LESSON 13 - APPLIED KINESIOLOGY QUIZ
An individual is performing a seated leg press. What prime movers initiate this exercise? Choose One Knee extensors and hip flexors Hip flexors, knee extensors, and dorsiflexors Knee extensors and hip extensors Knee flexors and hip flexors
Knee extensors and hip extensors Why? The knee extensors (quadriceps femoris) and hip extensors (hamstrings and gluteus maximus) are the prime movers that initiate the movement to straighten the legs at the beginning of a seated leg press.
Scapular protraction is also known as _______________. Choose One Elevation Abduction Depression Adduction
Abduction Why? Scapular protraction is also known as abduction. Concentric activity of the pectoralis minor results in abduction of the scapula.
The _______________ compartment extends the toes and dorsiflexes/inverts the foot. Choose One Anterior Superior Inferior Posterior
Anterior Why? The anterior compartment of the lower leg contains muscles that extend the toes and dorsiflex and/or invert the foot.
You notice a client or class participant is running "flat-footed." You can hear her foot slap the treadmill with every step. What muscles can you suspect to be weak? Choose One Hip flexors Knee flexors Dorsiflexors Plantar flexors
Dorsiflexors Why? When acting concentrically, the muscles of the lower leg produce dorsiflexion of the ankle, and work together during walking and running to eccentrically lower the foot to the ground with control. Without the eccentric action of the dorsiflexor muscles as dynamic shock absorbers, the foot would slap the ground with each stride or impact.
During the up-phase of a shoulder overhead press, the middle deltoid is _______________ contracting. Choose One Kinetically Eccentrically Isometrically Concentrically
Concentrically Why? The fibers of the middle deltoid are aligned perfectly with the frontal plane, and thus this muscle is the primer mover in concentric abduction of the shoulder joint, as seen during the upward phase of a shoulder overhead press.
The concentric contraction of the upper trapezius produces _______________ and _______________ of the scapula. Choose One Depression; downward rotation Elevation; downward rotation Elevation; upward rotation Depression; upward rotation
Elevation; upward rotation Why? The fibers of the upper trapezius are angled upward and obliquely. Therefore, if the upper fibers are activated concentrically, they will produce elevation and upward rotation of the scapula.
Assuming a client is lifting the same amount of weight, he or she can create more resistance by moving the weight closer to the working joint. Choose One TRUE FALSE
FALSE Why? To create more resistance with the same amount of weight, move the weight farther from the working joint. To lessen the resistance as fatigue occurs, move the weight closer to the working joint.
The _______________ and _______________ are powerful plantar flexors that share an insertion on the Achilles tendon. Choose One Soleus; tibialis posterior Gastrocnemius; soleus Gastrocnemius; anterior tibialis Soleus; anterior tibialis
Gastrocnemius; soleus Why? The gastrocnemius and soleus are powerful plantar flexors that make up the bulk of the calf and share a common insertion on the Achilles tendon.
What group of muscles works eccentrically during the down-phase of a squat? Choose One Gluteus maximus and sartorius Gluteus maximus and rectus femoris Gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, and quadriceps femoris Gluteus maximus and hamstrings
Gluteus maximus and hamstrings Why? Eccentric action of the gluteus maximus and hamstrings controls the downward phase of the squat into hip flexion.
The _______________ muscle group is the prime mover during a prone leg curl. As the knee flexes, a(n) _______________ contraction occurs. As the knee extends, a(n) _______________ contraction occurs. Choose One Hamstring; concentric; eccentric Quadriceps; concentric; eccentric Hamstring; eccentric; concentric Quadriceps; eccentric; concentric
Hamstring; concentric; eccentric Why? The primary knee flexors are the hamstrings; they are the prime mover during a prone leg curl. As the knee flexes, a concentric contraction occurs, and as the knee extends, an eccentric contraction occurs.
What is the primary action of the gluteus medius? Choose One Hip extension Hip adduction Hip abduction Hip flexion
Hip abduction Why? The three gluteal muscles—gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the superior fibers of the gluteus maximus—are the primary hip abductors and are assisted by the tensor fasciae latae. The gluteus medius is the largest of the hip abductor muscles, two times larger than the gluteus minimus.
