lesson 1: parts of speech

what are the three roles of pronouns?

1. a pronoun that performs an action is called a 𝘴𝘶𝘣𝘫𝘦𝘤𝘵. 2. a pronoun that completes an action or has an action done to it is called an 𝘰𝘣𝘫𝘦𝘤𝘵. 3. a pronoun that follows a preposition in a prepositional phrase is called the 𝘰𝘣𝘫𝘦𝘤𝘵 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘰𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.

what are the two main types of verbs

1. action 2. linking

can you recognize an adverb from an adjective? give an example of each.

1. adverb: a part of speech that modifies a noun or pronoun. open the door 𝘸𝘪𝘥𝘦. (𝘸𝘪𝘥𝘦 is an adverb cause it shows how the door should be opened.) 2. adjective: describes or modifies a noun. the desk is 𝘵𝘰𝘰 𝘸𝘪𝘥𝘦 for this space. (𝘸𝘪𝘥𝘦 is an adjective that modifies the noun 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘬, and 𝘵𝘰𝘰 is an adverb modifying the adjective 𝘸𝘪𝘥𝘦.)

questions 1-9: write down the pronouns you find in each sentence. indicate whether each pronoun is personal, interrogative, indefinite, demonstrative, or relative. (classify possessive pronouns as personal pronouns)

1. any of several methods could be used to solve his problems. any (indefinite) his: (personal) 2. those are unnecessary actions. those: (demonstrative) 3. that will be taken care of later. that: (demonstrative) 4. somebody forgot his or her raincoat. somebody: (indefinite) his (personal), her (personal) 5. which did you give to them. which: (interrogative) you (personal) them (personal) 6. the reasons for which john fought are now dead. which: (relative) 7. what are you planning to do now? what: (interrogative); you (personal) 8. i prefer doing that to making a speech before them. i (personal) that (demonstrative) them (personal) 9. bill asked, "whose is that?" whose: (interrogative) that (demonstrative)

what are the seven types of adjectives? give an example of each.

1. common: common adjectives, like common nouns are general in nature. ex. john is a 𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘥 artist. 2. proper: proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns and require capitapization. ex. Steve's dog is a 𝘎𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯 shepherd. 3. articles: articles are the most frequently used adjectives, as well as being the easiest to identify. an article simply indicates that a noun will follow. ex. a, an, the. 4. demonstrative: a demonstrative adjective points out a specific person, place, or thing. please note that the words identified as demonstrative adjectives can also be used as demonstrative pronouns. ex. this, that, these, those. pronoun ex. 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 is my book. adjective ex. 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 book is mine. 5. indefinite: an indefinite adjective, like a demonstrative adjective, points out a person, place, or thing, but it does so in a general manner. please note that the words identified as indefinite adjectives can also be used as indefinite pronouns. ex. each, one, another, many, no, either, some, few, several, any, neither, other, all, both, every. pronoun ex. 𝘢𝘭𝘭 are welcome to attend. adjective ex. 𝘢𝘭𝘭 employees are required to attend the meeting. 6. interrogative: an interrogative adjective is used to ask a question. please note that the words identified as interrogative adjectives can also be used as interrogative pronouns. ex. what, whose, which. pronoun ex. 𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 are you asking? adjective ex. 𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 country is he from? 7. possessive: a possessive adjective indicates ownership or shows possession. a possessive adjective should only be used when there is a clear case of actual ownership or possession. ex. my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.

what are the five types of nouns? give an example of each.

1. common: is a word that names any general type of person, place, thing or animal. ex. swimmer, house, lighthouse, tree, and cat. 2. proper: is a words that names a specific person, place, thing, or animal. proper nouns are always capitalized. ex. Micheal Phelps, the White House, Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, Japanese Maple, and Garfield. 3. collective: a collective noun is a word that names a group. ex. jury, deck, team, flock, and pride. 4. abstract: names a quality, condition, idea, or feeling that 𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘰𝘵 be identified by the senses of taste, touch, sight, sound, or smell. ex. love, peace, and happiness. 5. concrete: a concrete noun is 𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘤 and, unlike an abstract noun, can be tasted, touched, seen, heard, or smelled. a concrete noun can be common or proper. common ex. apple, book, bird, and flowers. proper ex. mountain dew, q-tips, mustang, and kentucky fried chicken.

what are the seven types of adjectives? give an example of each.

