Lesson 2/Chapter 25: Water, Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? a. norepinephrine b. epinephrine c. natriuretic peptides d. aldosterone e. ADH

ADH

If the kidneys are conserving HCO3- and eliminating H+ in acidic urine, occurring: metabolic alkalosis or acidosis? (Module 25.9C) a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic acidosis

In an adult female, the body consists of about.............percent water? a. 50 b. 40 c. 70 d. 60 e. 80

50

In an adult male, the body consists of about...........percent water a. 10 b. 90 c. 80 d. 60 e. 40

60

The normal range pH for extracellular fluid is? a. 7.45-7.55 b. 6.95-7.00 c. 7.35-7.45 d. 7.25-7.35 e. 7.15-7.25

7.35-7.45

Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B) a. A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ICF into the ECF. b. A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ECF into the ICF. c. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the ECF and ICF into the solid components in response to an osmotic gradient. d. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient. e. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the solid compartments into the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.

A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient

Define acidemia and alkalemia. (Module 25.7A) a. Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45. b. Acidemia is when pH decreases below 1 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 13. c. Acidemia is when pH increases above 11.4 and alkalemia is when pH decreases below 4.8. d. Acidemia is when pH increases above 7.45 and alkalemia is when pH decreases below 7.35. e. Acidemia is when pH decreases below 4.8 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 11.4.

Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by a. atrial natriuretic peptides b. glucocorticoids c. ADH d. parathormone e. aldosterone

Aldosterone

Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption? a. extracellular fluid b. natriuretic peptides c. ADH d. epinephrine e. aldosterone

Aldosterone

What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.4B) a. Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in the ECF. b. Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF. c. Aldosterone does not affect urinary sodium retention and therefore has no effect on sodium ion concentration in ECF. d. Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF. e. Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in ECF.

Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF

When pH rises above 7.45, a state of...........exists a. acidosis b. alkalosis

Alkalosis

Which body system isn't involved in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance? a. cardiovascular b. muscular c. integumentary d. endocrine e. All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.

All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ions is called? a. electrolyte b. compensation c. acid d. buffer e. alkali

Buffer

An...................consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion a. buffer system b. water balance c. leak channel d. exchange pump e. fixed acid

Buffer system

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and? a. potassium b. calcium c. phosphorus d. chloride e. magnesium

Calcium

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B) a. carbonic anhydrase b. carbonic acid c. bicarbonate d. hydrogen e. hydroxide

Carbonic acid

Describe the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system? (Module 25.8C) a. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses hemoglobin to buffer hydrogen ions. b. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the hydrogen ions created by the metabolic and fixed acids to generate carbonic acid which dissociates into H2O and CO2, which can be eliminated by the lungs. c. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the kidneys to secrete or excrete bicarbonate to buffer pH. d. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the side group, the amino group, and the carboxylate group of amino acids to buffer pH changes. e. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the lungs to exhale CO2 to buffer pH.

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system uses the hydrogen ions created by the metabolic and fixed acids to generate carbonic acid which dissociates into H2O and CO2, which can be eliminated by the lungs

Antidiuretic hormone does not? a. inhibit water intake. b. increase thirst. c. cause water to shift out of the ICF. d. increase ECF sodium concentration. e. increase ECF volume.

Cause water to shift out of the ICF

Which of the following descriptions best fit the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? a. consequence of prolonged vomiting b. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions c. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example, due to COPD d. consequence of hyperventilation; for example, in fever or mental illness

Consequence of hyperventilation; for example, fever or mental illness

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? a. consequence of prolonged vomiting b. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example, due to emphysema d. consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness e. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

Consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example, due to emphysema

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis? a. manganese b. phosphorus c. zinc d. copper e. None of these answers are correct.

Copper

What effect does inhibition of osmoreceptors have on ADH secretion and thirst? (Module 25.4A) a. increased ADH secretion and increased thirst b. increased ADH secretion but no change in thirst c. decreased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst d. increased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst e. decreased ADH secretion and increased thirst

Decreased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst

Explain dehydration and its effects on osmotic concentration of blood? (Module 25.2C) a. Dehydration occurs when water gains outpace water losses causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase. b. Dehydration occurs when water losses equal water gains but the osmotic concentration of the ICF increases. c. Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase. d. Dehydration occurs when water gains outpace water losses causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to decrease. e. Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to decrease.

Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase

With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the? a. liver. b. cardiopulmonary system. c. digestive tract. d. kidneys. e. lungs.

Digestive tract

When pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys? a. excrete more bicarbonate ions. b. excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions. c. excrete more hydrogen ions. d. excrete more hydrogen ions and excrete more bicarbonate ions. e. reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

Excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the? a. cytosol b. solid components c. extracellular fluid d. plasma membrane e. intracellular fluid

Extracellular fluid

An..........acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere a. organic b. fixed c. weak d. hydrophobic e. volatile

Fixed

Small amounts of.........acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups a. organic b. fixed c. volatile

Fixed

Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia. (Module 25.5C) a. Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L. b. Hypokalemia is defined as blood Na+ levels below 136 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood Na+ levels above 145 mEq/L. c. Hypokalemia is defined as blood Na+ levels above 145 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood Na+ levels below 136 mEq/L. d. Hypokalemia is defined as blood pH below 7.35 and hyperkalemia is defined as blood pH above 7.45. e. Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.

Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L

Secretion of potassium into the urine is? a. decreased by aldosterone. b. associated with the secretion of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. c. increased when the exchange pump binds H+. d. increased by aldosterone. e. None of these answers are correct.