What muscle or muscle group is the prime mover during a prone hamstring curl? Choose One Hip extensors Hip flexors Knee flexors Knee extensors
Knee flexors Why? The prime movers during a prone hamstring curl are the knee flexors, which are comprised of the hamstrings muscle group.
If scapular adductors are weak, the postural deviation called _______________ is likely. Choose One Scoliosis Lordosis Sway back Kyphosis
Kyphosis Why? Kyphosis is defined as an excessive posterior curvature of the spine, resulting in a rounded-shoulders posture. If the scapular adductors are weak, fatigued, or injured, the muscular tension created by the pectoralis minor will tilt the scapulae forward and down, resulting in kyphosis.
Which of Newton's laws of motion is described as follows? A body at rest will stay at rest and a body in motion will stay in motion (with the same direction and velocity) unless acted upon by an external force. Choose One Law of reaction Law of inertia Law of acceleration Law of gravity
Law of inertia Why? Newton's first law of motion, known as the law of inertia, states that a body at rest will stay at rest and that a body in motion will stay in motion (with the same direction and velocity) unless acted upon by an external force. In addition, a body's inertial characteristics are proportional to its mass, which is why it is harder to start (or stop) moving a heavy object than a lighter one.
Which pair of shoulder muscles is BEST strengthened by shoulder shrugs performed with resistance? Choose One Levator scapulae and trapezius Pectoralis minor and serratus anterior Teres major and latissimus dorsi Rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae and trapezius Why? These two muscles that act at the shoulder girdle to elevate the scapula are effectively targeted by shoulder shrugs.
A muscle with which of the following muscle arrangements has the LOWEST force production, but the HIGHEST speed of contraction? Choose One Bipennate Unipennate Longitudinal Multipennate
Longitudinal Why? Penniform muscles, which include unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate muscles, are designed for higher force production than longitudinal muscles. Longitudinal muscles are long and thin and have parallel fibers that run in the same direction as the length of the muscle. This type of fiber arrangement allows for speed of contraction.
If an individual has tight hip flexors, what condition can occur in the lumbar spine? Choose One Sway back Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis
Lordosis Why? Because of its origin at the lumbar spine, tight hip flexors can result in passive hyperextension of the lumbar spine, which is known as lordosis.
Which category of hip muscles is primarily responsible for hip adduction? Choose One Medial muscles Posterior muscles Anterior muscles Lateral muscles
Medial muscles Why? The medial hip muscles (i.e., those hip muscles closer to the midline of the body), including the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis, and adductor magnus, are primarily responsible for hip adduction.
The birddog is an effective exercise for which of the following muscles that act at the trunk? Choose One Erector spinae Rectus abdominis Transverse abdominis Multifidi
Multifidi Why? The multifidi, which contribute to spinal stability during trunk extension, rotation, and side-bending, are effectively targeted by the birddog.
Which of the following is an example of a multiplanar movement from the anatomical position? Choose One Depression of the scapulae Dorsiflexion of the ankle Pronation of the forearm Opposition of the thumb
Opposition of the thumb
You notice when a client or class participant bends down that his heels cannot maintain contact with the floor. What muscles can you suspect to be tight? Choose One Dorsiflexors Plantar flexors Knee flexors Hip flexors
Plantar flexors Why? The large muscles of the superficial posterior tibial compartment are the primary plantar flexors of the ankle joint. The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are often inflexible, particularly among individuals who regularly wear high-heeled shoes.
The _______________ deltoid extends, externally rotates, and horizontally extends the arm at the shoulder. Choose One Superior Anterior Posterior Inferior
Posterior Why? The posterior deltoid is located on the back side of the glenohumeral joint and has the exact opposite functions as the anterior deltoid: it extends, externally rotates, and horizontally extends the arm at the shoulder.
The _______________ muscle group is the prime mover during a squat. As the knee flexes, a(n) _______________ contraction occurs. As the knee extends, _______________ contraction occurs. Choose One Hamstring; concentric; eccentric Quadriceps; concentric; eccentric Hamstring; eccentric; concentric Quadriceps; eccentric; concentric
Quadriceps; eccentric; concentric Why? The quadriceps femoris is the prime mover for knee extension when acting concentrically. As the knee flexes during the downward motion of a squat, the quadriceps act eccentrically to allow knee flexion. On the upward motion of the squat, the quadriceps muscles act concentrically as prime movers to extend the knee.
