Leake 367- Final

Resegregation

-When an entire occupation transitions from one gender to another -Usually from predominantly male to predominantly female -Psych used to be male dominated

Gendered Portrayals in Music Videos & Advertising

-Women as sexual objects and subordinate -Males as aggressive

Rape Myths

-Women asked for it -Anyone who is drunk or high is getting what they deserve -Women fantasize about being raped -If a person doesn't fight back, she or he wasn't really raped

Marriage Gradient

-Women tend to marry up and men tend to marry down -Guys want younger hotter wife, women want older rich man

Second Shift

-Women who work in the formal economy have to come home and do a second shift of taking care of children, cooking, cleaning, etc -Essentially working two jobs

Masculinity & Work (Robin Study)

-Work is seen as a part of yourself; to lose work is to lose a part of yourself -Work perceived as defining core of male identity -Failure to work=failure of male masculinity

False Consciousness

-You feel that you are making your own decisions & being unique, but you are still feeding into the media that someone created -Sheep

Ethic of Care

Feminine approach where women are more worried about not helping others when they could be helped, or with the possibility of omission

Tonic immobility

Paralysis because of an attack

Comparable Worth

Policy that seeks to raise the wages of low-paying jobs occupied predominantly by women

Monogamy

Polygamy used to be preferred

Substantive Representation

Representation of group interests, or extent to which members of the particular group represent the interests of that group when they are elected

Market Segmentation

Sales approach where corporations divide large & diverse market for a product into smaller segments based on characteristics (gender, social class, race) -Creates small homogeneous markets

Rape Culture

Set of ideas about the nature of women, men, sexuality, & consent

Human Capital

Skills workers may acquire (through education, job training, etc) that affect their ability to be productive in their job

Numerical or Descriptive Representation

The number of members of a particular group who hold office

Protection Theory of Marriage

Marriage is an institution that allows for the protection of women

Exploitation Theory of Marriage

Marriage is an institution that primarily involves the exploitation of women in a system of exchange

Cooperation Theory of Marriage

Marriage turned strangers into relatives and enemies into allies

Ethic of Justice

Masculine approach where men are more concerned about people interfering w/ each other's rights in moral dilemmas

Worldwide Rankings of Women in National Legislature

#1 Rwanda #91 USA -International Average 19%

Double Marriage Squeeze

-When a marriage squeeze is caused in 2 countries by emigration -Happens a lot in developing countries

Motherhood Penalty

-Anticipated that a woman's 1st priority will be to their family rather than their job -Less wages -Women's hours go down -Passed over for promotions

How Men are Depicted in Media

-Black men=dangerous -Asian men=passive & feminine -White men=working class, buffoon

Girls Just Wanna Not Run

-Boys more likely to be taught to run for office

Sexual Division of Labor

-Certain tasks are attributed to and appropriate for a certain gender

Human Capital Theory & Sex Segregation

-Comes from economic perspective -emphasis on individuals choice of occupation resulting from attempt to maximize benefit/reduce costs

Occupational Sex Segregation

-Concentration of women and men in different occupations

Glass Escalator

-Concerning men in predominantly female occupations -These men are pushed into leadership opportunities

Daddy Bonus

-Employers view fatherhood as a positive trait rather than a hindrance -Perceived as more stable & responsible -Men's paid work hours & effort go up

Rape-Prone Culture

-Expression of masculinity -Women objectified -Men & women live separate lives

Doing Gender & Household Division of Labor

-Gender is performed in the ways in which our behaviors are understood by someone else as representing femininity or masculinity -Women perform gender by keeping house -Men are out in the public sphere performing their gender

Masculinity & Power

-Having power is integral to masculinity -Endless quest to demonstrate power

Sexual Assault on College Campus

-It's a "woman's problem" -Poor reporting -Greek culture leads to an expectation of sexual assault

Supreme Court Ruling on Same-Sex Marriage

-June 15th, 2015 -Ended decades of legal battles

Stephanie Coontz & History of Marriage

-Marriage has changed throughout history -Marriage for love is fairly recent notion -Used to be for strategic alliances, women treated as capital

Factors Contributing to the Pay Wage Gap

-Men & women choose different majors/careers -Women work fewer hours -Women likely to leave work force or part-time when having children

Doctrine of Separate Spheres

-Men are more likely to be outside of the home in the public sphere -Women more likely to be in the home in the private sphere

Hegemonic Masculinity

-Men feel the need to exert power of others -Homophobia -constant game to avoid emasculation

Power & Household Division of Labor

-More power is given outside work in the formal economy -Amount of income someone provides their family=more power in the family

Audience Power Theory

-Power to the people -We have the power to influence what is shown to us

3 Rs & Video Games

-Relaxation=escape from weight of adult demands and rules of social decorum -Restoration=Allows men to feel that they are restored to a state of power, a privilege that they feel no longer exists to them -Revenge=Against those who have usurped what you thought was yours

Political Efficacy

-Sense that what a person does really matters -Women are not socialized to believe they have political efficacy

Rape-Free Culture

-Sexual aggression is socially disapproved of & severely punished -Women have ceremonial importance and respect

Factors Determining Numerical Representation of Women in Elected Office

-Social inequality -Economic inequality

Endogamy

-Tendency to marry others within the same group -(Religious, racial, class, etc)

Marriage Squeeze

-Too few women or too few men (Musical chairs analogy)

Compensatory Masculinity

-Typical of lower class husbands -Exaggerated form of masculinity -Involves drugs, alcohol, sexual carousing -Helps to compensate for their experiences in every day life

Gender Education Gap

1960-1 female to every 6 who graduated from college 1990s- reversal in gender gap

Global Media Monitoring Project

24% of news subjects are female

Women & Percent of Consumer purchases in the US

85%

Midriff

A young woman who intentionally uses her sexuality as a means of empowerment

Power

Ability to influence the behavior of others through persuasion-Talk to someone into or out of something authority-Because of position coercion-violence or threat

Geography of Fear

Assessments of vulnerability & fear in certain spaces that women are forced to make as a result of the threat of potential violence, assault, or harassment

Glass Ceiling

Despite progress women have made into managerial positions in the business world, still far less likely than men to have authoritative positions

Protective Labor Laws

Laws that made it so women couldnt work for too long or in certain positions because it would negatively affect their ability to perform household duties

Preferred Meaning

Meaning the media/producer wanted you to see

Media Power Theory

Media is what tells us what to like and what to do

Egalitarian Masculinity

More civilized, refined form; closer to a situation of gender equity

Family Wage

Sum necessary to sustain all family members

Commodification

Turning any object, idea, or behavior into something that can be bought & sold

Overspill

Viewers create their own meanings

Socialization Theory & Sex Segregation

Your experiences w/ gender socialization lead males and females to different jobs