Leisure in Society Final
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Americans spend approximately ______ of their time in what is described as leisure.1
35%
The approximate percentage of millenials (those born between 1982 and 1996) who report using Facebook for their news is:
61%
What percentage of college students who quit school do so because of depression, anxiety, or stress?
64.0%
Zoo and Aquarium visits are roughly visited by __ per year, worldwide.
700 million people
transition
A change in an individual's status or role; such as becoming a teenager, a college student, a parent, or a retiree.
bioecological systems theory
A framework for understanding human development that recognizes the reciprocal processes that occur between the individual and the different systems (micro-, meso-, exo-, macro-, chrono-) in which that person operates over time.
lifespan developmental perspective
A framework for understanding human development that states it is lifelong, multidimensional and multidirectional, and influenced by culture and biology. These same principles can be applied to leisure behavior.
life course perspective
A framework for understanding human development that states it is lifelong, multidirectional and multidimensional, and influenced by culture and biology. It also takes into account the transitions and trajectories that occur across the lifespan such as becoming a parent or entering the work force and the subsequent changes that occur following these transitions.
cohort
A group of individuals who were born during the same time period and thus share historical and social life experiences that shape them as a collective. Baby Boomers, Gen-Xers, Millenials, and Zoomers are all examples of generational cohorts.
Horace takes part in a gardening club that meets weekly to discuss gardening tips and provide a resource for gardeners who have gardens in the community garden. Horace is among a dozen folks who have a garden. The community gardens are on the property of the local community schools and recreation property, but managed by a volunteer group of select gardeners. Every year, the gardeners participate in a 'blue ribbon' competition to judge the best of in several categories (e.g., best sweet corn, best hot peppers, best large tomatoes). The blue ribbon competition is well attended by local townsfolk, and it is run by Riley, who is the head volunteer at the community garden. Answer the questions below based on the scenario described above. When we consider that social worlds and serious leisure are linked, the above scenario is best described as ____
A hobbyist social world.
mesosystem
A layer in a person's social ecology that accounts for the interactions and connections between agents (family, peers, school, church, and work) in a person's microsystem. The interaction between family and school, family and church, family and peers are examples.
Positioning
A marketing strategy that highlights and promotes outcomes and benefits that are of societal value
Sense of competence
A personal assessment of one's ability to perform a task. If this it's low, one may feel anxious or self-conscious, and this undermines enjoyment.
This type of research reflects past inquiries used to develop a body of knowledge.
A priori research
Internalization
A psychological process where one makes behaviors "personally meaningful" by identifying with the behavior, linking it to a personal goal, or finding something inherently appealing (intrinsically rewarding) about it.
Flow
A psychological state characterized by an intense focus and enjoyment where one loses self-consciousness and time seems to slow down. Activities that facilitate flow are those where the skills that we have closely match the challenges of the activity; provide novelty and complexity; provide clear and immediate feedback; and become more challenging as a participant's skill increases.
What is a good example of a third place?
A pub or coffee house
Over 50 programming
A special set of programs designed to attract the growing number of people who fall into this age group. Boomers and older Gen-Xers are more active than the generational cohorts that preceded them, and this has led to a shift in how services are delivered. The focus is on health, activity, travel, and education for this group.
Serious leisure
A systematic pursuit of a leisure activity where participants exhibit commitment and expertise. Serious leisure is often synonymous with the word avocation, which means a hobby or minor occupation. Serious leisure activities are embedded within a particular culture or community (ethos) related to the activity. The antithesis of serious leisure is casual leisure, which is short term or fleeting.
Initiative
A term in the positive youth development literature that refers to the process of learning to persist through challenges over time. It parallels the process of internalization. Successive experiences in developing initiative during adolescence is believed to aid in internalizing more obligatory behaviors in adulthood.
Gender expectations of males have them as ____, which include being assertive, independent, rational, and decisive.
Agentic
Which of the following is does NOT fall under Outdoor and Resource-based Recreation?
Amusement parks
Inclusion
An ideology that reflects service to all
A person with paraplegia who does not know others who use wheelchairs and can't play wheelchair basketball is experiencing
An interpersonal constraint
Anxiety associated with engaging in a particular leisure activity can be classified as:
An intrapersonal constraint
People who identify under the LGBTQ dimension of diversity may feel afraid for their own safety or uncomfortable if they are the only gay participants in an activity. This is an example of
An intrapersonal constraint
Women who are concerned about their physical safety and don't participate in leisure are experiencing...
