impingement.

Lemniscus impingement

An S3 heart sound is heard. What factor would be important for consideration for it to warrant a referral to a physician The pt is a child The pt is an athlete The pt is pregnant The pt has had a recent MI

Recent MI An S3 heart sound is not atypical for all other populations listed

Uvula is deviated to the left side. Which CN is affected A.Left vagus nerve B. Right vagus nerve C. Left glossopharyngeal nerve D. Right glossopharyngeal nerve

Right vagus n

A patient has a positive result on the test shown in the photograph. During the acute phase of treatment, the MOST appropriate intervention for the patient is independent performance of which of the following exercises? 1. Lower extremity partial squats 2. Open kinetic chain knee extension 3. Straight leg raises 4. Plyometric exercises

SLRs acute phase partial squats would be for the SUBacute phase

Weber test is which

Sensineurial Peerformed by placing a tuning fork on the top of the head.

If a patient tests positive, then they for sure have the disease. This is describing a high: Sensitivity specificity True positive True negative

Sensitivity with true positive

T/F p values are significant regardless of samples size

T

A patient with a focal lesion in the region of the left descending motor pathways from the cortex or brainstem will MOST likely demonstrate: 1. clasp knife resistance to active range of motion and hypotonia in the left extremities. 2. cogwheel resistance to passive range of motion and tremor in the right extremities. 3. clasp knife resistance to passive range of motion and tremor in the right extremities. 4. cogwheel resistance to active range of motion and hypotonia in the left extremities.

The clasp-knife phenomenon occurs as a result of injury to descending motor pathways from the cortex or brainstem, not the basal ganglia.

What happens to your vitals during pregnancy HR CO Metabolic rate BP

Think - its like having a stressful roommate Increase HR Increase CO Increase metabolic rate Increase BP ( in 3rd trimester - in 1st and 2nd the BP decreases)

CN for ant tongue sensastion

Trigeminal

CN for facial sensation

Trigeminal

CN for muscles of mastication

Trigeminal

A child who W sits with their feet out from under their bum will most likely have which 1. lateral (external) tibial torsion. 2. femoral retroversion. 3. medial (internal) tibial torsion. 4. femoral anteversion.

anteversion would cause w sitting. lateral tibial torsion would be secondary to the anteversion.

A physical therapist notes areas of reddened skin without open lesions on the sacrum of a nonambulatory patient. Which of the following instructions to the patient is MOST appropriate? 1. Pad the reddened area. 2. Cleanse the reddened area with antiseptic soap. 3. Call the physician. 4. Avoid lying in supine position.

avoid lying in the supine position

A patient reports pain at the anterior and lateral aspects of the knee after prolonged sitting and when ascending or descending stairs. After applying tape to the knee, the patient is able to ascend and descend stairs without pain. Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate to use in addition to the taping? 1. Closed chain quadriceps strengthening exercises 2. Plyometric exercises 3. Pulsed ultrasound to the lateral retinaculum 4. Patellar mobilization focusing on stretching medial structures

closed chain if it was the patellar mob, it would be lateral

A therapist is treating a patient who recently had a myocardial infarction. At the beginning of treatment, blood pressure was 120/80 mm Hg and heart rate was 90 beats/min. Midway through treatment, blood pressure was 130/84 mm Hg and heart rate was 105 beats/min. The BEST action for the therapist to take is to: 1. continue with treatment. 2. increase the intensity of treatment. 3. stop the treatment, and notify the physician. 4. decrease the intensity of the next treatment.

continue treatment you would stop if BP was over 160/90 or HR increased 12-24 bpm with low level exercise

In the acute setting, which of the following characteristics is shared by individuals with complete spinal cord injury at C5 and individuals with complete spinal cord injury at T4? 1. Decreased respiratory ability 2. Decreased risk of deep vein thrombosis 3. Inability to mobilize a wheelchair 4. Ability to extend wrists

decreased respiratory ability 1. Individuals who have a cervical spinal cord injury or a high thoracic spinal cord injury are subject to respiratory impairments and demonstrate some compromise in respiratory function. There is a progressively greater loss of respiratory function with increasingly higher level lesions, but individuals who have thoracic level lesions still lack intercostal innervation responsible for chest expansion as well as expiration. In addition, muscles of the abdomen affect maintenance of intercostal pressure and the passive expiration of air. (p. 863)

A patient has a burn with marked edema, broken blisters, and waxy discoloration. Which of the following classifications BEST describes this wound? 1. Superficial 2. Full-thickness 3. Superficial partial-thickness 4. Deep partial-thickness

deep partial

A physical therapist can BEST assess for apraxia by asking the patient to: 1. identify a spoon, a toothbrush, and a comb by touch. 2. bring a toothbrush or a spoon to the mouth repeatedly, using rapid brisk motions. 3. demonstrate how to use a toothbrush, a spoon, or a comb. 4. name familiar objects, such as a toothbrush, a spoon, and a comb.

