Lecture 20 - Smartbook

Epidemiologists are usually more interested in the ___ of a particular disease, as it compares to the population as a whole, rather than the sheer number of cases. a. physical appearance b. symptoms c. rate

rate

Airflow to operating rooms is usually supplied under ___, thereby preventing contaminated air in the corridors from flowing into the room.

slight positive air

the time it takes for a pathogen to cause symptoms of disease is called

the incupation period

A ___ is any living organism, most commonly an arthropod, that can carry a disease-causing microbe externally or internally.

vector

Successful pathogens have multipel ___ factors that enable them to adhere to a host or penetrate host cells, avoid recognition or destruction by the immune system, and damage the host.

virulence

___ are more susceptible to UTIs because their uretrha is relatively short and mcirobes can ascend the urethra into the bladder.

women

Thirty people out of 100 become ill with gastrointestinal symptoms after eating ham sandwiches contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin. What is the attack rate?

30%

___ studies are designed to determine which of the potential risk factors identified by the descriptive studies are relevant in the spread of disease.

Analytical

To exclude airborne microbes from rooms in which extremely susceptible patients reside, ___ filtersare used.

HEPA

Many hospitals employ an ___ control practitioner (ICP) whose role is to perform active surveillance of the types and numbers of infections that arise in the hospital.

Infection

In week one, there are 30 cases of a specific disease. At the end of week two there are total of 80 cases. By the end of the third week, there are 150 cases. What does the prevalence rate indicate?

The disease is spreading in the population.

Match the type of pathogen transmission involving respiratory droplets with the description. a. airborne transmission (a type of indirect transmission) b. droplet transmission (a type of direct transmission) c. large droplets that generally fall to the ground within 1 meter (approximately 3 feet of) release d. small droplets from which fluid evaporate to create droplet nuclei

a & d b & c

A healthcare-associated infection(HAI) is acquired in a... a. long-term care facility b. hospital c. doctor's office d. urgent care facility e. health care

a, b, c, d

Match each scenario with the related emerging disease a. dysentary b. malaria c. climate changes that favor reproduction and survival of some arthropods, which can serve as vectors d. refugee camps that have substandard living quarters

a, d b, c

In order to minimize the risk of nosocomial infections from visitors, hospitals may... a. limit the number of visitors b. ban live plants or animals in some patient rooms c. increase the length of time a visitor stays

a,b

Drinking water that has been contaminated with certain strains of E.coli may result in gastroenteritis. In this example, E. coli has gained access to a susceptible host via a ___. a. portal of entry b. portal of exit

a.

The single most important measure for preventing the spread of infectious disease is considered to be... a. routine handwashing b. annual vaccinations c. regular use of antibiotics d. quarantine of sick patients

a.

Transfer of a pathogen from one host to another via an inanimate object is an example of ___ transmission a. indirect b. direct

a.

In week one, there are 5 deaths due to Ebola. By the end of week two the death count increases to 33. At the end of week three, a total of 45 have died from the disease. In this scenario, the ___ is increasing. a. mortality b. morbidity c. prevalence

a. mortality

If a pathogen has its reservoir in the nose of a human, and the human sneezes, the nose is considered to be the ___ for the pathogen. a. portal of exit b. portal of entry

a. portal of exit

Mechanisms to prevent airborne transmission of pathogens include

air circulation through highe fficiency particulate filters ventilation systems that constantly change air reduction of air pressure in hospital microbiology labs

TO help rpevent heaalthcare-assocaited infections, the CDC established the Healthcare Infection Control practices ___ committee that provides advice to hospitals and recommends guideline for surveillance, prevention, and control of healthcare-associated infections. a. regulatory b. advisory

b

To help prevent healthcare-assoociated infections, the CDC established the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (HIPAC) which has the role of ___ for surveillance, prevention, and control of healthcare-associated infections, a. establishing regulations and requirements b. providing advice and recommended guidelines

b

Patients with infectious diseases are often hospitalized and may inadvertently spread the disease to others. This spread can be minimized via... a. letting the patient roam about b. scrupulous cleaning c. use of disinfectants

b & c

To avoid transmitting infectious agents form patient to patient, it is particuarlaly important for healthacre personnel to a. wear a pair of gloves while at work b. wash hands c. apply alcohol gel

b.

Unlike asymptomatic carriers, individuals with symptomatic infections are more likely to... a. unknowingly shed the organism intermittently or constantly for months, years, or even a lifetime b. take precautions to avoid transmitting their illness to others

b.

What an epidemic spreads globally, it is... a. endemic b. a pandemic c. sporadic d. an outbreak

b. a pandemic

A morbidity rate refers to the relative amount of... a. death in a population b. illness in a population

b. illness in a population

The natural habitat of a pathogen is called the... a. host animal b. reservoir of infection c. carrier

b. reservoir of infection

Clostiridum tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, a disease that infects humans, is found widespread in soils. Therefore, the reservoir for this organism is... a. animals b. soils c. humans

b. soils

Diseases that exist in animal reservoirs but can be transmitted to humans are... a. vectors b. zoonoses c. epidemics

b. zoonoses

Many sexually transmitted diseases are spread when an infected individual is unaware of his or her infection. These infections are... a. aymptomatic b. zoonoses c. asymptomatic

c. asymptomatic

Healthcare workers who are asymptomatic ___ of pathogens may not recognize that they pose a risk to patients until they are implicated in an outbreak.

carriers

The ___-___ rate is the proportion of persons diagnosed with a specific disease who die from that disease.

case-fatality

The proportion of persons diagnosed with a specific disease who die from that disease is the _____.

case-fatality rate

Droplet transmission of infectous agents can be minimized by ____.

covering cough placing desks 1.5 meters apart

When pathogens from one food are transferred to another, this is referred to as...

cross-contamination

In cases of ___ transmission, a pathogen is trasnmitted from one host to another by physical contact or respiratory droplets, for example, via a handshake, sexual contact, or sneezing on another.

direct

Also called "disease detectives" ___ collect and analyze data to describe the sources of disease and risk of infection

epidemiologists

An inanimate object such as a doorknob that can transmit infectiuous agents is called a...

fomite

A disease is not likely to spread within a population if 90% or more of the individuals are immune to the disease agent. This is called... a. previous exposure b. herd immunity c. incubation period

herd immunity

When a patient receives intravenous fluids, ___ may gain access to the bloodstreajm, potentially leading to bacteremia. a. his or her own fluids b. nosocomial c. the intravenous fluids d. his or her own microbiota

his or her own microbiota

The transmission of a disease-causing microbe from one person to another is ___ transmission.

horizontal

Transfer of a pathogen from your pet to you is an example of ___ transmission.

horizontal

Use of a urinary catheter ___ the risk of developing a urinary tract infection.

increases

___ contact transfer of pathogens via inanimate objects such as doorknobs, drinking glasses, or clothing, otherwise known as fomites.

indirect

Many health-care associated infections originate from the patient's own microbial population called the normal ___.

microbiota

Diseases that do not spread from one host to another are ___ diseases

non-communicable

When people talk, sneeze, laugh, cough, and sing, they discharge microbes in small liquid droplets that evaporate, leaving behind airborne particles called droplet...

nuclei