An intrapersonal constraint
This type of research has direct implications for practice
Applied research
When looking at mechanized and non-mechanized recreationists, goal interference is often ____ in nature.
Assymetrical
Which term is typically avoided in the positive youth development framework?
At-risk
This basic need is met when individuals have choice and control.
Autonomy
Leisure studies falls under which area
Behavioral sciences
Evidence of successful aging includes:
Better mental and psychological wellbeing, increased longevity, improved cognitive functioning, social connectedness
__is a type of planning that appeals to people's affinity for nature and often requires a team of people to properly plan large scale areas.
Biophilic design
This is marked by between group ties and interests and is usually indicative a strong functioning community.
Bridging capital
Pop art draws influences from
Common culture
___ explains a work-leisure association that is a negative relationship. In other words, our work and leisure are very different from each other, and leisure may make up for unfulfilled needs presented in the workplace.
Compensation hypothesis
Iso-Ahola built off Neulinger and Kelly by addressing what important psychological aspect of leisure?
Competence
__ refers to the pursuit and acquisition of material goods. This practice is theorized as a means for demonstrating one's wealth.
Conspicuous Consumption
____ is a major reason why work is so valued by US citizens today.
Consumerism
Which of the following is not a qualitative method?
Counts
Sharing ___, especially different ways of thinking, learning, interacting with others, and what is/is not important helps create a social identity.
Culture
Intrinsic motivation
Doing something for the sake of doing it, and without expectation of reward or achievement of a goal. The behavior is itself is inherently appealing to the individual.
According to your text, prole culture draws from populations low on:
Economic and cultural capital
According to Nash, going to a concert at the State Theatre is an example of:
Emotional participation
What is an interpersonal constraint identified as a reason for why African-Americans perceive outdoor recreation as a "White" activity?
Exposure or upbringing did not include outdoor recreation
What process do you think conservationists try to model:
Exposure, education, valuing, protecting
Constraints
Factors that inhibit or prevent participation in an activity.
T or F A time diary method is a type of mixed-method approach in research.
False
T or F Studies show that there are absolutely no problems related to recess in school.
False
T or F There are huge cultural differences in the types of games and activities children choose for play around the world.
False
T or F When compared to African American and Latinx populations, Whites are more likely to use parks in family groups.
False
T or F When considering its benefits, play is only beneficial to children.
False
Integration into a group is made easier when...
Fellow community members share one's values
According to Flow theory when skill meets challenge, we experience:
Flow
Dad acts like the smart phone was just invented yesterday, but in truth, it's been around for nearly 15 years. His time perspective is affected by:
Forward telescoping
Which definition of leisure allows for cross-comparison between industrialized countries?
Free time
Someone who is biased to think about the present in light of anticipated goals and rewards is considered to hold which perspective?
Future
This refers to using elements of play in an effort to motivate people's behaviors in the workplace or with respect to certain health behaviors, like using a fitbit.
Gamification
According to your text, this is the most pervasive form of vandalism.
Graffiti
Ultimately, deviant leisure is valuable to society because it:
Helps adjust social norms that marginalize or create prejudice
Refers to activities and entertainment enjoyed by a society's elite
High culture
____ research is guided by intentions to preserve natural areas, while simultaneously understanding how and why the public values conservation and what measures they will support.
Human dimensions
The term, __, was originally applied to people with disabilities and afforded these individuals opportunities to recreate with their peers who are not disabled. The term, __, expanded this to encompass all marginalized populations in recreation and leisure services.
Inclusion, equity
What is not identified as a benefit of wildlife friendly golf courses?
Increased revenues
According to your text, this country annually produces the most movies in the world.
India
Persistence through challenge over time is known as:
Initiative
Horace takes part in a gardening club that meets weekly to discuss gardening tips and provide a resource for gardeners who have gardens in the community garden. Horace is among a dozen folks who have a garden. The community gardens are on the property of the local community schools and recreation property, but managed by a volunteer group of select gardeners. Every year, the gardeners participate in a 'blue ribbon' competition to judge the best of in several categories (e.g., best sweet corn, best hot peppers, best large tomatoes). The blue ribbon competition is well attended by local townsfolk, and it is run by Riley, who is the head volunteer at the community garden. Answer the questions below based on the scenario described above. Riley is a/an____
Insider
The history of racism and discrimination directed towards people of color in this country was evidenced by many __ constraints like discrimination, which led to __ constraints that limited the availability of facilities and services to these individuals.
Interpersonal, structural
Signage, presentations and activities at zoos, aquariums, and parks are all methods of ____ to communicate important ideas that help visitors better understand their experience in these places.