1. common: like common nouns, common adjectives are general in nature. ex. julia has a 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘺 bird. tomas has a 𝘨𝘶𝘢𝘳𝘥 dog. jess is a 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘭𝘥-𝘤𝘭𝘢𝘴𝘴 athlete. 2. proper: a proper adjective is formed from a proper noun, and it requires a capital letter. ex. julie has an 𝘈𝘧𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯 parrot. tomas has a 𝘎𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘢𝘯 shepherd. jess is an 𝘖𝘭𝘺𝘮𝘱𝘪𝘤 gymnast. 3. articles: articles indicate that a noun will soon follow. a, an, the. ex. a woman road 𝘢𝘯 elephant. 𝘵𝘩𝘦 audience applauded. 4. demonstrative: demonstrative adjectives point out specific persons, places, or things. ex. 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘴 book was a gift to me. (𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘴 modifies the noun 𝘣𝘰𝘰𝘬.) 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 question surprised us. (𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 modifies the noun 𝘲𝘶𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.) please iron 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘦 shirts. (𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘦 modifies the noun 𝘴𝘩𝘪𝘳𝘵𝘴.) i would like three of 𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘴𝘦 bicycle helmets. (𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘴𝘦 modifies the noun 𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘴.) demonstrative adjectives point out a specific noun. they also have a noun follow them. demonstrative pronouns stand on their own. demonstrative adj. ex. this, these, that, those. 5. indefinite: indefinite adjectives also point out persons, places, or things, but they're less specific than demonstrative adj. like demonstrative adj. these words can also be pronouns. ex. 𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘦 days are warmer than others. (𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘦 modifies 𝘥𝘢𝘺𝘴.) the supervisor reminded them that 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 employee should try to do excellent work. (𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘺 modifies 𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘰𝘺𝘦𝘦.) jim told use to use the 𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 plan (𝘰𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘳 modifies 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯.) indefinite adj. all, either, no, another, every, one, any, few, other, both, many, several, each, neither, some. 6. interrogative: interrogative adj. are used to ask questions. these words can also be pronouns. ex. 𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 cities are you going to visit? (𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 modifies 𝘤𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴.) 𝘸𝘩𝘰𝘴𝘦 hat do you like best? (𝘸𝘩𝘰𝘴𝘦 modifies 𝘩𝘢𝘵.) in 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 direction is the wind blowing. (𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 modifies 𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.) interrogative adj. what, whose, which. 7. possessive: possessive adj. modify nouns to indicate ownership or show possession. they're never spelled with an apostrophe. ex. 𝘺𝘰𝘶𝘳 hat is very interesting. the dog began to chase its 𝘵𝘢𝘪𝘭. 𝘮𝘺 house is white, and 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 house is green. possessive adj. my, your, his, her, its, our, their.

what are the three types of conjunctions? give an example of each.

1. coordinating: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. 2. correlative: either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not only...but also. 3. subordinating: after, as soon as, if, supposing that, when, although, as though, in order that, than, whenever, as, as well as, provided that, though, where, as if, because, since, unless, wherever, as long as, before, so that, until, while.

1. name two ways a dictionary can help you. 2. rewrite the following words by dividing them into syllables and putting the stresses where they belong.

1. dictionaries help so you understand what a word means and the correct pronounciation for it a. DIC-tion-ar-y b. SHAL-low c. ca-TAS-tro-phe d. e-MER-gen-cy e. HAP-pi-ness f. CLIMB g. SUG-ar h. SU-shi

what are the three guidelines to help you pronounce the sounds of a word?

1. each vowel and consonant has a distinct sound, and some have several sounds. for example, the 𝘢 in 𝘣𝘢𝘵 isn't said like the 𝘢 in 𝘣𝘳𝘢𝘬𝘦, and the 𝘨 in 𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘭𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘯, is different from the 𝘨 in 𝘨𝘦𝘵. 2. sometimes two vowels or two consonants come together to make one sound. the combination is called a diagraph. for example, the 𝘤𝘩 in 𝘤𝘩𝘦𝘤𝘬, the 𝘱𝘩 in 𝘱𝘩𝘰𝘯𝘦, and the 𝘦𝘢 in 𝘮𝘦𝘢𝘵 are diagraphs. 3. some vowels, consonants, and diagraphs are silent; that is, they aren't pronounced in certain words when they come before or after certain letters. for example, the 𝘣 is silent in the words 𝘤𝘭𝘪𝘮𝘣 and 𝘭𝘢𝘮𝘣.

what three things do you need to know to be able to correctly speak and read words in english?

