Learning Pretest

________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.

Latent learning; behaviorism

The basic idea behind observational learning is that

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the most important takeaway from Ivan Paclov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Which is an example of negative reinforcement?

buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car

Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a

instinct

Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are examples of ________.

instincts

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called

latent learning

How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?

determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else.

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?

primary

Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of

primary reinforcers

Reinforcement differs from punishment in that _________.

reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior

Playing the slots at a casino works on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

variable ratio

Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

watching a movie

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot

__________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.

B.F. Skinner

Ivan Pavlov

Established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let it more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?

Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell.

In classical conditioning, organisms learn to

associate events that repeatedly happen together.

When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together, they are exemplifying ________ learning.

associative

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Which is an example of classical conditioning

being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes.

Which is an example of a positive reinforcer?

being told "nice work!" after completing your homework

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule

checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day

When Justin's dog hears the sound of a car door slam outside, she excitedly runs to the door and barks. This is an example of

classical conditioning

If Jamal is teaching his son to say please and gives him a high-five each time he says it, then he is reinforcing his behavior on a ________ reinforcement schedule.

continuous

___________ reinforcement is giving a reinforcer every time that a behavior is displayed.

continuous

Which is an example of operant conditioning?

giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem

Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies

learning

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?

nausea

A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of

negative reinforcement

Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind __________.

operant conditioning

Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? might he do that using the concept of shaping?

reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command

Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?

secondary

According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior is she

sees a character on TV get rewarded for being violent towards another character

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

shape

Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her do, Dodger, at at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of

shaping

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of

shaping

Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely

to be repeated

Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.

unconditioned stimulus