Learning & Memory Chapter 10 & 11

Modeling in which children take rules and use them to form new behaviors, as in language

Abstract

Mechanistic, agents or forces (e.g. The heat from the fire makes you to move back)

Cause

Our estimates of our competence

Efficacy

The value of a goal or reward

Incentive

An organism's immediate response to a change in its environment, when that change is not sudden enough to elicit the startle reflex.

Orienting Reflex

Annoying state of affairs, punishment, something we will work to avoid

Painful

What are the five products of social learning?

Acquisition (of novel responses) Inhibition (of previously learned behaviors) Disinhibition (of previously learned behaviors) Facilitation (eliciting effect) - generalization Creativity

Children who observe _________ will imitate aggression more than those who observe non-aggression.

Aggression

If the model is interesting or novel, you are more likely to learn.

Attention

What are the four steps to the modeling process?

Attention Retention/memory Reproduction Motivation

Compare imitation and social learning

Both may result in behavior changes Imitation requires that the model's behavior is imitated Social learning does not lead to someone always replicating the behavior Imitation by itself does not guarantee that learning has happened.

When a child has indiscriminate sociability, such as excessive familiarity with relative strangers

Disinhibited Attachment Disorder

Says that we are reinforced/punished with external rewards, and will alter our future behavior to obtain/avoid those external consequences

Extrinsic motivation

True or false, Children will imitate the behavior of different-sex models to a greater degree than same-sex models.

False

Instinctual, unlearned attachment behavior - that happens during a critical period.

Imprinting

Unlearned complex behaviors

Instincts

Says that we are reinforced/punished by internal states (cognitive or affective), and will alter our future behavior to repeat/avoid those internal states

Intrinsic motivation

Asks whether we ascribe our successes and failures to internal or external causes?

Locus of control

Which gender is more predisposed to imitating aggression?

Males

_________ are the forces that incite a person to act.

Motives

Learning that takes place automatically

Observational Learning

What are the four main factors to self-efficacy?

Performance Attainments (successes or failures) Vicarious Experiences Verbal Persuasion Physiological States

Satisfying state of affairs, positive reinforcement, something we will work for and will not try to avoid

Pleasant

Reflexes seen only in infants

Primitive reflexes

How we learn socially accepted behaviors

Process

The knowledge and practice of what is socially acceptable

Product

Persistent failure to initiate or respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Rationale, justification, cognitive (e.g. you move back is because you are too hot and don't want to get burned)

Reason

This says that behavior is a function of a person interacting with their environment.

Reciprocal Determinism

When we do well, we tend to think we can do well, and we are more willing to work harder

Reciprocal determinism

An involuntary and nearly instantaneous muscle reaction to a certain type of stimulation.

Reflex

Using the information that you have learned to do something

Reproduction

The ability to pull up the information later and act on it

Retention/memory

Beliefs in one's capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to produce given attainment

Self-Efficacy

Influences how you think, feel, motivate yourself, and behave

Self-efficacy

__________ determines how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave.

Self-efficacy

The process by which a young animal learns the characteristics of a desirable mate

Sexual imprinting

Modeling learned through oral or written instructions, mental images, cartoon films

Symbolic

The phenomenon in which two people who live in close domestic proximity during the first few years in the life of either one become desensitized to later close sexual attraction

Westermarck effect

Which of the following is an accurate description of reflexes? a. They are biologically based explanations for some behaviors, but limited for generalizations for all behaviors. b. They are not really that important for human survival. c. They are conditioned but limited explanations for behavior. d. They account for a great range of behaviors

a. They are biologically based explanations for some behaviors, but limited for generalizations for all behaviors.

Bandura's theory is based on a. a model of operant conditioning. b. social conditions. c. classical conditioning. d. self-efficacy theory.

a. a model of operant conditioning.

Which of the following is not a source of reinforcement in imitation? a. operant reinforcement b. direct reinforcement c. vicarious reinforcement d. reinforcement of the model

a. operant reinforcement

Drive reduction involves a. satisfying needs. b. following instincts. c. the passage of time. d. need deficiency

a. satisfying needs.

Which of the following is not one of the features of the agentic perspective? a. unexpected eventualities b. intentionality c. forethought d. self reflection

a. unexpected eventualities

Some classroom behaviors appear to be under direct control of specific stimuli. Which of the following is not one of them? a.shouting loudly to gain control b. establishing clear rules c. using a verbal signal d. using a bell or buzzer

a.shouting loudly to gain control

Which of the following is an accurate description of imprinting? a. It is permanent unlearned behavior that appears at birth. b. It is unlearned behavior that does not appear until exposed to a releaser. c. It is unlearned behavior that appears at birth but disappears when exposed to an inhibitor. d. It does not relate to later sexual behavior.

b. It is unlearned behavior that does not appear until exposed to a releaser.