1. grammar 2. vocabulary 3. learn and study phrases

give examples of how changing prepostions can change the meaning of a sentence.

1. i put the pencil above the bottle. 2. i put the pencil into the bottle. 3. i put they pencil in front of the bottle.

read the following passage about computer files. read the passage again, and identify the nouns you find.

1. information, computer system, ( compound two nouns) computer files, (compound) understanding, computer, computer file, paper file system, (compound) information, people, folder, file, (compound) labels, computer files, information (compound) information, bills, computer files (compound) receipts, work, items, use, home, computer file (compound) table, desk, instruction manual, file folders, name, filename, user.

what are the two sentence positions of adverbs?

1. it may come before a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. 2. it may immediately follow the verb.

what are the different kinds of relationships they show?

1. logical relationships 2. time relationships 3. space relationships

questions 1-6: the sentences below contain adjectives and pronouns that are spelled alike. this exercise will help you determine if you know the difference between adjectives and pronouns. • identify the adjectives and the nouns they identify. • identify the demonstrative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns.

1. many (adjective, modifies people) especially those (demonstrative pronoun) who grew up before the age of the personal computer, don't understand how computers store information. 2. that (adjective, modifies information) is stored in electronic files. those (adjective, modifies files) function much like file folders. 3. each (modifies, file) is given a name. the name given to each (indefinite pronoun), its (adjective, modifies filename), should represent the information found in the file. 4. what (interrogative pronoun) is the difference between the way a computer stores information and that (demonstrative pronoun), used to store information in a conventional filing cabinet? 5. that (adjective, modifies explanation) isn't as clear as the one (demonstrative pronoun) all (indefinite) of us heard at the lecture yesterday. 6. which (interrogative) flowers are the most beautiful? these (demonstrative) lilies are very nice, but they're less interesting than those. (demonstrative)

write 3 sentences and find the object of the preposition and the preposition.

1. my dog chased the cat 𝘢𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘯𝘥 the house. (around is a preposition, and house is the object of the preposition.) 2. i looked 𝘣𝘦𝘭𝘰𝘸 the dock. (below is the preposition, and dock is the object of the preposition.) 3. i saw some dogs 𝘥𝘰𝘸𝘯 by the river. (down is the preposition, and river is the object of the preposition.)

define the eight parts of speech

1. nouns: persons, places, things, qualities, ideas, and actions 2. pronouns: words used as replacements or substitutes for nouns 3. adjectives: words that describe nouns and pronouns 4. verbs: words that express action or a state of being 5: adverbs: words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs 6. prepositions: words that modify other words to express a relationship 7. conjunctions: words that join sentences, clauses, phrases, or words 8. interjections: a class of words expressing emotion, used apart from other sentence structure (for example, "hey")

what are the six types of pronouns? give an example of each.

1. personal: a personal pronoun can refer to the person 𝘥𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘨 the 𝘴𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 (first person pronoun), the person 𝘣𝘦𝘪𝘯𝘨 spoken to (second person pronoun), or the person or thing 𝘣𝘦𝘪𝘯𝘨 spoken about (third person pronoun). first person ex. i, me, mine my, myself, we, us, our, ours, ourselves. second person ex. you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves. third person ex. he, him, his, himself, she, her, hers, herself, it, its, itself, they, them, their, theirs, themselves. 2. possessive: a possessive pronoun is a personal pronoun that shows ownership. keep in mind that while all possessive pronouns are personal pronouns the reverse is 𝘯𝘰𝘵 true. also, please remember that the spelling of a possessive pronoun will 𝘯𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳 contain an apostrophe. first person ex. mine, ours. second person ex. yours. third person ex. his, hers, its, theirs. 3. demonstrative: a demonstrative pronoun is used to point out definite people, places, things, or ideas. the pronouns this and these are used to refer to something close at hand, or recently mentioned. the pronouns that and those are used to refer to things farther away in thought or position. ex. this, these, that, those. 4. interrogative: an interrogative pronoun is used in asking a question. remember that these words can serve as interrogative pronouns 𝘖𝘕𝘓𝘠 when they are part of a question. ex who, whose, whom, which, what. 5. relative: a relative pronoun shows a relationship by introducing a new idea into a sentence. please note that relative pronouns can also be interrogative pronouns (but only in a question!), so you must be aware of the type of sentence you are working with. ex. who, which, what, that, whose, whom, whoever, whosoever, whichever, whatever, whoever, whatsoever. 6. indefinite: an indefinite pronoun refers to an unspecified noun, or sometimes just to things in general. ex. all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, each one, each other, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, one another, other, others, several, some, somebody, someone, something.