Increased by aldosterone

About 2/3 of body's fluid is within cells and is termed........fluid a. intercellular b. interstitial c. intracellular d. vital e. extracellular

Intracellular

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to? a. increase ventilation. b. buffer stomach acid. c. buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. d. buffer the urine. e. limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

Limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate(baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks? a. respiratory acidosis b. metabolic acidosis c. metabolic alkalosis d. respiratory alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Prolonged vomiting can result in? a. respiratory alkalosis b. respiratory acidosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Describe metabolic alkalosis? (Module 25.9B) a. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH decreases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs. b. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to faster CO2 elimination by the lungs than production. c. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated. d. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys. e. Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs.

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated

Define mineral balance. (Module 25.3A) a. Mineral balance occurs when the minerals in the ICF are isotonic to the minerals in the ECF. b. Mineral balance occurs when ion gain and loss is equal to water gain and loss. c. Mineral balance occurs when ion gains are equal to ion losses. d. Mineral balance occurs when the blood plasma concentration of sodium is equal to potassium. e. Mineral balance occurs when the blood plasma concentration of sodium is equal to chloride.

Mineral balance occurs when ion gains are equal to ion losses

Which hormone is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension? a. PTH b. aldosterone c. ADH d. natriuretic peptides e. acetylcholine

Natriuretic peptides

When water is lost, but the electrolytes are retained? a. the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid falls. b. osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. c. both the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid become more dilute. d. there is an increase in the volume of the intracellular fluid. e. None of these answers are correct.

Osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid

All of the following factors are consistent with hypokalemia except? a. decreased aldosterone secretion. b. kidney failure. c. reduction in sodium reabsorption. d. a potassium level above 7 mEq/L. e. overuse of diuretics.

Overuse of diuretics

Identify the body's 3 major buffer system? (Module 25.8A) a. phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system b. renal buffer system, respiratory buffer system, and the phosphate buffer system c. hemoglobin buffer system, amino acid buffer system, and the protein buffer system d. hemoglobin buffer system, amino acid buffer system, and the plasma protein buffer system e. renal buffer system, respiratory buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

The principal cation in cytoplasm is? a. potassium b. chloride c. calcium d. sodium e. magnesium

Potassium

Consuming a meal high in salt will? a. result in a temporary increase in blood volume b. cause hypotension c. decrease renin secretion d. decrease thirst e. drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood

Result in temporary increase in blood volume

Identify factors that cause potassium excretion? (Module 25.5B) a. Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases. b. Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases. c. Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF is neutral. d. Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases. e. Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases.

Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases.

Which solid compartment makes up most of body mass? (Module 25.1C) a. vitamins b. lipids c. proteins d. minerals e. carbohydrates

Protein

Hyperventilation will..........pH. a. lower (decrease) b. raise (increase)

Raise(increase)

Hypoventilation leads to? a. respiratory acidosis b. metabolic acidosis c. respiratory alkalosis d. metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory acidosis

How would a decrease in pH of body fluids affect respiratory rate? (Module 25.10B) a. Respiratory rate would decrease. b. Respiratory rate would increase. c. Respiratory rate would not change.

Respiratory rate would increase

Identify the electrolytes absorbed by the active transport? (Module 25.3B) a. potassium, chloride, iron, and iodide b. chloride, iodide, and nitrate c. sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphate, and sulfate d. hydrogen, bicarbonate, sulfate, and potassium e. zinc, copper, chloride, and calcium

Sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphate, and sulfate

...........plays a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide a. The respiratory system b. The urinary system c. Buffer systems d. Metabolically active cells e. All of the answers are correct.

The Respiratory system

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by? a. sweating b. buffers c. the liver d. the feces e. the kidneys

The kidneys

Which organs are primary responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF? a. kidneys b. lungs c. adrenal glands d. intestines e. lymph nodes

The kidneys

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is? a. the skeleton b. the liver c. sweat gland secretions d. the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon e. the kidneys

The kidneys

What's the primary challenge to acid-base homeostasis? (Module 25.6B) a. The primary challenge is the difficulty exhaling CO2 causing accumulation of acid. b. The primary challenge is that blood pH must be maintained at exactly 7.0. c. The primary challenge is that only the lungs can increase pH. d. The primary challenge is that buffer systems only work within tissues not in the blood plasma. e. The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH.

The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH.

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A) a. Water can be lost during catabolism, by evaporation at skin and lungs, and by urination. b. Water can be lost during anabolism, and in the production of bile and gastric secretions. c. Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces. d. Water can be lost during catabolism and anabolism. e. Water can be lost during the production of saliva and gastric secretions, and by urination and in feces

Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces

Metabolic water is? a. the combination of all water consumed per day. b. water consumed in food. c. water produced through anabolic processes. d. water produced through catabolic processes. water consumed as liquid.

Water produced through catabolic process

When is your body in acid-base balance? (Module 25.6A) a. when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by the production of sodium ions and pH remains within normal limits b. when the production of hydrogen ions exceeds the loss of hydrogen ions and pH becomes acidic c. when the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by their loss and pH remains within normal limits d. when the loss of hydrogen ions exceeds the production of hydrogen ions and pH becomes alkaline e. when the loss of hydrogen ions is offset by the production of bicarbonate ions and pH becomes alkaline

When the production of hydrogen ions is precisely offset by loss and pH remains within normal limits