Learning / Cognitive Test 2: Chapter 4 Multiple Choice

True or False Pavlovian conditioning accounts for negative emotions, but not for positive ones.

False

True or False Peter's fear of a rabbit was established in a laboratory.

False

True or False Peter's fear, like Albert's was the result of conditioning by a researcher.

False

True or False Exposure therapy is really a form of counterconditioning.

True

True or False Pavlovian conditioning is an adaptive mechanism but can nevertheless result in the acquisition of maladaptive behavior.

True

True or False Political campaign ads attempt to use conditioning by pairing their candidate with stimuli that evoke positive emotions and by pairing the opponent candidate with stimuli that evoke negative emotions.

True

True or False Staats and Staats demonstrated that both positive and negative biases could be established through conditioning.

True

True or False VRET owes a debt to the work of Mary Cover Jones.

True

True or False If an aversive stimulus, such as a noxious odor, regularly precedes a pleasant stimulus, such as a tasty meal, the former stimulus may lose much of it unpleasant quality.

True

True or False Studies of taste aversion demonstrate that conditioning can occur despite a long inter-stimulus interval.

True

Conditioned Reflexes and Psychiatry was written by __________. a. Ivan Pavlov b. Mary Cover Jones c. John Watson and Rosalie Rayner d. Joseph Wolpe

a. Ivan Pavlov

One VRET program for treating spider phobias is called _______________. a. SpiderWorld b. Arachnophilla c. Spider Killer d. Spidex

a. Spider World

Blue jays usually do not each Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) ______________________. a. conditioned taste aversion b. fixed action pattern c. unconditional response d. conditioned emotional response

a. conditioned taste aversion

The CS and US in the Garcia et. al experiment were __________________. a. flavored water and radiation b. a bell and food c. food and bell d. a light and loud buzzer

a. flavored water and radiation

A follow-up of exhibitionists treated by Barry Maletzky with a variation of aversion therapy showed that those who had undergone treatment involuntarily ____________________. a. improved as much as voluntary patients b. improved as much as voluntary patients c. improved during treatment, but soon reverted to their old ways d. did not improve

a. improved as much as voluntary patients

People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently ____________. a. precede positive events b. occur simultaneously with positive events c. follow positive events d. occur by themselves over a long period

a. precede positive events

The CS and US in the Little Albert experiment were a ____________, respectively. a. rat and loud sound b. rabbit and loud sound c. rabbit and loud sound d. rat and shock

a. rat and loud sound

Garcia's first experiment on taste aversion was unusual in that the ________. a. subjects were pigeons b. interval between CS and US was several minutes c. US was very weak d. a light and loud buzzer

a. subjects were pigeons

If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is ___________. a. allergic to plastic b. allergic to pollen c. faking d. nearsighted

b. allergic to pollen

Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show ________________. a. increased immune functioning b. decreased immune functioning c. no change in immune functioning d. incidental conditional responses

b. decreased immune functioning

Senatorial candidate Smith's popularity increased dramatically after he was seen on television shaking hands with a very popular public figure. This is probably an example of _____________. a. preconditioning b. emotional conditioning c. masochistic behavior d. backward conditioning

b. emotional conditioning

Garcia's interest in the role of learning in taste aversions may have begun when he became sick after eating ____________. a. chocolate b. licorice c. strawberries d. a hot dog

b. licorice

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a ________. a. rabbit b. rat c. teddy bear d. mouse

b. rat

Morgan Doran and his colleagues found that after taste aversion training, ___________ would remove weeds form a vineyard without damaging the grape plants. a. goats b. sheep c. llamas d. cows

b. sheep

Researchers tried to change the preferences for two brands of _________ but were unsuccessful when the subjects were strongly attached to a brand. a. candy b. soft drinks c. cigarettes d. beer

b. soft drinks

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably _________________. a. Rosalie Rayner b. Carl Rodgers c. Mary Cover Jones d. John B. Watson

c. Mary Cover Jones

In __________ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug. a. counter- b. adversive c. aversion d. shock

c. aversion

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Jones used a procedure called ____________. a. systemic fear reduction b. pseudo conditioning c. counterconditioning d. restitution therapy

c. counterconditioning

Diana Woodruff-Pak found that people who condition slowly are more likely to develop __________. a. autism b. anxiety disorders c. dementia d. prejudices

c. dementia

Shepard Siegel's work suggest that some deaths attributed to _______ are actually the rest of conditioning. a. accident b. drunk driving c. drug overdose d. heart attack

c. drug overdose

The use of classical conditioning to change feelings (such as likes and dislikes) is sometimes called __________. a. pavrotics b. emotoconversation c. evaluative conditioning d. neo-conditioning

c. evaluative conditioning

The studies of Carolyn and Arthur Staats demonstrating that neutral words paired with pleasant words become pleasant are examples of ___________. a. first-order conditioning b. tertiary conditioning c. higher-order conditioning d. oral conditioning

c. higher-order conditioning

The phenomenon of _____________ suggests that we should be more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones. a. overshadowing b. blocking c. latent inhibition d. counterconditioning

c. latent inhibition

The term used to refer to sexual behavior disapproved of by society is __________. a. teraforms b. hedomanians c. paraphilias d. dysentias

c. paraphilias

Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with ____________. a. hair tonic b. shampoo c. toothpaste d. milk

c. toothpaste

The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves _____________. a. programmed texts b. psychoactive drugs c. virtual reality d. sleep conditioning

c. virtual reality

Prejudice is an example of a CER, or ____________.

conditioned emotional response

The research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of ____________. a. Watson and Rayner b. Garcia c. Pavlov d. Staats and Staats

d. Staats and Staats

Barry Maletzky treated exhibitions by having them imagine that they were about to perform the inappropriate behavior, and then ___________. a. sounding a loud horn b. showing them a photograph of a bloody scene c. giving them a mild electric shock d. exposing them to an unpleasant odor

d. exposing them to an unpleasant odor

Barbra Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________. a. snakes b. dogs c. spiders d. flying

d. flying

Pavlov found that when he paired painful stimuli with food, the dog came to show no distress at the painful stimuli. This experiment may help explain _______________ behavior in humans. a. aggressive b. exhibitionistic c. sadistic d. masochistic

d. masochistic

Pavlovian conditioning suggest that stimuli associated with chemotherapy (such as the clinic where the patient is treated) might suppress the patient's _______ system.

immune

Blue Jays acquire a taste aversion for __________.

monarch butterflies

Thomas Parish and colleagues reduced the basis of white America children toward the Vietnamese by pairing images of Vietnamese with ________________.

positive words

Mary Cover Jones cured Peter's fear of _____________.

rabbits

Arne Ohman and his colleagues used conditioning to establish fear of ______ in college students.

snakes

VRET stands for _______________.

virtual reality exposure therapy

The CS in the Little Albert study was a _________.

white rat