write 5 words and break them into syllables

1. petal = pet•al 2. arrow = ar•row 3. ankel = an•kle 4. turtle = tur•tle 5. nickel = nick•el

examples of each type of verb:

1. physical action: the mechanic 𝘳𝘦𝘮𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘥 the part. the dog 𝘳𝘢𝘯. the coffee 𝘴𝘱𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘦𝘥. the sun 𝘴𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘴. mental action: 𝘭𝘰𝘷𝘦, 𝘩𝘰𝘱𝘦, 𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘴𝘵, 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘬, and 𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘥 are mental action verbs. 2. linking verbs: the sky 𝘪𝘴 clear. i 𝘢𝘮 happy.

what are the three degrees of comparison? give examples of each.

1. positive: rapidly 2. comparative: more rapidly 3. superlative: most rapidly

what are the different verb tenses? give an example of each.

1. simple past: an action that happened in the past. howled, loved, forgave, rode, brought. 2. simple present: an action that happens in the present. howl, love, forgive, ride, bring. 3. simple future: an action that will happen in the future. will howl, will love, will forgive, will ride, will bring. 4. past perfect: an connection between events that happened in the past. had howled, had loved, had forgiven, had ridden, had brought. 5. present perfect: an action in the past is connected to the present. has howled, has loved, has forgiven, has ridden, has brought. 6. future perfect: a connection between events that will happen in the future. will have howled, will have loved, will have forgiven, will have ridden, will have brought.

questions 1-6: in the sentences below, identify the adverbs and the verbs they modify.

1. the mail carrier delivered the letter faster than i expected. (faster adverb modifies the verb delivered.) 2. when will you need a new book to read? (when adverb modifies the verb will.) 3. unlike peter, daveed did not eat a slice of pie. (not adverb modifies verb did eat.) 4. we occasionally go on vacation to the beach. (we adverb modifies the verb go.) 5. will you wear those flashy sunglasses again? (will adverb modifies the verb those.) 6. marta needs to get home soon if she wants to finish her homework. (soon adverb modifies the verb to get.)

questions 1-8: in the following sentences, identify the main verb and the helping verbs.

1. the neighbor's children were playing outside all afternoon. (main: playing, helping: were.) 2. it is obvious that carmen does not care for most vegetables. (main: care, helping: does.) 3. standing on her tippy-toes, tamra can reach the top shelf. (main: reach, helping: can.) 4. will the rain stop before the party starts? (main: stop, helping: will) 5. you really must return those overdue library books. (main: return, helping: must.) 6. you could try making lunch for the family today. (main: try, helping: could.) 7. the car might need more gas if we drive much longer. (main: need, helping: might.) 8. jason has finished the laundry and will start the dishes next. (main: start, finished. helping: will, has.)

what does it mean for a verb to have a voice? what are the two voices verbs can have?

1. voice shows the relationship between the subject of the sentence and its verbs. 2. action & passive

questions 10-17: rewrite the following sentences and capitalize all the proper nouns.

10. Early in April, Paula and Harry Jones left on their trip. 11. They drove their Volvo to old Bass Lake. 12. On their way to the lake, they stopped in Toledo, ohio, and in Chicago, Illinois. 13. the Volvo was loaded with supplies, which included a tent, a stove, fishing gear, sleeping bags, and canned food. 14. During their trip, Paula and henry read magazines. 15. Harry took copies of Reader's Digest, Popular Mechanics, and the Sports Illustrated. 16. Time and newsweek were the magazines Paula liked. 17. On their recent trip, they planned to visit the home of Abraham Lincoln in Springfield.

questions 10-16: in the following sentences, identify antecendent for each pronoun.

