Leadership Development

What did research on transformational leadership find? (Select all that apply.)

- Women tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than men. - Women's styles tend to be more transformational than men's. - All four components of transformational leadership are positively related to leadership effectiveness.

What did meta-analysis of female and male leaders on all characteristics and behaviors find? (Select all that apply.)

- Women were devalued when they worked in male-dominated environments. - Women were evaluated unfavorably when they used directive or autocratic styles. - Women were devalued when the evaluators were men.

Zaleznik created a matrix which displayed followers' behaviors along two axes: ______ and ______.

Dominance-Submission; Activity-Passivity

Select all the options that accurately describe ethics.

Ethics focuses on the virtuousness of individuals and their motives.

The research on authentic leadership is well-developed.

False, Authentic leadership is still in the formative phase of development.

Kellerman designed a typology that differentiates followers in regard to a single attribute: level of engagement.

True

One of the GLOBE cultural dimensions, power distance, is defined as the degree to which members of a group favor strategic physical distance close to or away from others.

false

Practicing servant leadership comes more naturally for some than others. Not everyone can learn to be a servant leader.

false

Prejudice is other-oriented rather than self-oriented.

false

Rather than serving a common purpose along with leaders, Chaleff argues that followers serve leaders and that both leaders and followers work to achieve common outcomes.

false

Research shows that male leaders tend to have better developed social skills than female leaders.

false

Studies have shown that men are less effective than women when they supervise a higher proportion of male subordinates.

false

The GLOBE study identified only valued leadership attributes.

false

The ethics of leaders have little impact on the ethical climate of their organizations.

false

Transformational leadership's view of ethics is really the same as that of the other approaches to leadership.

false

Virtue-based theories of ethics focus on the conduct of leaders rather than who they are as people.

false

Women are stereotyped with agentic characteristics.

false

Leader effectiveness should be assessed, along with team effectiveness in the team leadership model.

true

Many studies have shown that organizations often have higher standards of performance and effort for women.

true

Meta-analysis shows that female and male leaders have many similarities.

true

Meta-analysis shows that women are substantially more effective than men in middle-management positions.

true

Networking and advocating are examples of external team leadership actions.

true

Research data suggests the "glass ceiling" is beginning to crack.

true

Servant leaders put followers first, empower them, and help them develop their full personal capacities.

true

Servant leadership fosters the development of community.

true

Servant leadership is a paradox--an approach to leadership that runs counter to common sense.

true

Servant leadership is unique in the way it makes altruism the central component of the leadership process.

true

Social constructivism is a sociological theory that argues that people create meaning about their reality as they interact with each other.

true

Team goals need to be very clear.

true

Team leadership capacity includes shared leadership and encompasses the entire team.

true

Teams with distributed leadership have some advantages over single leader teams.

true

The Team Leadership Model provides the leader or a designated team member with a mental road map to diagnose team problems.

true

The construct of servant leadership can be summarized as an altruistic calling.

true

The culture and leadership approach focuses on a collection of related ideas rather than a single unified theory.

true

The functional perspective on group leadership contends that the leader has a special responsibility for group effectiveness.

true

The influence dimension of leadership places an enormous ethical burden on leaders.

true

The research on female and male leadership has generally tended to focus on establishing differences between women and men.

true

The theory of virtue-based ethics suggests that practicing good values leads to increased virtuousness.

true

The two major domains of ethical theory are conduct and character.

true

When both genders use an autocratic, directive leadership style, females are evaluated differently than men.

true

Women are less likely than men to negotiate for what they want.

true

The Zaleznik Typology allows leaders to categorize followers into four categories, including all of the following EXCEPT ______.

unable

Select all Burns' contentions.

- Leaders should be involved in followers' personal struggles with conflicting values. - Leaders should move followers to a higher level of morality. - Leadership has a moral dimension.

What factor(s) contribute to leadership effectiveness and rise of female leaders? (Select all that apply.)

- Organizational culture is changing. - Effectiveness and predominance of women owned businesses. - Greater negotiation power for women.

In the area of human capital differences, select all the options that describe women's situation:

- They have fewer responsibilities in the same jobs as men. - They occupy more than half of all management & professional positions. - They confront greater barriers to establish mentor relationships.

What did meta-analysis comparing effectiveness of female and male leaders find? (Select all that apply.)

- Women and men were more effective in leadership roles congruent with their gender. - Overall women and men were equally effective leaders.

