Learning and Behavior: Chapter 3- Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning

less

A CR that appears identical to the UR is always (less/more) intense.

fixed action pattern

A ___ ___ ___ is a fixed sequence of responses that occurs in reaction to a specific stimulus.

startle; orienting

A ___ response is an automatic defensive response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus; the ___ response is an elicited set of movements designed to facilitate attending to a stimulus.

CS+; CS-

A click is followed by food, while a click and a buzzing noise is never followed by food. In this case, the click will become a (CS+/CS-) for salivation and the buzzing noise will become a (CS+/CS-) for salivation.

presentation; removal

A conditioned excitatory stimulus (an excitatory CS is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) of a US; a conditioned inhibitory stimulus (an inhibitory CS) is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) of a US.

habituation

A decrease in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called ___.

reflex

A simple, involuntary response to a stimulus is called a ___.

sensitization; habituation

A stimulus of intermediate intensity will initially result in a period of ___ which is then followed by ___.

elicit; supress

An excitatory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) a fear response; an inhibitory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/supress) a fear response.

sensitization

An increase in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called ___.

biologically; removal

Backward conditioning can result in excitatory conditioning of fear when the NS is a ___ relevant stimulus for fear. Backward conditioning can also result in inhibitory conditioning when the NS signals the (presentation/removal) of the US.

Pavlovian; respondent

Classical conditioning is also known as ___ conditioning or ___ conditioning.

species-specific; instincts; inflexible

Different species of spiders spin different kinds of webs. Web spinning of this sort can thus be considered a ___-___ behavior. Such behaviors used to be called ___, but some researchers dislike this term because it implies that the behavior is more (flexible/inflexible) than is actually the case.

neutral; conditioned

During conditioning, the metronome can be labeled as either a(n) ___ stimulus or a(n) stimulus.

conditioning trial

Each pairing of the metronome and the food is called a ___ ___.

a-process; b-process

Feeling elated while talking on the phone with someone with whom you are in love is an example of the ___ ___. Feeling lovesick after you finally hang up for the night is an example of the ___-___.

conditioned; conditioned

Following conditioning, the metronome is a(n) ___ stimulus, and the salivation elicited by the metronome is a(n) ___ response.

CS+; CS-

For the residents of Berlin and London during WWII, an air-raid siren would have been a (CS+/CS-) for anxiety, while the all-clear siren would have been a (CS+/CS-) for anxiety.

habituate; sensitized

From an evolutionary standpoint, if a stimulus is irrelevant or "safe", we tend to ___ to it whereas if it is potentially dangerous we become ___ to it.

appetitive

In ___ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered pleasant and that the organism seeks out.

aversive

In ___ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered unpleasant and that the organism avoids.

conditioned emotional; decreases

In a ___ ___ response (CER) paradigm, the level of fear elicited by a CS is indicated by the degree to which the rat's rate of lever pressing for food (decreases/increases) in the presence of that stimulus.

US; NS; poor

In backward conditioning, the (US/NS) is presented first and the (US/NS) is presented later. Background conditioning is generally considered to result in (good/poor) conditioning.

interstimulus; ISI

In delayed conditioning, the time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the US is called the ___ interval (abbreviated __)

habituation; sensitization

In general, repeated presentations of a low-intensity stimulus result in ___ and repeated presentations of a high-intensity stimulus result in ___.

less

In general, sensitization is (less/more) stimulus specific than habituation.

respondent; respondents

In responder conditioning, the behaviors themselves are called ___ behaviors or simply ___.

onset; onset; poor

In simultaneous conditioning, the ___ of the NS occurs at the same time as the ___ of the US. Simultaneous conditioning usually results in (good/poor) conditioning.

neutral; does not; unconditioned; unconditioned

In the metronome example, the metronome is initially a(n) ___ stimulus because it (does/does not) elicit salivation. The food, however, is a(n) stimulus that elicits a(n) unconditional response of salivation.

onset; offset; onset

In trace conditioning, the (onset/offset) and ___ of the NS precedes the ___ of the US.

offset; onset; trace; short

In trace conditioning, the time between the ___ of the NS and the ___ of the US is called the ___ interval. Trace conditioning can be effective if this interval is relatively (long/short)

0; .5

Intense fear in a CER procedure will result in a suppression ratio of (.5/0), whereas no fear will result in a suppression ratio around (.5/0)

appetitive

Learning to associate the corner bar with the happy times you experience in that bar is an example of ___ conditioning.

aversive

Learning to associate your refrigerator with the nauseating smell of spoiled food is an example of ___ conditioning.

habituation; sensitized

Learning to ignore the sound of dripping water is an example of ___. Becoming increasingly aware of the sound of a jackhammer on the street below your apartment is an example of ___.

reflex arc; sensory; inter; motor

Many simple reflexes are activated through a ___ ___ that consists of a(n) ___ neuron, a(n) ___ neuron, and a(n) ___ neuron (in that order).

excitatory

Most of the basic principles of classical conditioning have been established using procedures that involve ___ conditioning

flexion; follows

Quickly jerking your hand or foot away from contact with an open flame or sharp object is a reflexive action known as a ___ response. In such cases, the perception of pain generally (precedes/follows) the response.

elicited

Reflexes are ___ in the sense that they are drawn out by stimuli that precede their occurrence.

conditioned suppression

The CER paradigm is also known as a ___ ___ procedure.

often; similar

The CR is (often/always) (similar/identical) to the UR.

a-process; b-process; slow; slow

The _-___ is directly tied to the presence of the emotional event, whereas the _-___ is (slow/quick) to increase and (slow/quick) to decrease.

answers wrong

The ___ ___ is directly elicited by the emotional event; this in turn elicits the ___, the purpose of which is to maintain a relatively balanced internal state known as ___.

answers wrong

The a-process is also known as the ___ process, and the b-process is also known as the ___ process.

long-term; slowly; slowly

The fact that it has been several months since you have noticed the sound of the fan in your home computer is an example of ___-___ habituation. Such habituation tends to build up (quickly/slowly) and disappear (quickly/slowly).

precedes; overlap

The most successful temporal arrangement for conditioning is delayed conditioning, in which the onset of the NS (precedes/follows) the onset of the US, and the two stimuli (overlap/do not overlap).

opposite

The opponent-process theory of emotion accounts for why a strong emotional response if often followed by a(n) (similar/opposite) emotional response.

dishabituation; reappears

The presentation of a novel stimulus during a period of habituation can sometimes result in ___ in which the habituated response (reappears/disappears).

sign; releaser

The specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern is called a ___ stimulus or ___.

CS; CS; pre-CS

The suppression ratio is the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) responses divided by the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) responses plus the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) responses.

habituate

We often fail to ___ to stimuli (even if they are not actually dangerous) because our nervous system tends to "err on the side of caution" to keep us safe. (Ex. dogs barking at night keeping us awake instead of ignoring it)

increases; strength; duration

With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process (increases/decreases) in both ___ and ___.

excitatory; inhibitory

Your grandmother always cooks great meals except when your vegetarian sister is present. As a result, you usually salivate a great deal when sitting at your grandmother's table for a meal, but not when your sister is present. Your grandmother's table is an ___CS for salivation, while your sister is an ___ CS for salivation.

inhibitory; excitatory

conditioning associated with the removal of a US is known as ___ conditioning, whereas conditioning associated with the presentation of a US is known as ___ conditioning.