10. william asked for his coffee to be brought to the conference room. antecendent: william/his 11. the music was so loud that it hurt our ears. antecendent: music/it 12. thomas and christine forgot to bring their umbrellas to work. antecendent: thomas and christine/their 13. since grandma helen was ten years old, she had been writing letters. antecedent: grandma helen/she 14. the rain pounded on the roof, and it leaked through the cracks. antecedent: rain/it 15. his messenger bag was so full that randy could not fit another file in it. antecedent: randy/his 16. cooper told his students that they were responsible for their grades. antecedent: cooper/his; students/they/their

questions 2-9: write a common noun that's related to each of the following proper nouns.

2. george washington: president 3. sarah: name 4. new york: city 5. tuesday: day 6.april: month 7. tokyo: capital 8. the wall street journal: newspaper 9. pearl jam: band

questions 7-12: list the adjectives you find in the following sentences. after each adjective, write the noun it modifies. be sure to include articles as adjectives.

7. a, strange (light); the, western (sky.) 8. our (friend); a, small (boat); the, turbulent (river.) 9. late (august); the, brief, northern (summer) 10. stinging (snow); strong (winds); the, brave (rescuers.) 11. quick, efficient (workers); the, long (runaway.) 12. violent (storms); the, radio (signals.)

questions 7-12: in the sentences below, determine whether the italicized word is an adjective or an adverb.

7. the 𝘣𝘦𝘴𝘵 way to learn about dolphins is to swim with them. adjective 8. if you arrive 𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦 to class, you better have a good excuse. adverb 9. they got there ahead of us by taking a 𝘧𝘢𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘳. adjective 10. the laughing girl in the picture is a 𝘤𝘭𝘰𝘴𝘦 friend of mine. adjective 11. did we get here 𝘵𝘰𝘰 late to join the fun? adverb 12. the bird in the 𝘯𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘣𝘺 forest sings every morning. adjective

how would you conjugate "to wash" , "to be" , or "to have"?

PRESENT TENSE i wash you wash he/she/it washes PAST TENSE i washed you washed he/she/it washed FUTURE TENSE i will wash you will wash he/she/it will wash PRESENT PERFECT i have washed you have washed he/she/it has washed PAST PERFECT TENSE i had washed you had washed he/she/it had washed

infinitive

a form of a verb with 𝘵𝘰

phrase

a group of related words that doesn't have a subject and verb

clause

a group of related words that has a subject and verb

adverbial clause

a group of words that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; includes a subject and a verb but is not a complete sentence

object

a noun that completes an action or has an action done to it

subject

a noun that performs an action

noun

a person, place, or thing

what is the object of the preposition?

a preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun, which is called the object of the preposition.

what is a preposition and what does it do?

a preposition that shows the logical relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in a sentence. it describes the relationship between other words in a sentence.

what is a prepositional phrase?

a prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting of a preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object.

what is a pronoun?

a pronoun is a word that can serve as a substitute for a noun

grammar

a set of rules that explains how the eight parts of speech are organized in phrases, clauses, and sentences to communicate meaning

what are syllables?

a syllable is a unit of a spoken language. it may consist of one or several letters. it usually contains one vowel sound.

what is a verb?

a verb is a word used to express action (𝘳𝘶𝘯, 𝘫𝘶𝘮𝘱, 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘬) or a state of being (𝘣𝘦, 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘮.)

what does a verb do?

a verb makes a statement about what the subject is doing or what's happening to the subject. ex. the dogs 𝘳𝘶𝘯 and 𝘫𝘶𝘮𝘱. people 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘮 happy when they 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘯𝘬 big. in these examples 𝘥𝘰𝘨𝘴, 𝘱𝘦𝘰𝘱𝘭𝘦, and 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘺 are the subjects performing the actions of the verbs.

linking verb

a word that links the subject to another word; expresses a state of being

adjective

a word that modifies nouns and pronouns

collective noun

a word that names a group

proper noun

a word that names a specific person, place, or thing

common noun

a word that names any general type of person, place, or thing

abstract noun

a word that names qualities, conditions, ideas, and feelings that can't be identified by the senses

concrete noun

a word that names something you can see, taste, hear, smell, or touch

possessive pronoun

a word that shows ownership

helping verb

a word that shows shifts in time, mood, or tone of the verb

pronoun

a word used as a substitute for a noun

verb

a word used to express physical and mental action

single-word prepositions

aboard, behind, from, throughout, about, below, in, to, above, beneath, into, toward, across, beside, like, under, after, between, near, underneath, against, beyond, of, until, along, but (except), off, unto, amid, by, on, up, among, down, over, upon, around, during, past, with, at, except, since, within, before, for, through, without.

