LearningCurve Chapter 8

When people develop expertise in an area, they process information using:

chunking and hierarchies

Successful studying requires the attention and conscious work known as _____________ processing

effortful

If an instructor asks his class to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is due to ____________

encoding failure

Mr. Nydam is unable to remember playing golf several times each week on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between:

explicit and implicit memory

Margot is participating in a memory experiment in which a researcher asks her to memorize a list of words. When she is asked to identify words that were on the list, she also identifies words that were not on the list. The reason for this false memory is because:

false memories may feel as real as true memories and may be very persistant

Many U.S. citizens can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard news of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. This BEST illustrates _______________ memory

flashbulb

Often when we recall events, we remember the __________ but not the ____________

gist; details

Organizing knowledge using ____________ help us retrieve information efficiently

hierarchies

Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to fleeting photographic memory, also called _____________

iconic memory

Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as ____________ memory

implicit

In __________ memory, knowledge, skills, and experiences are permanently stored for future retrieval

long-term

If you learn a list of chemistry terms while you are in a great mood, you have a better chance of recalling that list if you are also in a good mood when you take the exam. This is known as:

mood-congruent memory

Memories can often be triggered without our awareness. This process is called:

priming

Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell-phone number, he keeps coming up with his old cell=phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by:

proactive interference

Margarita is happy to hear that the final exam will include only multiple-choice questions, as she feels she has a better chance of passing the exam by using _____.

recognition

The process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again is called:

reconsolidation

Ilana studied the Russian language in high school but never used it. Years later, when she decided to go to Russia, she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary quickly because it is easier to _____.

relearn

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories is called _______________

repression

After switching dorm rooms and getting a new phone number, Samantha found that it was harder to remember her previous dorm room's phone number. Samantha was experiencing:

retroactive interference

Encoding information based on the letters or the sound of a word is called __________

shallow processing

Farley suffers from depression and is currently in treatment for it. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which will affect his ________________ memory. This has been found in lab animals as well

short-term

Genevieve has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said, and she is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Genevieve is having difficulty with her _____ memory.

short-term

Oliver is trying to make an online purchase, but he doesn't have his credit card. He calls his wife, who reads the 16-digit credit card number to him. Unfortunately, Oliver cannot remember the number long enough to type it into the computer. This is because:

short-term memory is limited in duration and capacity

When people learn something while in one state, they are better able to recall the information while in the same state. This is known as:

state-dependent learning

The retention of encoded information over time is called ____________

storage

Repeated self-testing is called ______________ by Roediger and Karpicke

the testing effect

Our associations are often activated through priming. This process is:

unconscious

________________ occurs when misleading information is incorporated into one's memory of an event.

The misleading effect

Which of following will you MOST likely store as an implicit memory?

Your conditioned fear of dogs