Lectures 9-16 study guide

You have a population of cows that weigh an average of 1,000 lbs You are interested in having larger cows, so you selectively breed a subset of the cows that weigh an average of 1,400 lbs You get offspring that weigh an average of 1,050 lbs For the equation: r = h^2 * s, what is the response to selection, r? 013 50 350 400

50

Which of the following can be considered an example of mate choice? Male combat between multiple species of deer over females A male damselfly removes the sperm of a previous male from the female's reproductive tract Infanticide by male lion allows females in the pride to be ready to reproduce again A female guppy mates with the male that has the longest tail

A female guppy mates with the male that has the longest tail

Noted astronomer Carl Sagan wrote of the Miller & Urey experiment that they had produced "the notes of the music of life, although not yet the music itself" Miller & Urey found which of the following in their reactant chamber (select all that apply): Cells Amino Acids Nucleic Bases Sugars RNA

Amino Acids, Nucleic Bases, Sugars

Which of the following statements about selection experiments is false? Can be viewed as the earliest form of genetic engineering Can alter behavior and physiology, not just morphology Can be used to estimate narrow-sense heritability Cannot be used to study mechanism (how organisms work) Are one way to produce useful organisms

Cannot be used to study mechanism (how organisms work)

Who wrote the following? The whole organism is so tied together ... that when slight variations in one part occur, and are accumulated through natural selection, other parts become modified Ernst Mayr Stephen J Gould Charles Darwin Ken E Weber None of the above

Charles Darwin

JBS Haldane (1949) proposed a rate calculation to quantify evolutionary rates that is measured with a unit called a (BLANK), measured per millions of years Cope Darwin Gould Simpson

Darwin

Cope's Rule, as originally proposed, suggested that Species evolve randomly as a result of genetic drift Evolutionary lineages can increase or decrease in body size, depending on initial size Evolutionary lineages often exhibit increased body size over time Species exhibit various phenotypes over a range of environmental conditions Evolutionary lineages often exhibit decreased body size over time

Evolutionary lineages often exhibit increased body size over time

Sexual selection always favors traits that positively affect survival True False

False

The Y model states that there is an unlimited amount of resources that can increase two components simultaneously True False

False

Which of these is NOT a reason why evolutionary rates are lower over longer time scales? Directional selection fluctuates Genetic drift acts in opposition of evolution Strong directional selection does not last for many generations Organisms evolve and diversify within limits determined by their basic body plans or set of characteristics

Genetic drift acts in opposition of evolution

Estimates of narrow-sense heritability in lab populations are higher than estimates of narrow-sense heritability from wild populations due to: The examination of different species Lower environmental variance in wild populations Higher environmental variance in wild populations Lower variance due to dominance deviations in lab populations

Higher environmental variance in wild populations

The Red Queen hypothesis (check all that apply): Is the mechanism for negative frequency-dependent selection in hosts Is the mechanism for the two-fold cost of sexual reproduction Explains why some species mutate at higher rates than others Describes an evolutionary arms race between hosts and parasites Is supported by evidence of sexual populations coinciding with parasitism

Is the mechanism for negative frequency-dependent selection in hosts, Describes an evolutionary arms race between hosts and parasites, Is supported by evidence of sexual populations coinciding with parasitism

Select the correct order of the history of life on earth (earliest to most recent) Major continental movements, Origination of life from simple replicating molecules, Origin of eukaryotes, Cambrian explosion, Plants invade land, Animals invade land, Mammals invade marine habitats, Radiation of mammals Major continental movements, Origination of life from simple replicating molecules, Origin of eukaryotes, Cambrian explosion, Animals invade land, Plants invade land, Radiation of mammals, Mammals invade marine habitats Major continental movements, Origination of life from simple replicating molecules, Origin of eukaryotes, Cambrian explosion, Plants invade land, Animals invade land, Radiation of mammals, Mammals invade marine habitats Major continental movements, Origination of life from simple replicating molecules, Cambrian explosion, Origin of eukaryotes, Plants invade land, Animals invade land, Radiation of mam

Major continental movements, Origination of life from simple replicating molecules, Origin of eukaryotes, Cambrian explosion, Plants invade land, Animals invade land, Radiation of mammals, Mammals invade marine habitats

Which of the following are considered examples of intrasexual competition: Female preference in courtship display Males fighting with each other to gain access to females Mate choice All of the above

Males fighting with each other to gain access to females

Which statements are true about the idea of punctuated equilibrium? Originally proposed by Mayr, then developed by Gould and Eldredge Most lineages are locked into stasis most of the time Can explain microevolutionary changes, as seen during artificial selection experiments Posits that long periods of stasis are punctuated by short periods of rapid change None of the above