Interpretation
This loosely means "doing something for the sake of doing it without any expectation of reward."
Intrinsically motivated
A major advantage of quantitative research is that....
It allows for replication
Why is television so influential in the spread of popular culture trends?
It's pervasive (widely used), it's attractive to many, people spend a lot of time watching it
What best depicts what the word sense of community means?
It's where you feel you belong.
This phenomenon accounts for the greatest decline in how leisure is used in older adulthood:
Leaving the workforce
This developmental framework emphasizes that human development is (1) lifelong, (2) multidimensional and multidirectional, and (3) influenced by culture and biology.
Lifespan Developmental Perspective
Conservation with respect to leisure and nature is really focused on:
Linking personal meanings and benefits to conservation values
Volunteering or giving away our time is linked to:
Living longer
The advent of technology has really driven this phenomenon in the last 150 years.
Mass culture
What common leisure activity undermines the potential of leisure for both parents and children?
Media use
Biology is to gene as Biocultural evolution is to:
Meme
Qualitative methods tend to operate from this research paradigm:
Naturalistic
Increased media use is correlated with increases in childhood obesity and attention disorders. Louv warned that these are signs of:
Nature deficit disorder
The process of overcoming barriers we face in leisure is known as:
Negotiation
According to Values-Beliefs-Norms theory, ____ predict which conservation theory a person is or is not likely to perform.
Norms
Using importance-performance measurement, places high on importance and performance are thought to be:
On target
The weekend as we know it owes its emergence to
Organized labor, consumer behavior, religious observances
successful aging
Outcomes related to aging that reflect mental and psychological wellbeing, increased longevity, improved cognitive functioning, and social connectedness.
This accounts for the behavioral, cognitive, affective, and relational changes that parents undergo due to involvement in their children's activities.
Parent sport socialization
Someone who has a bias to think about and interpret the present in light of agenerally unhappy, aversive view of the past is exhibiting this time perspective:
Past-negative
____ refers to mass consumerism of the lower classes in an effort to mimic or copy those spending habits of the wealthy.
Pecuniary Emulation
Researchers Juliet Shor and Godbey & Robinson agree that:
People today are finding they feel more stress at work and in their lives
Neulinger identified these two factors as essential to defining leisure
Perceived freedom and Intrinsic motivation
Given a voice by government to express concern
Political empowerment
Cultural competence
Practice that reflects cultural understanding and connection
Someone who is biased to spend most time thinking about the present in light of a sensation-seeking, risk-taking, attitude towards life is considered to hold which perspective?
Present-hedonistic
Weight bearing exercises and resistance training do all of the following but ____ for older adults
Prevents cancer
Developers took time to understand what makes community members proud about their community
Psychological empowerment
The ability for one to be mentally prepared for stress and life is known as:
Psychological resilience
Curtis likes to use the term:
Purple recreation
Making provisions that enable people with disabilities to participate fully in leisure experiences is known as:
Reasonable accomodation
This concept is related to goal interference attributed to the behavior of others
Recreational conflict
Volunteers
Refer to serious leisure enthusiasts who perform activities to benefit others and do not accept payment for their efforts. The motive for doing the activity is serving the greater good through their efforts, while gaining skills, knowledge, and expertise in a particular area.
Social mores
Refer to societal norms or "acquired customs and manners" reflected in specific cultures.
Nonprofit and community recreation
Refers to agencies who serve the public. Community recreation typical refers to services funded through taxes, while nonprofits exist of donations from community members and businesses. Both nonprofit and community agencies actively seek sponsorship and grants to complement their primary funding streams.
Sport tourism
Refers to destination travel for the purposes of participating or viewing sport-related activities.
Outdoor and resource-based recreation
Refers to leisure opportunities afforded in the natural environment through parks and managed lands.
Positive Youth Development (PYD)
Refers to principles for working with youth in ways that promotes healthy developmental outcomes that aid in the successful transition to adulthood
Tourism and commercial recreation
Refers to private agencies that provide leisure services for profit in the areas of recreation and tourism.
Amateurs
Refers to serious leisure enthusiasts whose leisure resembles a profession counterpart. We use the term amateur because these individuals are pursue these activities without compensation, while their professional counterparts receive remuneration for their commitment and efforts.
linked lives
Refers to the fact that people's lives are interdependent, that the family and others in a person's close social network will shape and support an individual's behavior.
Hobbyists
Refers to the serious leisure type of individuals who collect, tinker, invent, or pursue knowledge over a long period of time. It differs from the amateur because, often times, there is no professional counterpart for these types of activities.