demonstrate how to use

A nonathletic male patient reports occasional brief palpitations that occur in the absence of pain, dizziness, or light-headedness. The patient has no personal or familial history of heart disease and is otherwise healthy. Which of the following factors is the MOST likely source of the palpitations? 1. Gender 2. Sedentary activity level 3. Excess caffeine intake 4. Cardiac abnormality

excess caffeine

Which of the following locations of pain is MOST consistent with ureter infection? 1. Groin 2. Sacral area 3. Lower buttocks 4. Suprapubic area

groin

A Floor reaction ankle-foot orthosis would best suit a pt with: dorsiflexor spasticity toe drag extensor synergy increased knee flexion

increased knee flexion A floor-reaction ankle-foot orthosis encourages knee extension

A physical therapist is examining a patient who reports anterior knee pain during activity. The patient's resisted knee extension is strong but painful. Palpation elicits tenderness over the patient's patellar tendon, but no structural faults are noted. Which of the following protective devices is MOST appropriate to facilitate a return to sports for the patient? 1. Hinged knee brace 2. Knee sleeve with lateral buttress 3. Thrust unloader brace 4. Infrapatellar strap

infrapatellar strap 1. A hinged knee brace does not protect the patellar tendon. It is commonly used with medial collateral ligament or lateral collateral ligament injuries. (Magee, p. 758) 2. Buttresses are used to manage malalignments; this patient has no structural faults (Chui, p. 328; Magee, pp. 823-824). 3. Unloader braces are used to manage osteoarthritis symptoms by decreasing compressive loads in the joint compartment. Varus and valgus alignments are used to help with medial or lateral collapse. (Chui, p. 304) 4. An infrapatellar strap is most appropriate for treating patellar tendinitis in the absence of a patellar tracking problem

A physical therapist is examining a 4-year-old child with a history of prematurity and developmental delay. To determine if the child has age-appropriate gross motor skills, the therapist's assessment should include: 1. kicking a rolling ball, catching a small ball, and hopping on one foot. 2. kicking a stationary ball, fast walking, and walking with assistance on stairs. 3. dribbling a basketball, riding a bicycle, and skipping. 4. catching a large ball, riding a tricycle, and running short distances.

kicking a rolling ball, catching a small ball, hopping on one foot

Which of the following conditions would be associated with fighting off infection? 1. Thrombocytopenia 2. Leukopenia 3. Thrombocytosis 4. Leukocytosis

leukocytosis

Which of the following conditions would cause a patient to have the GREATEST risk for contracting an infection? 1. Thrombocytopenia 2. Leukopenia 3. Thrombocytosis 4. Leukocytosis

leukopenia

Which of the following locations of pain is MOST consistent with bladder infection? 1. Groin 2. Sacral area 3. Lower back 4. umbilicus area

lower back pain can also be felt in the suprapubic area

Which of the following procedures should be used to assess a patient's equilibrium? 1. Marching in place 2. Rebound test 3. Heel on shin 4. Finger to therapist's finger

marching in place

An 80-year-old patient who has left hemiparesis relies heavily on the right extremities for support. The patient has shoulder pain when the left upper extremity is elevated above 60°. Which of the following positions is BEST to facilitate simultaneous upper and lower extremity weight-bearing for the patient? 1. Modified plantigrade 2. Standing with both hands on a wall 3. Bridging 4. Quadruped

modified plantargrade

A patient who has hypothyroidism is MOST likely to exhibit which of the following signs or symptoms? 1. Ptosis 2. Muscle ache 3. Dysphagia 4. Tachycardia

muscle ache

A patient reports fatigue, proximal upper extremity weakness, and double vision that increases in intensity as the day progresses. The patient demonstrates bilateral ptosis of the eyelids, difficulty chewing, dysphagia, and inability to raise the eyebrows. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely present? 1. Bell palsy 2. Myasthenia gravis 3. Trigeminal neuralgia 4. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

myasthenia gravis

A patient's electrocardiogram report describes the presence of significant Q waves. This finding is suggestive of which of the following conditions? 1. Premature atrial complex 2. Myocardial infarction 3. Supraventricular tachycardia 4. Atrial fibrillation

myocardial infarction

A chart review of an adult female patient indicates a hematocrit value of 42% following minor elective surgery. This value is indicative of: 1. anemia. 2. inflammation. 3. infection. 4. normal findings.

normal is anywhere from 37-52%

A patient who has a grade III ligamentous sprain of the radial collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb (1st digit) is MOST likely to exhibit pain during which of the following tests? 1. Passive range of motion into thumb (1st digit) metacarpophalangeal joint flexion 2. Valgus stress testing of the metacarpophalangeal joint 3. Resisted isometric testing of the abductor pollicis longus 4. Palpation of the radial portion of the thumb (1st digit) metacarpophalangeal joint

palpation of the radial portion of the thumb

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate technique to improve the flexibility of the hip flexors? 1. Active hip extension to end range, followed by isometric hip flexion 2. Resisted hip extension using cuff weights, followed by active hip flexion 3. Placing the patient in prone with pillows positioned under the abdomen 4. Gentle, sustained passive hip extension

passive hip exrension

A physical therapist uses underwater ultrasound as part of the intervention to treat a patient with an ankle injury. The MOST appropriate mode of application is to immerse the patient's ankle in a: 1. whirlpool filled with degassed water and hold the transducer underwater directly on the skin. 2. metal basin filled with mineral oil and hold the transducer underwater approximately 1 in (2.54 cm) away from the body surface. 3. ceramic basin filled with glycerin and move transducer underwater directly on the skin. 4. plastic basin filled with tap water and move the transducer approximately 0.25 in (0.17 cm) away from the body surface.