Most lineages are locked into stasis most of the time, Posits that long periods of stasis are punctuated by short periods of rapid change

Which hypothesis/hypotheses describe why organisms age and die? (check all that apply) The Red Queen hypothesis Mutation accumulation hypothesis Wright's shifting-balance theory Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis Mutation optimization hypothesis

Mutation accumulation hypothesis, Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis

Why did Darwin explain sexual selection as something separate from natural selection? Natural selection explains the origin of adaptations to environments but not the origin of costly traits Only natural selection explains the evolution of phenotypic traits Only sexual selection explains the origin of individuals with superior features that survive and reproduce more successfully Because variation, inheritance, and differential reproductive success lead to natural selection

Natural selection explains the origin of adaptations to environments but not the origin of costly traits

The Burgess shale is unique because it preserved fossils of organisms that were: Soft-bodied Terrestrial Extremely morphologically diverse Diurnal

Soft-bodied, Extremely morphologically diverse

Which is TRUE about the mass extinctions that have occurred on Earth? They cannot undo or override evolutionary changes that took place between them Researchers are aware of at least 10 mass extinctions Rates of speciation are constant among mass extinctions They occur every 50 million years when Earth passes through a meteor belt The fraction of species lost differed among mass extinctions

The fraction of species lost differed among mass extinctions

Fisher's Runaway process includes the following component: Males offering direct benefits that increase female survival and reproductive success The presence of a genetic correlation between male secondary characters and female preference Males displays are correlated with traits that increase lifetime fitness An allele changing mating preferences can often change other preferences too

The presence of a genetic correlation between male secondary characters and female preference

How do researchers perform artificial selection experiments? They mate domestic individuals to wild individuals to create new variation They physically alter traits in individuals to be passed on to the next generation They use existing variation to select for traits They mate individuals that look very different to create intermediate hybrids

They use existing variation to select for traits

Punctuated equilibrium can account for the lack of ___ in the fossil record: Common ancestors Invertebrates Transitional forms Phenotypes Convergent evolution

Transitional forms

Science fiction movies from the 1950s with giant arthropods are unrealistic because their body plan places constraints on body size True False

True

The existence of an optimal clutch size follows from the typical trade-off between offspring number and resources available for each offspring True False

True

Which of the following is an example of a life history allocation trade-off? Turtles in ponds with more predators devote more energy to growth and hence reach sexual maturity at an earlier age, compared to turtles in low-predation ponds A kangaroo rat can choose to crawl or hop Galapagos finches have beaks specialized for specific food items Some animals have evolved elaborate ornamentation in order to facilitate male combat

Turtles in ponds with more predators devote more energy to growth and hence reach sexual maturity at an earlier age, compared to turtles in low-predation ponds

Broad-sense heritability equals Va/Vg Vg/Vp Vi/Vp Vg/Vi

Vg/Vp

In general, when are repeated reproductive periods favored? When body size is small When survival rates are high When environmental conditions are unpredictable When the growing season is short

When survival rates are high

Extinctions can lead to ecological vacancies that promote: adaptive radiation genetic drift mutations wider range of sexual selection stabilizing selection

adaptive radiation

Examples of living fossils include the following: coelacanth horseshoe crab homo sapiens elephants hummingbirds

coelacanth, horseshoe crab

After a few initial generations, heritability often (BLANK) across generations in selection experiments decreases stays the same increases

decreases

Which of these is a potential Quantitative-Genetic answer for why selection limits were reached in the Garland High Runner mouse experiment? (select all that apply): exhausted additive genetic variance motivation or reward at maximum counterposing natural selection ability to run at maximum energetic cost too high

exhausted additive genetic variance, counterposing natural selection

The following are proposed examples of evolutionary constraints Choose all that apply: no birds are viviparous most birds are insectivores no snakes are herbivorous arthropods do not get as large as vertebrates mammals are the largest organisms

no birds are viviparous, most birds are insectivores, arthropods do not get as large as vertebrates

A reaction norm describes the range of: phenotypic plasticity across a range of environments phenotypic variation within a given environment evolutionary change from one environment to another genomic response to selection when a population changes environments

phenotypic plasticity across a range of environments

When looking at sexual selection, females tend to be _ limited, whereas males tend to be _ limited resource, female male, resource egg, sperm care, sperm

resource, female

For a rodent in which the mother is the only provider of parental care (eg, nursing), we might expect the offspring-on-mother regression for body size at weaning to have a (BLANK) slope that the offspring-on-father regression equal shallower more curvilinear less curvilinear steeper

steeper