Free time
Refers to time outside of work or obligated time
A proposal has been made by the city council of Nags Head (a town on the Outer Banks) to place a new playground just off a newly constructed boardwalk area. Who should the town board identify as key stakeholders for this proposal?
Residents of Nags Head, hotel and motel operators, tourists who own second homes in Nags Head, town service providers like the police and recreation staff
Psychological ___ results from leisure that produces flow states.
Resilience
The growth of the tourism and commercial recreation sector is most closely aligned with
Rise of the middle class and technological advances like air travel
What is not a guideline for preventing heart disease in children and adolescents:
Sedentary time in front of screens should be limited to 4 hours/day
With respect to recess, what do pediatricians recommend?
Seek alternatives to witholding recess
Cities planned with smart growth principles are trying to appeal to people's:
Sense of place
Key to eliminating anxiety associated with our recreation participation is understanding our
Skill-challenge equilibrium
A consequence of leisure done in groups is that helps people to stay with beneficial behaviors and acts as a coping mechanism
Social buffer
The ability of community members to leverage relationships between individuals to pursue collective interests is known as:
Social capital
Connected to others and feel free to act and express one's self
Social empowerment
Kelly's model built off Neulinger's by including:
Social motives
Experiences and activities that bind us to other people are known as:
Social objects
Who was responsible for the growth of public recreation?
Social reformers of the 19th and 20th century
Societal enforced ___ has historically limited women's leisure.
Social roles
Parents look for safe gathering places or places that offer
Social safety
Human solutions to preserve, enhance, and prevent further losses to biodiversity is the domain of
Social sciences
____ explains situations where our leisure resembles our work. In other words, our work experiences carry over into the non-work arena.
Spillover hypothesis
What form of tourism have seen growth in the past decade?
Sport tourism
Nash uses the term:
Taboo recreation
Innovation through___ has made music move from exclusively experienced in live settings to a personalized experience that is curated through software applications.
Technology
Henderson and Frelke believe:
That space and place are really at the heart of leisure
Weber stated that this was responsible for the rise of capitalism in countries like the U.S.
The Protestant Work Ethic
macrosystem
The broader social context that informs the customs, laws, values, and other cultural aspects that indirectly influence development.
Sense of place is
The combination of how much we depend on a place and the degree to which we have an emotional connection to it
Horace takes part in a gardening club that meets weekly to discuss gardening tips and provide a resource for gardeners who have gardens in the community garden. Horace is among a dozen folks who have a garden. The community gardens are on the property of the local community schools and recreation property, but managed by a volunteer group of select gardeners. Every year, the gardeners participate in a 'blue ribbon' competition to judge the best of in several categories (e.g., best sweet corn, best hot peppers, best large tomatoes). The blue ribbon competition is well attended by local townsfolk, and it is run by Riley, who is the head volunteer at the community garden. Answer the questions below based on the scenario described above. The strangers in this social world are___
The companies who give loam to the garden for a tax write off
This term is utilized to describe leisure because it entails nearly all experiences that are intrinsically motivated, freely chosen, often meaningful, and fun.
The dark side of leisure
What is biggest reason for the increasing trend related to the legalization of marijuana?
The economic benefits
Autonomy
The feeling that one has the freedom to choose and do what he or she wants to do.
Stress that causes our endocrine system to kick into high gear, our heart rate to rise, and increases our capacity to consume oxygen is evidence of
The flight or fight response
Emotional closeness really depends on...
The frequency and quality of interactions one has with others.
socialization into leisure
The idea that we are socialized by parents and other adults (teachers, grandparents) into certain forms of leisure based on culture or perceived value of these experiences to children.
exosystem
The larger social system in which the individual operates. Its influence is usually indirect on the individual. For example, a parent's work schedule might impact the time that a parent spends with his or her child.
Married fathers tend to have 3 more hours per week than married mothers, which accounts for what is known as:
The leisure gap
trajectory
The long-term growth and development that occurs over multiple transitions that one experiences over a lifetime.
Social world
The place where the serious leisure enthusiast operates. It consists of members who have particular roles in supporting the social world; these are strangers, tourists, regulars, and insiders.
Recreational Therapy
The practice of using recreation activities as interventions to restore or improve physical and psychological functioning
socialization through leisure
The processes of socialization (learning social norms, cues and appropriate behavior) that occurs when involved in leisure activities.