Followership is a process that is morally neutral.

false

Globalization originated after the Vietnam War.

false

If team goals are unclear, an internal relational intervention is needed to focus on building commitment.

false

In virtual teams, task functions are more critical than in traditional, face-to-face teams.

false

Most experts agree that team leadership is a simple process.

false

Which of these are cultural dimension(s), according to the GLOBE study?

All of the above - Globe researchers identified nine cultural dimensions: uncertainty avoidance, power distance, institutional collectivism, in-group collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, future orientation, performance orientation, and humane orientation.

Which of these are applications for culture and leadership?

All of these - The findings about culture can help leaders understand their own cultural biases and preferences. Understanding their own preferences is the first step in understanding that people in other cultures might have different preferences. Understanding culture helps leaders understand what it means to be a good leader. This changes from culture to culture. These findings help leaders adapt their style to be more effective in different cultural settings. These findings can help global leaders communicate more effectively across cultural and geographic boundaries and be more empathic and accurate in their communication. Information on culture has been used to build culturally sensitive Web sites, design new employee orientation programs, conduct programs in relocation training, improve global team effectiveness, and facilitate multinational merger implementation.

This servant leader behavior refers to the servant leader's thorough understanding of the organization--its purposes, complexities, and mission.

Conceptualizing

Which of the following is not a part of Walumbwa and associates' model of authentic leadership?

Courage. Walumbwa defined authentic leadership as a pattern of leader behavior that draws upon and promotes both positive psychological capacities and a positive ethical climate in order to foster greater self-awareness, positive self-development, an internalized moral perspective, balanced processing of information, and relational transparency on the part of leaders working with followers.

Self-regulation and self-concept are dimensions of the developmental definition of leadership.

False, Defined from an intrapersonal perspective, authentic leadership focuses closely on the leader and what goes on within the leader. It incorporates the leader's self-knowledge, self-regulation, and self-concept and how those characteristics relate to their actions. Authentic leaders lead from conviction and from within; they are not copies of others. Defined from the developmental perspective, authentic leadership is viewed as something that can be nurtured in a leader (rather than a fixed trait) over a lifetime and can be triggered by major life events. It has four components that are learned over a lifetime: self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, and relational transparency.

According to the interpersonal perspective, the central tasks of authentic leaders are to express strong values and consistently promote their vision for an organization.

False, Defined from the interpersonal perspective, authentic leadership is relational, created by leaders and followers together. To be effective, authentic leaders need to obtain "buy in" from their followers to accomplish goals. Leaders create change when they adapt their message to the beliefs and values of their followers.

The interpersonal perspective of authentic leadership emphasizes balanced processing and relational transparency.

False, Defined from the interpersonal perspective, authentic leadership is relational, created by leaders and followers together. To be effective, authentic leaders need to obtain "buy in" from their followers to accomplish goals. Leaders create change when they adapt their message to the beliefs and values of their followers. Defined from the developmental perspective, authentic leadership is viewed as something that can be nurtured in a leader, rather than a fixed trait, over a lifetime and can be triggered by major life events. It has four components that are learned over a lifetime: self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, and relational transparency.

Relational transparency refers to soliciting viewpoints from those who disagree with you and giving them fair consideration.

False, Relational transparency means softening the boundary around the leadership role and being more transparent, creating a trusting relationship with followers. Relational transparency refers to being open and honest in presenting one's true self to others. It occurs when others share their core feelings, motives, and inclinations with others in an appropriate manner. It includes the individuals showing both positive and negative aspects of themselves to others. In short it is about communicating openly and being real in relationships with others.

According to George's Authentic Leadership Model, strong relationships with followers lead to compassion for those in need.

False, Relationships lead to connectedness with others. Heart leads to compassion when we understand other's stories and are willing to help. Values lead to behavior. Purpose leads to passion. Self-discipline leads to consistency.

According to implicit leadership theory, which of these is true?

Followers have implicit beliefs and convictions about leaders.

Who coined the term servant leadership?

Greenleaf

Which of the following psychological attributes is not part of Luthans and Avolio's (2003) model of authentic leadership?

Humility. There are four key positive psychological attributes that have an impact on authentic leadership which have been drawn from the fields of positive psychology and positive organizational behavior: confidence (self-efficacy), hope (positive motivational state based on will power and goal planning), optimism (viewing situations from a positive light and having favorable expectations about the future), and resilience (capacity to recover from and adjust to adverse situations).

In becoming a servant leader, a leader uses more institutional power and control while shifting authority away from those who are being led.

false

There is no single, accepted definition of authentic leadership.

