Lesson 8: Emotions

False. Catecholamines are produced in the MEDULLA of the adrenal glands. The cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids, like Cortisol.

True or False? Catecholamines are produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands.

False. The Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex is a part of the Ventral Prefrontal cortex, and is specifically involved in decision making and CONTROLLING emotional responses.

True or false? The Ventromedial Prefrontal cortex is a part of the Ventral Prefrontal cortex, and is specifically involved in decision making and stimulating emotional responses.

Sympathetic system and endocrine system

What 2 systems come together to help us respond to stress?

Temporary and involuntary

What are 2 characteristics of emotion?

Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral

What are 3 components to emotions?

Irrelevant, positive, and stressful

What are 3 responses to the primary appraisal of stress?

Harm, threat, and challenge

What are 3 responses to the secondary appraisal of stress?

Perceived control, optimism, social support,

What are 3 ways of coping with stress?

Significant life changes, catastrophic events, daily hassles, & ambient stressors (environment, can be unconscious)

What are 4 stressors?

Exercise, meditation, religious beliefs & faith, and cognitive flexibility

What are 4 ways of managing stress?

Higher blood sugar, more cortisol

What are some damaging effects of stress in relation to metabolism?

Increased blood pressure and vascular disease/coronary artery disease

What are some damaging effects of stress in relation to the heart?

Increased inflammation, arthritis, suppression of immune system, decreased wound healing

What are some damaging effects of stress in relation to the immune system?

Erectile dysfunction & hormones involved with pregnancy can be chronically inhibited

What are some damaging effects of stress in relation to the reproductive system?

Primary and secondary appraisal

What are the 2 appraisals of stress that lazarus came up with?

Fight or flight response and Tend and befriend response

What are the 2 responses to stress?

Alarm, Resistance, & Exhaustion

What are the 3 phases to the General adaptation syndrome that explains our body under stress?

Depression, anger, anxiety, and addiction

What are the 4 major emotional and behavioral effects of stress?

James-Lange, Schachter-Singer, Lazarus, and Cannon-Bard theory

What are the 4 theories of emotion?

Happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise

What are the 6 universal emotions?

Thought/appraisal

What emotional response says we must perceive an event as somehow important in order to experience emotion. That is, we have to appraise the event as being in some way harmful or beneficial to our well-being

Event --> Physiological response + Emotion

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Event --> Physiological response --> Interpretation of physiological response --> Emotion

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Event --> Appraise (Label) of event --> Emotion + Physiological response *Appraise as in a good/bad event

What is the Lazarus theory of emotion?

Event --> Physiological response --> Identification of the reason for the response --> physiological response of event --> Emotion

What is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

B) Predictive validity Retest reliability, or consistency when a measure is taken multiple times, was not assessed in her study. Based on the description of the study, there is no way of knowing whether a person who took the measure twice would receive the same score. Inter-rater reliability, or consistency when two different people measure the same thing, was not assessed in her study. Based on the description of the study, there is no way of knowing whether two raters would evaluate illness or stress in the same way that she did. Content validity, or the extent to which an assessment measures the entire construct fully, was not assessed in her study. There is no way of knowing whether or not her measure was comprehensive. Predictive validity, or the extent to which an assessment is able to predict something it should be able to predict, was assessed in her study - she examined the ability of her measure to predict illness. High scores on her measure were related to high rates of physical illness - this means that her measure had good predictive validity.

A psychologist is interested in the effects of stress on physical illness. She develops an assessment that evaluates stress by asking participants to detail the negative life events (like divorce, death in the family, and job loss) that they have experienced in the past year. She administers the assessment to 2,500 adults and obtains access to their health records over the next year. She finds a significant, moderate correlation between high scores on her measure and high rates of physical illnesses. Based on the description of the study, what psychometric property of her assessment is supported by her findings? A) Inter-rater reliability B) Predictive validity C) Retest reliability D) Content validity

D) Misattribution of arousal An availability heuristic occurs when a judgement is made based on the perceived probability, the extent that one can remember or imagine similar occurrences, or whatever information that is available. The Flynn effect is an observation regarding the growth of IQ from one generation to the next. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand emotions present in oneself and how those emotions motivate oneself and others. The men in this study are misattributing their physiological arousal from crossing the fear-arousing bridge as arousal toward the woman giving the survey and are, therefore, more likely to contact her to follow-up than the control participants.

A researcher wants to replicate the Creaky Bridge experiment. Participants (all males) crossed either a fear-arousing bridge or a non-fear-arousing bridge. Midway across, the participants were asked to complete a survey by a woman (a confederate). All participants were informed by the confederate of the availability of a phone number so they could discuss any concerns regarding the survey with her personally. A significant number of participants in the fear-arousing bridge group contacted the confederate compared to the non-fear-arousing condition. What is this researcher investigating? A) Flynn effect B) Emotional intelligence C) Availability heuristics D) Misattribution of arousal

A) Students with weak self-efficacy, an external locus of control, and lacking behavioral control are not able to successfully challenge stressors. These students are more likely to experience learned helplessness.