Therapeutic Recreation
The provision of recreation resources and opportunities in order to improve health and well-being
This explains why we feel time passes more quickly as we get older:
The ratio between the current experience of time and years lived make time seem to pass more quickly
parent sport socialization
The socialization processes (behavioral, cognitive, affective, and relational changes) that parents experience as a result of getting involved with their child's sport.
Perceived freedom
The state where one is free from obligations and free to pursue opportunities that are appealing.
microsystem
The system in a person's social ecology that has direct and frequent interaction with the individual. These include family, peers, school, church, and work among others.
Why has over 50 programming emerged?
There is a great percentage of the population that is 50 plus and health and fitness of those over 50 is better than past generations
Time laxity refers to when:
There is a lot of time with minimal challenging tasks
Bridging capital is likely to form in common meeting places in leisure that are between home and work, these locations are known as:
Third places
State of mind
This definition of leisure considers one's freedom to choose activities that are intrinsically rewarding, and the degree to which one is free from obligation to pursue these activities. It is the most subjective definition, because it is based on individual preferences and experiences.
Baby Boomer Generation
Those individuals born following World War 2 between 1946-1964. Economic prosperity in the U.S. following the war led to an increase in the birth rate and the rise of "the Boomers."
"Stacking" or "multi-tasking" are examples of:
Time deepening
Protracted duration refers to when:
Time seems to pass slowly
Heritage Tourism
Tourism that deals with the cultural and historical importance of places and communities.
This phenomenon of biocultural evolution refers to reproduction.
Transmission
This idea is looking at where data converge to confirm findings and diverge to identify gaps associated with using only one type of research method
Triangulation
T or F Camping and backpacking in backcountry areas is thought to yield a deeper connection to nature.
True
T or F Cancer is more common among highly-stressed people than among others in the population
True
T or F Gambling stimulates the same part of the brain that is affected by cocaine and methamphetamines.
True
T or F In the animal world, play prepares young animals for adulthood and survival.
True
T or F Research suggests that youth who participate in organized activities may actually score better on a variety of healthy development indicators than youth who do not participate
True
T or F Social benefits of recreation have implications for both physical and psychological benefits as well.
True
T or F Socialization through leisure is reflected in learning how to take turns, social norms related to sports and recreation, and how to be a good teammate.
True
T or F The Brazilian term, Amanha suggests that, whenever it is conceivably possible, people will enjoy today and put off work until tomorrow.
True
T or F The United Nations Convention identifies play as a fundamental human right
True
T or F To combat constraints related to sexual orientation, some sexual minority groups have created their own recreational clubs and leagues.
True
Recreation
Typically refers to pro-social activities, which are good for the self and society. Coined in the nineteenth century to literally mean activities that allowed for "re-creating" one's self to be fresh for work.
Trustworthiness in qualitative research is the same thing as ____ in quantitative research
Validity
When what we measure represents what we seek to measure it is known as:
Validity
With respect to policy and application, conservation biology seeks to develop ___ that lead to changes in behavior.
Values
According to Nash, this is the worst type of behavior:
Vandalism
Why is the place bonding literature so important?
We can understand why people appreciate and continue to visit certain places, we can use what we know about place bonding to plan new places, it can help us to maintain qualities people like about certain places
One's degree of membership to a defined group indirectly depends on...
Whether one's identity is represented by a group or community
What is not a core dimension of diversity?
Work experience
Nash would identify this activity as the best use of your time.
Writing a poem
What is the ultimate goal of the positive youth development framework?
Youth sucessfully transition to adulthood
Smart growth principles ask us to adhere to all of the following but... a. Plenty of parking b. Mixed use spaces c. Human-scaled blocks d. Walkable streets
a. Plenty of parking
Lev Vygotski, Russian Psychologist outlined 3 characteristics of play. Which of the following is not a primary characteristic? a. Intrinsically motivated b. Imagination c. A social component d. Established rule
c. A social component
A basic argument for studying leisure includes: a. An understanding of how pervasive it is in our lives in terms of time b. An understanding of the economic significance of the leisure service industry c. An understanding of the breadth of leisure services and their benefits to society d. All of the above
d. All of the above
According to the research reviewed in the text, what barriers to physical exercise were identified for Latinx women? a. Caregiving b. Feeling self conscious about appearance c. Cultural norms around body shape and weight d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Play matters because it promotes: a. Physical resiliency b. Emotional resiliency c. Social competency d. All of the above
d. All of the above
service sector
jobs that are designed to serve the general public as found in the government, education, the trades, health care, and leisure and hospitality sectors.
This refers to a person's biological makeup and has often been captured by identifying physical characteristics like skin color or eye shape
race