True, Among leadership scholars, there is no single, accepted definition of authentic leadership. Instead, there are multiple definitions, each written from a different viewpoint and with a different emphasis. Three viewpoints discussed in the chapter are intrapersonal, developmental, and interpersonal.

Authentic leadership develops in people over a lifetime and can be triggered by major life events.

True, Authentic leadership develops in people over a lifetime and can be triggered by major life events, such as a severe illness or a new career. Critical events are major events that shape people's lives. They can be positive or negative. They act as catalysts for change. Authentic leadership rests heavily on the insights people attach to their life experiences.

According to Shamir and Elam, an individual needs to be seen as a legitimate leader by his or her followers in order to become an authentic leader.

True, Followers need to have realistic perceptions of their leaders, and they need to affirm the legitimacy of the leader and the leader's behavior.

Self-discipline is a dimension of authentic leadership in George's model.

True, George's approach to authentic leadership focuses on the characteristics of authentic leaders and how individuals can develop these qualities. Authentic leaders have a genuine desire to serve others, they know themselves, and they feel free to lead from their core values. They understand their purpose, they have strong values about the right thing to do, they establish trusting relationships with others, they demonstrate self-discipline and act on their values, and they are passionate about their mission.

The life story of the leader is an important part of developing authenticity, according to Shamir and Elam.

True, The development of authentic leadership relies heavily on the life story of the leader and the meaning the leader attaches to his or her life experiences.

Followership is defined as ______.

a process whereby an individual accepts the influence of others to accomplish a common goal

The interpersonal definition of authentic leadership views leadership as

adapting to the beliefs and values of followers. Defined from the interpersonal perspective, authentic leadership is relational, created by leaders and followers together. To be effective, authentic leaders need to obtain "buy in" from their followers to accomplish goals. Leaders create change when they adapt their message to the beliefs and values of their followers.

Shanna always thinks for herself, and exhibits a lot of negative energy. She demonstrates which of the following follower role-types, as identified by the Kelley Typology?

alienated follower

Which of these are universally desirable attributes of a leader?

all of the above - Universally desirable leadership attributes include: Trustworthy, has foresight, positive, confidence builder, intelligent, win-win problem solver, administratively skilled, excellence oriented, just, plans ahead, dynamic, motivational, decisive, communicative, coordinative, honest, encouraging, motive arouser, dependable, effective bargainer, informed, and team builder.

Which options are included in the five cross-cultural competencies for leaders?

all of these - Global leaders need to develop five cross-cultural competencies: First, leaders need to understand business, political, and cultural environments worldwide. Second, they need to learn the perspectives, tastes, trends, and technologies of many other cultures. Third, they need to be able to work simultaneously with people from many cultures. Fourth, leaders must be able to adapt to living and communicating in other cultures. Fifth, they need to learn to relate to people from other cultures from a position of equality rather than cultural superiority.

Which are universally undesirable personality traits of a leader?

all of these - Universally undesirable leadership personality traits include: loner, irritable, ruthless, asocial, non-explicit, dictatorial, non-cooperative, and egocentric.

Select all the teleological theories.

altruism ethical egoism utilitarianism

Current focus has shifted to the study of group dynamics and development of social science theory.

false

Deontological theory focuses primarily on the consequences (ends or purposes) of an individual's actions.

false

Diversity is an approach or system that concentrates on one culture.

false

Virtue-based theories

are about leader's character. Virtue-based theories approach ethics from the viewpoint of a leader's character and focus on who the leaders are as people. Virtues are rooted at the heart of the individual and in the individual's disposition. Rather than telling people what to do, attention should be directed toward telling people what to be: more virtuous. Virtue-based ethics is about being and becoming a good, worthy human being. By practicing virtues, people become more virtuous. Our virtues are derived from our actions, and our actions manifest our virtues.