plastic

A patient who has low back pain exhibits Poor (2/5) strength of the lower abdominal muscles. Which of the following exercises would be most appropriate for the patient INITIALLY? 1. Anterior pelvic tilts 2. Partial sit-ups 3. Posterior pelvic tilts 4. Oblique sit-up

posterior pelvic tilts

A patient has an ulcer on the right lateral malleolus. The ulcer has minimal drainage and measures 1.5 cm × 2.0 cm and 0.5 cm in depth. The patient has an ankle-brachial index of 0.68. Which of the following interventions should be undertaken FIRST? 1. Elevation 2. Compression 3. Hyperbaric oxygen 4. Pressure off-loading

pressure off loading as the wound is in a pressure bearing area

Which of the following procedures should be used to assess a patient's nonequilibrium coordination? 1. Marching in place 2. Rebound test 3. Heel on shin 4. Finger to therapist's finger

rebound test

Which of the following locations of pain is MOST consistent with colon cancer or colitis? 1. Groin 2. Sacral area 3. Lower buttocks 4. Suprapubic area

sacral area

A patient who has meralgia paresthetica has been referred to physical therapy. Which of the following clinical features is MOST likely to be assessed by the physical therapist during the examination? 1. Strength of the adductor longus 2. Strength of the quadriceps femoris 3. Sensation of the superior medial aspect of the thigh 4. Sensation of the lateral aspect of the thigh

sensation of the lateral aspect of the thigh

Which of the following factors is MOST important when considering footwear for a patient with diabetes? 1. Leather soles and heels 2. Selection of a shoe without laces 3. Snug fit around the heel 4. Non-leather material uppers

snug fit

A PT is examining a 15 months old patient with Down syndrome. The patient has neck pain, limited neck motion, and decreased strength of extremities as compared to the last PT session. DTR of upper limb are 3+. The MOST likely cause of these symptoms is: A. Upper motor neuron signs seen in Down syndrome. B. Spinal cord impingement due to Atlanto-axial joint subluxation. C. Increased tone and reflexes seen in Down syndrome D. Atlanto-axial joint subluxation causing lemniscal impingement.

spinal cord impingement If there was loss of sensation, then it could be lemniscal impingement

A patient is referred to physical therapy with a history of ulnar nerve entrapment at the level of the cunital tunnel. Which of the following would be the MOST specific exercise to improve this patient's strength deficits? 1. Practice pinching between thumb (1st digit) and the tip of the index finger (2nd digit). 2. Squeeze hand grip with elastic-band resistance. 3. Oppose thumb (1st digit) to the metacarpal phalangeal joint of each finger (2nd through 5th digits). 4. Squeeze therapy putty between the sides of the fingers.

squeeze hand grip

A patient is referred to physical therapy with a history of ulnar nerve entrapment at the level of the hamate. Which of the following would be the MOST specific exercise to improve this patient's strength deficits? 1. Practice pinching between thumb (1st digit) and the tip of the index finger (2nd digit). 2. Squeeze hand grip with elastic-band resistance. 3. Oppose thumb (1st digit) to the metacarpal phalangeal joint of each finger (2nd through 5th digits). 4. Squeeze therapy putty between the sides of the fingers.

squeeze putty btn fingers

A patient with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes is MOST likely to have which of the following signs or symptoms? 1. Overall decrease in urinary output 2. Reported shakiness after exercise 3. Increased heart rate variability with exercise 4. Stocking-glove numbness of the lower extremities

stocking and glove numbness

the closer electrodes are placed together the ________the current travels deeper or more superficial?

superficial

radial tunnel syndrome is MOST associated with which muscle group ECRB ECRL brachioradialis supinator

supinator

Which of the following conditions would cause a patient to have the GREATEST risk for spontaneous bleeding? 1. Thrombocytopenia 2. Leukopenia 3. Thrombocytosis 4. Leukocytosis

thrombocytopenia

Which of the following conditions would cause a patient to have the GREATEST risk for easy bruising 1. Thrombocytopenia 2. Leukopenia 3. Thrombocytosis 4. Leukocytosis

thrombocytosis

On initial evaluation of a patient, a physical therapist finds a weakness in plantar flexion, forefoot inversion, and toe flexion. The therapist should suspect involvement of which of the following peripheral nerves? 1. Medial plantar 2. Tibial 3. Common peroneal 4. Femoral

tibial n

A patient with a recent prostatectomy has urinary incontinence. Loss of support to which of the following structures is MOST likely contributing to the incontinence? 1. Ureter 2. Ductus deferens 3. Levator ani 4. Urethra

urethra 4. Prostatectomy indicates removal of the prostate gland. The prostate gland provides mechanical support to the urethra between the bladder neck and the penis.