what is an abbreviation?

abreviations are short forms of a word (like tues. instead of tuesday)

what do each of those types of verbs do?

action verbs express physical or mental action. physical action verbs are easy to pick out because they express action you can see. mental action verbs can be more difficult to pick out because you can't see or observe actions that take place in someones mind. linking verbs don't express action at all. instead they link the subject and another word. these linking verbs simply express a state of being. the most common linking verb is the verb 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘦, in its various forms.

what does an adjective tell?

adjectives help us paint word pictures by telling.. • what kind • which one • how much • how many

what does an adverb do?

adverbs also can describe or explain adjectives and other adverbs. they answer the questions when? where? how? how often? and to what extent?

what are some of the commonly used helping verbs?

am, did, shall, could, is, does, will, might, are, has, do, must, was, have, should, can, were, had, would, may.

what is an adjective?

an adjective is a word that helps make a noun or a pronoun more definite. adjectives make our descriptions more vivid, colorful, and interesting. allowing the reader to visualize what we are saying.

what is an adjective?

an adjective is a word that helps make a noun or pronoun more definite

what does an adjective tell?

an adjective tells 𝘸𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘥, 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘰𝘯𝘦, 𝘩𝘰𝘸 𝘮𝘶𝘤𝘩, 𝘰𝘳 𝘩𝘰𝘸 𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘺; it can also indicate 𝘤𝘰𝘭𝘰𝘳, 𝘴𝘪𝘻𝘦, 𝘰𝘳 𝘴𝘩𝘢𝘱𝘦.

what is an adverb?

an 𝘢𝘥𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘣 is a word used primarily to modify verbs

how do you identify a noun?

as a general rule, if you can touch it, see it, hear it, taste it, or possess it, its probably a noun

multiple-word prepositions

as to, devoid of, in reference to, as for, from out, on account of, as regards, from beyond, out of, apart from, instead of, to the extent of, by way of, in place of, with respect to, contrary to, in regard to.

perfect tenses

formed by the present, past, or future of the verb 𝘵𝘰 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 plus the past participle of the verb

what is another type of verb?

helping verbs

what are stresses in a word?

in any word with more than one, one of the syllables has more emphasis other wise known as the accent.

what is a conjunction and what is it's job?

like railroad couplings, speech couplings, known as conjunctions enable a sentence to convey several things at once. it joins words, groups of words, or sentences and can also show relationships between ideas.

how can you change adjectives to adverbs? give some examples.

many, but not all, adverbs are formed adding -ly to an adjective adjectives: quick, bad, quiet, real adverbs: quickly, badly, quietly, really

what is a prepositional relationship?

most prepositions show relationships, as in the bottle and pencil example, show position in space.

eight parts of speech

noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection

demonstrative adjective

points out specific, persons, places, or things

interrogative adjectives

question words that modify nouns

indefinite pronoun

refers to an unspecified noun or sometimes just to things in general

progressive tenses

show continuing action and use the helping verb 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘦 with the present participle of the main verb

antecedent

the person, place, or thing that a pronoun replaces or refers to

passive voice

the subject of the sentence is acted upon

active voice

the subject of the sentence performs a specific action

what does this type of verb do?

they show shifts in time whether something happened in the present, past, or future. they also show the mood or the tone of the verb whether its a command (you will go), a possibility (you may go), or a wish (you should go.)

what does it mean to conjugate a verb?

to conjugate a verb, list all of the possible tenses of the verb, in singular and plural, and in first, second, and third person, using the proper verb endings and helping verbs.

what is grammar?

understanding and applying these parts of speech to communicate an organized message is known as grammar

interrogative pronoun

used in asking questions

relative pronoun

used to connect a phrase to the subject

what is a secondary stress

weaker than the primary stress but its pronounced more strongly than the unstressed syllables in the word

what is a verb tense and what does it do?

where an action in the sentence takes place whether its past, present, or future.