Kiana excels in her ability to step aside and view herself and her own perspectives in the greater context of the situation. Which characteristic of a servant leader does Kiana demonstrate?

awareness

This servant leader behavior refers to holding to strong ethical standards, including being open, honest, and fair with followers.

behaving ethically

In the relational-based approach, followership is tied to interpersonal ______ rather than to specific ______.

behaviors; roles

How does a leader show his or her respect for others? (Select all that apply.)

being empathic being tolerant of opposing points of view listening closely to subordinates

How do servant leaders show respect for others? (Select all that apply.)

being tolerant of opposing points of view being empathic listening closely to subordinates

Select all the options that represent items included in the category of internal relational leadership actions.

building commitment satisfying individual member needs collaborating - including, involving managing conflict and power issues

Decidedly against ______ leadership, Greenleaf advocated using communication to build consensus in groups.

coercive

According to Zaccaro, principled leadership influences team effectiveness through which of the following processes?

cognitive, motivational, affective and integrative

Greenleaf's conceptualization of servant leadership places a premium on treating each follower as a unique person with intrinsic value that goes beyond his or her tangible contributions to the organization. Which of these characteristics of a servant leader encompasses this treatment?

commitment to the growth of people

After an assessment, Franco determines that his employee Liam exhibits behaviors stemming from his high desire to control Franco's actions coupled with his tendency sit back and watch others do the work. According to Zaleznik's Typology, which type of follower is Liam?

compulsive

Joseph was selected from a pool of candidates as the next CEO of the company, largely because of his reputation as a "big picture" person and his ability to be a visionary for an organization, providing a clear sense of its goals and direction. Which characteristic of a servant leader does Joseph demonstrate?

conceptualization

Which two broad domains do ethical theories fall within?

conduct and character - In regards to leadership, ethics has to do with what leaders do and who they are: conduct and character. It is concerned with the nature of leaders' behavior, and with their virtuousness. The choices leaders make and how they respond in a given circumstance are informed and directed by their ethics.

Jasmine is seen as a "yes-person" who is always on the leader's side, and still look to the leader for direction and guidance. She demonstrates which of the following follower role-types, as identified by the Kelley Typology?

conformist follower

What is utilitarianism is concerned with?

creating the greatest good for the greatest number

What does a definition of culture include? (Select all that apply.)

customs and scripts of a group traditions that are shared by a group

Servant leaders place the good of followers over their own self-interests and emphasize follower ______.

development

For leaders, McGrath's critical leadership functions include which types of group? (Select all that apply.)

diagnosing group deficiencies preventing deleterious changes forecasting environmental changes

David has an innate ability to put himself in someone else's shoes. He truly understands what followers are thinking and feeling. Which characteristic of a servant leader does David demonstrate in his actions?

empathy

A servant leader focuses on using institutional power and control.

false

An altruistic leader acts so as to create the greatest good for her or himself.

false

Concern about the ethics of leaders is a relatively recent phenomenon.

false

Ethical egoism is concerned with doing the greatest good for the greatest number.

false

Part of Kayla's job description outlines a responsibility to predict what is coming based on what is occurring in the present and what has happened in the past. She will be held accountable for any failures to anticipate what reasonably could be foreseen and to act on that understanding. Kayla's employer expects her to demonstrate which characteristic of a servant leader?

foresight

The developmental definition of authentic leadership states that leadership

grows out of the leader's self-awareness and morality. Defined from the developmental perspective, authentic leadership is viewed as something that can be nurtured in a leader (rather than a fixed trait) over a lifetime and can be triggered by major life events. It has four components that are learned over a lifetime: self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing, and relational transparency.

The intrapersonal definition of authentic leadership states that leadership

grows out of the life story of the leader. The development of authentic leadership relies heavily on the life story of the leader and the meaning the leader attaches to his or her life experiences.

Which of the following leadership traits or skills is more likely stereotyped to men than women? (Select all that apply.)

independence

People differ in areas such as moral development, emotional intelligence, and self-determinedness, and these traits interact with their ability to engage in servant leadership. These differences are included in which of the following antecedent conditions of servant leadership?

leader attributes

Select the options that relate to Greenleaf 's theory of servant leadership.

leaders should be concerned with society's "have-nots" influenced by the writings of Hermann Hesse

Servant leadership is an approach focusing on leadership from the point of view of the ______ and his or her ______.

leaders; behaviors

Three antecedent, or existing, conditions have an impact on servant leadership, including all of the following EXCEPT ______.

leadership ambitions

John frequently acknowledges the viewpoint of followers and validates these perspectives. Which characteristic of a servant leader does he demonstrate?

listening

Select all the options included in the five principles of ethical leadership.

manifesting honesty showing justice providing service respecting others building community

Select all the actions in which we can observe altruistic service.

mentoring empowering team building

Chaleff created a follower typology which is constructed using two characteristics of courageous followership: the courage to support the leader and the courage to challenge the leader's behavior and policies. This typology differentiates four styles of followership, including all of the following EXCEPT ______.

minimalist

Select all the options that represent types of leadership decisions.

monitor or take action internal or external task or relational

McGrath describes diagnosing group deficiencies as part of

monitoring/internal.