Injury to the _______________ is common in baseball pitchers because of the repetitious pattern of abduction, flexion, and rotation of the shoulder. Choose One Elbow Rotator cuff Acetabulum Scapularthoracic joint
Rotator cuff Why? The four musculotendinous attachments of the rotator cuff can become inflamed as a result of performing many repetitions of movements that involve abduction, flexion, and rotation, as seen in the throwing motion of baseball pitchers.
"Shoulder girdle" is the informal term for the _______________. Choose One Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Scapulothoracic articulation Glenohumeral joint
Scapulothoracic articulation Why? Shoulder girdle is the informal term for scapulothoracic (S/T) articulation, which consists of the muscles and fascia connecting the scapula to the thorax.
Which of the following exercises would be MOST appropriate for an individual who needs to strengthen the hip adductors? Choose One Standing lateral leg lifts with resistance tubing around the ankle Side-lying leg lifts with the bottom leg lifting upward Side-lying leg lifts with the top leg lifting upward Supine bridge with hips extended, wide feet, and resistance tubing around the ankles
Side-lying leg lifts with the bottom leg lifting upward Why? Side-lying leg lifts with the lower leg lifting upward require the adductors to work concentrically in the upward phase and eccentrically in the downward phase.
The _______________ joint allows inversion and eversion of the foot. Choose One Tibular Metatarsal Subtalar Phalageal
Subtalar Why? The articulation of the talus and the calcaneus is referred to as the subtalar joint, which allows inversion and eversion of the foot.
The soleus, gastrocnemius, and plantaris are located in which compartment of the lower leg? Choose One Posterior tibial compartment Superficial posterior compartment Deep posterior compartment Anterior tibial compartment
Superficial posterior compartment Why? The soleus, gastrocnemius, and plantaris are all located in the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg and serve as primary plantarflexors of the ankle joint.
When evaluating a new client's posture, a personal trainer notices a long outward curve of the thoracic spine with a decreased anterior lumbar curve and a backward shift of the upper trunk. What postural deviation does this client have? Choose One Lordosis Sway back Flat back Kyphosis
Sway back Why? Sway-back posture is a long outward curve of the thoracic spine with a decreased anterior lumbar curve and a backward shift of the upper trunk. It is often accompanied by rounded shoulders, a sunken chest, and a forward-tilted head. If an individual has this postural abnormality and cannot actively assume a neutral-spine posture, the fitness professional should refer him or her to a physician.
What muscles are strengthened when a client performs side-lying leg lifts with the lower leg? Choose One Abductors Internal rotators Adductors work concentrically in the upward phase and ecentrically in the downward phase. External rotators
The Correct Answer is: Adductors work concentrically in the upward phase and ecentrically in the downward phase.
There are _______________ compartments in the lower leg. Choose One Two Three Four One
Three Why? Like the thigh, the lower leg has three separate compartments that are divided by connective tissue: anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments.
Your client or class participant is experiencing some pain in her low back when performing abdominal exercises. Which of the following imbalances could potentially cause this condition? Choose One Tightness of the IT band Tightness in the iliopsoas Hypertrophy of the semitendinosus Weakness in the iliopsoas
Tightness in the iliopsoas Why? Because of its origin at the lumbar spine, iliopsoas tightness can result in lordosis, which can cause low-back pain, particularly during the second half of a sit-up and with prolonged periods of sitting. To correct the anterior pelvic tilt position associated with lumbar lordosis, focus on strengthening the abdominal and hip extensor muscles, while stretching the hip flexors and spine extensors.
Which of the following muscles plays a vital role (with the multifidi) in providing feedback to the central nervous system about spinal joint position before dynamic forces in the extremities destabilize the spine? Choose One Rectus abdominis Transverse abdominis External obliques Internal obliques
Transverse abdominis Why? Coactivation of the transverse abdominis and multifidi muscles occur before any movements of the limbs. Specifically, these two muscles are activated an average of 30 milliseconds before shoulder movement and 110 milliseconds before leg movement. What is the importance of this temporal pattern of trunk muscle recruitment? The transverse abdominis and multifidi muscles are thought to play a vital role in providing feedback about spinal joint position, and thus forewarn the central nervous system about impending dynamic forces to be created in the extremities that may destabilize the spine.