subject complements

words that follow linking verbs

possessive adjectives

words that modify nouns to indicate ownership or show possession

indefinite adjectives

words that point out persons, places, or things but less specifically than demonstrative adjectives

personal pronouns

words that refer to people (1) doing the speaking (first person), (2) being spoken to (second person), or (3) other nouns being spoken about (third person)

demonstrative pronoun

words used to point out definite persons, places, things, or ideas

key points

• A common noun is a word that names any general type of person, place, thing, or animal. • Proper nouns are names of specific things and are capitalized. A collective noun names a group. • Abstract nouns name qualities, conditions, ideas, and feelings. • Concrete nouns are specific. You can see, taste, smell, hear, or touch the objects they identify. • A noun that performs an action is called a subject. • Nouns that complete actions or have actions done to them are called objects. • Objects of prepositions are nouns or pronouns that follow prepositions. • Subject complements are words that follow linking verbs. • Articles (a, an, and the) are usually followed by a noun. • Pronouns are words that you can substitute for nouns. • Pronouns may be (1) personal (referring to people speaking, people being spoken to, or people or things being spoken about); (2) possessive (showing ownership); (3) demonstrative (pointing out definite persons, places, things, or ideas); (4) interrogative (asking questions); (5) relative (showing relationships by introducing a new idea); or (6) indefinite (referring to unspecified nouns, or sometimes just to things in general). • The noun that a pronoun replaces or refers back to is called its antecedent.

key points

• Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. • Common adjectives are general in nature; proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns and are capitalized. • Articles are the most frequently used adjectives. Demonstrative adjectives point out specific persons, places, or things. Indefinite adjectives also point out persons, places, or things, but they're less specific. • Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions. • Possessive adjectives modify nouns to indicate ownership or show possession. They're never spelled with an apostrophe. • A verb expresses action or a state of being. • Action verbs express physical or mental action. • Linking verbs connect the subject and another word. These linking verbs simply express a state of being. • Helping verbs show shifts in time—whether something happened in the present, past, or future—or show the mood of the verb. • Verbs take different forms to indicate the time of the action—whether past, present, or future. This expression of time and action is called tense. The infinitive is the "to" form of the verb. • The simple tenses are the present, past, and future. • The perfect tenses—present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect—use the past participle with have, has, or had. • The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The past perfect is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. The future perfect tense refers to a completed action in the future, and is often used with time expressions. • Progressive tenses show continuing action and use the helping verb to be with the present participle of the main verb. • To conjugate a verb, list all of the possible tenses of the verb, in singular and plural, and in first, second, and third person, using the proper verb endings and helping verbs. • In sentences with verbs in the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action. • In sentences with verbs in the passive voice, the subject is acted upon. • An adverb is a word used primarily to modify verbs, but they also can modify adjectives and other adverbs. • Many adjectives can be changed to adverbs by adding -ly. Adverbs change form to show different degrees of quality or quantity.

key points

• There are 26 letters in the English alphabet, five of which are vowels (a, e, i, o, and u). The letter y is also regarded as a vowel when it doesn't begin a word. • A syllable is a unit of spoken language, usually with one vowel sound. • In any multisyllable word, one of the syllables is given more emphasis. This is called the accent or primary stress. • There are eight main parts of speech: (1) nouns—persons, places, things, states, or qualities; (2) pronouns—words used as replacements or substitutes for nouns; (3) adjectives—words that describe nouns and pronouns; (4) verbs—words that express action or a state of being; (5) adverbs—words that modify verbs; (6) prepositions—words that modify other words to express a relationship; (7) conjunctions—words that connect other parts of the sentence; and (8) interjections—a class of words expressing emotion, used apart from other sentence structure (for example, "hey"). • Understanding and applying the parts of speech to communicate an organized message is known as grammar.

question 9: conjugate the verb 𝘵𝘰 𝘫𝘶𝘮𝘱 into the six progressive tenses.

• present progressive tense: i am jumping, you are jumping he/she/it is jumping, we are jumping, you are jumping, they are jumping. • past progressive tense: i was jumping, you were jumping, he/she/it was jumping, we were jumping, you were jumping, they were jumping • future progressive tense: i will be jumping, you will be jumping, he/she/it will be jumping, we will be jumping, you will be jumping, they will be jumping • present perfect progressive tense: i have been jumping, you have been jumping, he/she/it has been jumping, we have been jumping, you have been jumping, they have been jumping • past perfect progressive tense: i had been jumping, you had been jumping, he/she/it had been jumping, we had been jumping, you had been jumping, they had been jumping • future perfect progressive tense: i will have been jumping, you will have been jumping, he/she/it will have been jumping, we will have been jumping, you will have been jumping, they will have been jumping