There are ethical consequences to followership and to what followers do because the character and behavior of followers has an impact on ______.

organizational outcomes

Team effectiveness is evaluated on which desired team outcomes?

performance and development

While Zaleznik focused on the ______ aspects of followers, Kelley emphasizes the ______ of followers and follower behaviors.

personal; motivations

Followership involves a ______ differential between the follower and the leader.

power

Ricardo is a "fence-sitter" that supports the status quo but does not get on board until others do. He demonstrates which of the following follower role-types, as identified by the Kelley Typology?

pragmatic

Which of these is the defining characteristic of servant leadership?

putting followers first

All of the following are outcomes of servant leadership EXCEPT ______.

reformed national values

Greta, a fitness instructor, meets with Rhonda before a personal training session to discuss and agree on the kind of influence Greta will have and the amount of influence Rhonda will accept. This interaction is an example of which perspective of followership?

relational based

The ______ approach to followership is based on social constructivism.

relational based

Hofstede's benchmark research identified five major dimensions on which cultures differ.

true

Select all the options that are characteristics of team effectiveness.

results-driven structure. external support. unified commitment. collaborative climate.

This theoretical approach to followership focuses on how followers affect leaders and organizational outcomes and emphasizes that followers can be change agents.

reversing the lens

In a staff planning meeting, some people are very helpful to the group because they bring energy and offer insightful suggestions regarding how the group might proceed. Their role as engaged followers occupying a formal position in the hierarchy of the organization is an example of which perspective of followership?

role based

The ______ perspective focuses on followers in regard to the typical roles or behaviors they exhibit while occupying a formal or informal position within a hierarchical system.

role based

Followership can be divided into two broad categories: ______ and ______.

role-based; relational-based

Which of these is not one of the global leadership characteristics?

self-directive leadership

Rebecca is studying social work because she feels a social responsibility to be concerned about the "have-nots" and those less privileged. Where inequalities and social injustices exist, she wants to make an effort to remove them. Rebecca seems like a natural ______ leader.

servant

Carol has accepted the responsibility to carefully manage the people and organization she has been given to lead. She holds the organization in trust for the greater good of society. Which characteristic of a servant leader does Carol demonstrate in her actions?

stewardship

In the past 10 years, multiple publications have helped to clarify servant leadership and ______ its basic assumptions.

substantiate

Why is ethics is central to leadership? (Select all that apply.)

the impact leaders have on establishing the organization's values the need to engage followers to accomplish mutual goals the process of influence

In team leadership theory, two of the leader's primary decisions are

to monitor or take action.

The early research on authentic leadership grew out of an underdeveloped area of which branch of leadership studies?

transformational leadership. Researchers felt the need to extend the work regarding the meaning of authentic transformational leadership.

A mistake commonly made is to call a work group a "team" but treat it as a collection of individuals.

true

A strength of the GLOBE study is that it provided a classification of cultural dimensions that is more expansive than Hofstede's classification system.

true

According to team leadership theory, individuals other than the formal leader can perform the critical leadership functions.

true

Chaleff developed a typology to amplify the significance of the role of followers in the leadership process as a result of a defining moment in his formative years when he became aware of the horrors of the World War II holocaust that killed more than 6 million European Jews.

true

Conduct and character are the two domains of ethical theory.

true

Developing and promoting women leaders are in the best interest of employers.

true

Effective team leaders need to have a wide repertoire of skills.

true

Ethical theory provides a system of rules or principles that guide us in making decisions about what is right or wrong.

true

Ethnocentrism can be a major obstacle to effective leadership.

true

Flatter organizations refer to the trend of shifting decision-making powers downward in the organizational hierarchy.

true

For many people, being a follower and the process of followership has negative connotations, in part because people do not find followership as compelling as leadership.

true

Global leaders need to be skilled in creating trans-cultural visions.

true

Globalization has created a need to understand how cultural differences affect leadership performance.

true

Heifetz uses the term "holding environment" to mean an environment with trust, nurturance, and empathy.

true

Heifetz, Burns and Greenleaf all believe that the leader/follower relationship is central to ethical leadership.

true

Heifetz, Burns and Greenleaf all suggest that an ethic of caring is important in organizations.

true

After an assessment, Paul determines that his employee Kara exhibits behaviors that are both submissive and passive. According to Zaleznik's Typology, which type of follower is Kara?

withdrawn