Learning Test

Explain what Garcia meant by "aversive conditioning", making sure to discuss the "wolf - sheep" resolution. Also talk about "aversive conditioning" being used in "A Clockwork Orange".

aversive ,garcia- if you eat something and it makes you feel horrible and you never eat it again, wolf eating sheep with chemical on it. in clockwork orange the used an injection to cause the main character to feel sick when watching a video on crime in order to prevent him from committing more acts of crime.

.Explain what Bandura meant by observational "social learning" (modeling). (Make sure to discuss his "BoBo Doll" study in your answer.)

children learn by watching what others do, then imitating them. the bobo doll experiment is when a child watches and adult beat up this doll, then when the child is alone, they also beat up the doll because that is what they saw others doing

Who was Thorndike, & how did he influence Skinner?

thorndike came up with the law of effect which stated that behavior changes due to its consequences. Skinner took this idea and tested it with skinner's box which allows animals to get food y pressing buttons, once they achieved the desired result, they kept going

How did "Behaviorism" bring scientific legitimacy to Psychology?

caused psychology to become how we think and act

.In the "partial (intermittent) reinforcement" schedule, explain the difference between "fixed-ratio" & "variable-ratio". What is the difference between "fixed-interval" & "variable-interval"? If you had to choose one over the others, which would you choose as a teacher, boss, or parent? Which 2 are resistant to "extinction"?

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement is start with continuous, and then after the do it all the time just praise them once in a while, fixed ratio is Number, I'm going to reward you after a certain number of times you do this behavior, sales (cars), every fifth car you sell you'll get a bonus, variable ratio is Number, after and uncertain number, gambling, how casinos make money, you don't know when you're going to win the lottery, hope, fishing. fixed interval is Time, reward after a certain time, every two weeks you get paid, weekend, study for two hours, then u can use phone, video games- every six seconds. variable interval is Time, uncertain time, pop quiz- you want kids to keep studying, surprise room inspection by mom-always keep room clean, random drug test 2&4 are resistant to extinction.

Take the following items & explain Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment: food, dog salivating, & a bell. (Be sure to use the appropriate terms—U.C.S., U.C.R., N.S., C.S., & C.R.)

Pavlov wanted to test classical conditioning on dogs. the unconditioned stimulus, being the food, reacted to an unconditioned stimulus, being the dog's salivation. before being conditioned, the tone pavlov used was a neutral stimulus. during conditioning, pavlov hit the tone just before giving the dog their food. After a little bit of this, the tone became the conditioned stimulus as the dogs conditioned response was to salivate at the sound of the tone, not just when he saw the food.

What is the difference between "positive" & "negative" reinforcement"; and "positive" & "negative" punishment?

a reinforcement is anything that increases behavior, positive is food, praise, and activity,"every time I do this, I get that good thing", negative is stopping child's tantrum, seat belt beeper, "every time I do this, I stop that bad thing, a punishment is anything that decreases behavior, positive is every time I do this, I get this bad thing, spanking, getting yelled at, negative is every time i do this, I lose this good thing, time, fun

Explain the following terms as they relate to Watson's "Baby Albert" experiment: "acquisition", "extinction", "spontaneous recovery", "generalization", & "discrimination". Make sure to include in your explanation which elements (Albert, the mouse, & the noise) correspond to these terms—U.C.S., U.C.R., N.S., C.S., & C.R.

acquisition was when baby albert was being conditioned to associate a loud noise to a mouse. albert was never put through extinction, as he never lost fear of the mouse, had generalization and was scared of anything white and fluffy. did not develop discrimination where he would only be scared of the mouse. if he went trough extinction, it would be easier to recondition him through spontaneous recovery. in this experiment the unconditioned stimulus was the loud clang of metal bars which resulted in the unconditioned response of far fo the loud noise. the neutral stimulus, the mouse, turned into the conditioned stimulus, and made a conditional response of fear.

.Explain Rescorla's "contingency" model, and how it differs from classical conditioning earlier "contiguity" model.

bell doesn't replace the food, just tells you that it is coming, contingency model, added cognition element to pavlov's classical conditioning

.Explain what Kohler meant by "insight learning". (Make sure to include his experiment with the chimps in your answer.)

chimps, insight learning, you don't know how to solve something, but then later on a light bulb pop and you remember, monkey and banana, long and short stick, took short stick and didn't work, monkey is sad and gives up, the light bulb pops and grabs the long stick by the short stick and got the banana,

What is the difference between "classical" & "operant" conditioning? What is "higherorder (2nd order)" conditioning?

classical conditioning you associate two stimuli whereas operant conditioning you associate stimuli with a response, higher order conditioning is a type of classical conditioning where you see if you can condition someone to multiple things, see if you can get the dog to drool ti a sequence of sounds

How does Skinner explain why people continue to be superstitious, & do daily rituals, hoping to succeed? (Make sure to include the "pigeon" experiment in your answer).

people are superstitious because something good happened coincidentally at the same time as an action leading them to think that the action caused a good think. the pigeon experiment had food be dropped at a fixed interval of 30 seconds. when the food was dropped, the pigeon happened to be flapping its wings, so after it continuously flapped its wings thinking thats why

What is the difference between "primary" & "secondary" reinforcers? (Be sure to give examples of each.)

primary reinforcer is anything fulfill biological need (food, sex, praise), a secondary reinforcer is something that gets us primary reinforcer (money, tokens, grades)

Explain what Tolman meant by "latent learning" & "cognitive maps".

rats in maze, latent learning occurs without reinforcement and that you have vision maps in you brain. he led an experiment which showed how a rat remembered a maze even without an award

When trying to change the behavior of an unruly child, explain why using reinforcement is better than using punishment. And if you have to use punishment, explain which one is better—"positive" or "negative". Why?

reinforcement is better because the child is excited to do it instead of only doing it out of fear. negative punishment is more effective because losing something good lasts longer than the feeling of something bad

. How would you use "shaping" to potty-train your child, making sure to incorporate "positive reinforcement" in your strategy?

shaping is when you take steps along the way to build them up to your "goal". First get them to tell you they have to go to the bathroom, then get them to sit on the toilet, then get them to actually go. After each step that they achieve, start using positive reinforcement to reward them so that they know if the do what they are supposed to , they get a good thing.

What is "counter conditioning"? Give an example of how to do this to someone who just got sick from eating some bad chicken. Now they are saying that they'll never eat chicken again. But you really want them to like chicken again, because it's your favorite food. (Also, how would you have "counter conditioned" Baby Albert?)

when you are conditioned to hate something, so you need to be conditioned again to like it. if you ate bad chicken, start associating chicken with some of your favorite foods so everytime you see it you think of that. for baby albert you would put a toy with the mouse so eventually he learn to like it again.