An example of a symbolic model is a. an adult. b. a picture. c. a child. d. an animal.

b. a picture.

Which of the following abilities is not important in Bandura's theory? a. ability to think b. ability to change one's mind c. ability to symbolize d. ability to anticipate consequences of one's behavior

b. ability to change one's mind

An example of using models to modify behavior do not include a. identifying sequences of inappropriate behavior. b. identifying negative consequences. c. rescripting behaviors. d. acting out modified scripts for them.

b. identifying negative consequences.

The problem with Maslow's concept of self-actualization is a. it can't ever be defined. b. it is not a state but a process of growth. c.the triangle is too narrow. d.the top of the triangle is too pointy

b. it is not a state but a process of growth.

An example of a behavior that would not result in low self-efficacy is a. failure in school. b. persuasion that one is competent. c. criticism. d. comparisons between one's performance and that of peers

b. persuasion that one is competent.

Which of the following is not one of the control systems that Bandura noted? a. stimulus control b. response control c. outcome control d. symbolic control

b. response control

Bandura's theory is called a. theory of imitation. b. social cognitive theory. c. drive reduction theory. d. theory of operant condition

b. social cognitive theory.

The inverted U-shaped function described by Yerkes-Dodson represents a. the dramatic decrease in arousal intensity for which researchers cannot account. b. the optimal level of arousal with levels below the optimal level representing less effective behavior. c. a correspondence between number of tasks attempted and effectiveness. d.a relationship between complexity of a task and level of arousal

b. the optimal level of arousal with levels below the optimal level representing less effective behavior.

Arousal relates to intensity of motivation in which of the following ways? a. Intense arousal always precedes high levels of motivation. b. Arousal has no relationship to motivation. c. The relationship is not perfectly linear. d. Arousal does not influence tension or energy of an individual.

c. The relationship is not perfectly linear.

Motivation is very closely tied to a. actions. b. causes. c. emotions. d.objects.

c. emotions.

An organism in a state of physiological arousal a. is at a steady state of motivation. b. tends to be less focused. c. has increased electrical activity in the brain. d. is less receptive to stimuli

c. has increased electrical activity in the brain.

Complex learning such as driving a car, can be explained by a. trial and error. b. contiguity. c. imitation. d. motivation

c. imitation.

Teachers use models in the classroom such as a. play time. b. rewards. c. instructions and directions. d. reflexology

c. instructions and directions.

Psychological hedonism may be described as a. the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain for the greatest number of people. b. the pursuit of pleasure only. c. limited in explanatory usefulness due to subjectivity of its key concepts. d. the primary human motivator according to a preponderance of scientific evidence.

c. limited in explanatory usefulness due to subjectivity of its key concepts.

The Yerkes-Dodson law deals with a. behavioral effectiveness. b. locus of control. c. optimal arousal. d. need satisfaction

c. optimal arousal.

Which of the following is not one of the influences on self-efficacy? a. enactive b. vicarious c. persecutive d. emotive

c. persecutive

Which of the following do many psychologists argue is an accurate description of instincts? a. They account for a wide range of behaviors. b. They vary within a species. c. They are acquired behavior. d. They do not seem to exist in humans.

d. They do not seem to exist in humans.

As explanations for behavior, reflexes a. are complex but useful. b. are closely related to needs. c. are most useful prior to adolescence. d. are limited in usefulness.

d. are limited in usefulness

Deficiency needs lead to behavior when a. metaneeds are met. b. they are satisfied. c. they are followed by growth needs. d. conditions that satisfy them are lacking.

d. conditions that satisfy them are lacking.

Which of the following is not a process of observational learning? a. attentional processes b. retentional processes c. motor reproduction process d. intentional processes

d. intentional processes

Which of the following is not an effect of imitation? a. modeling effect b. inhibitory-disinhibitory effect c. eliciting effect d. violent content effect

d. violent content effect

According to Brehm and Self, which of the following factors does not influence level of motivation? a. internal states (needs) b. probability of behavior leading to desired outcomes c.potential outcomes d.fulfilled need

d.fulfilled need

Which of the following does not describe the study of motivation? a. the study of explanations of behavior b. the study of reasons for behavior c. the study of causes of behavior d.the study of alternatives to behavior

d.the study of alternatives to behavior