A sense of control is important in the impact of a stressor. Learned helplessness occurs when an organism, through a perceived lack of control, does not attempt to avoid aversive or painful stimuli. Which of these statements accurately describes how self-efficacy, behavioral control, and the locus of control affect learned helplessness in students? A) Students with weak self-efficacy, an external locus of control, and lacking behavioral control are not able to successfully challenge stressors. These students are more likely to experience learned helplessness. B) Students with strong self-efficacy, an external locus of control, but lacking behavioral control are able to successfully challenge stressors. These students are unlikely to experience learned helplessness. C) Students with strong self-efficacy, an internal locus of control, and who exhibit behavioral control are able to successfully challenge stressors. These students are more likely to experience learned helplessness. D) Students with weak self-efficacy, an internal locus of control, and who exhibit behavioral control are able to successfully challenge stressors. These students are unlikely to experience learned helplessness.

(D) Appraisal Appraisal is the step where the situation is interpreted and Lazarus claims it can be much more impactful than the individual stressor.

A small chihuahua is laying in the shade and sees a coyote approaching. Not realizing that the coyote presents a dangerous situation, the chihuahua does not react. Which term best describes the step in which the chihuahua interpreted the threat level of the coyote? (A) Evaluation (B) Stressor (C) Stress reaction (D) Appraisal

D) Hippocampus

After a severe biking accident, Lamelo suffers from anterograde amnesia (unable to form new memories). Lamelo can still access old memories. What area has Lamelo likely damaged? A) Amygdala B) Thalamus C) Hypothalamus D) Hippocampus

(B) Cortisol Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that redistributes glucose and suppresses the immune system as part of the "fight or flight" response.

After sleeping through her alarm on her Biology test day, Kourtney's body releases a hormone to redistribute glucose in her body. This same hormone suppresses her immune system, and she develops a cold later that week. Which hormone most likely caused these changes? (A) Epinephrine (B) Cortisol (C) Oxytocin (D) Norepinephrine

Kluver-Bucy

After the bilateral destruction of your amygdala, you can get ____, which is a rare behavioral impairment characterized by inappropriate sexual behaviors and mouthing of objects

C) Physical exercise and cognitive flexibility Jogging every day is an example of physical exercise. Social support is the use of deep interpersonal relationships to deal with stress. Her attempt to communicate with her husband (social support) failed to decrease her stress. Cognitive flexibility in terms of stress is the ability to understand and reformulate approaches to stress if the current methods being utilized aren't working. The individual did this prior to making the decision to jog every day.

An individual has been employed at a desk job for a number of years. She has been experiencing increased amounts of stress since her employment. Through venting about her various qualms with the workplace to her husband, she hoped to improve her mental health. However, after some time, she realized that her stress levels remained the same. Deciding to try something different, she resolved to jog for thirty minutes every day once she returned from work. After some time, she discovered that her stress levels had decreased. What stress coping or stress management technique(s) did she use to successfully accomplish this? A) Physical exercise and social support B) Physical exercise alone C) Physical exercise and cognitive flexibility D) Physical exercise and perceived control

B) Schachter-Singer theory of emotion Cannon-Bard theory describes an event (horror movie scene) which elicits simultaneous physiological response (fight or flight) and perception of an emotion (fear). Lazarus theory requires that interpretation must happen before arousal or emotion, which happen simultaneously. Since the event (horror movie scene) was interpreted as being non-threatening before a physiological response (fight or flight) and emotion (fear) were to be perceived simultaneously, neither the physiological response (fight or flight) nor the emotion (fear) were elicited. The James-Lange theory of emotion describes an event (horror movie scene) followed by a physiological response (fight or flight) which is interpreted as fear and fear is perceived. Schachter-Singer theory describes an event (horror movie scene) which simultaneously elicits a physiological response (fight or flight) and an interpretation of the event. If these agree the emotion (fear) is experienced.

An investigator is researching how perception and sensory feedback influences the emotion a person experiences. The investigator constructs a study to test how physiological arousal without immediate explanation will affect cognition. The investigator injects half of the randomly assigned participants with adrenaline and the other half with a placebo. All participants then watched a scenes from a movie from the horror genre. Halfway through the experiment, the subject was informed whether or not the participant is in the control group. The results showed that physiological arousal influenced the intensity of the emotion that the participant displayed; however, when the participant was informed that he or she had been administered adrenaline, the participant no longer experienced that emotion. Which theory of emotion does this study support? A) James-Lange theory of emotion B) Schachter-Singer theory of emotion C) Cannon-Bard theory of emotion D) Lazarus theory of emotion

(D) The Cannon-Bard theory The Cannon-Bard theory states that physiological arousal and feeling an emotion occur at the same time. Seeing that singaling is simultaneous with the thalamus and both the cortex and sympathetic nervous system, this is the best answer.

Based on previous descriptions, which of the following Emotion theories would be supported by knowing sensory information is received by and sent to both the cortex and sympathetic nervous system simultaneously by the thalamus? (A) The James-Lange Theory (B) The Schachter-Singer theory (C) The Lazarus Theory of Emotion (D) The Cannon-Bard theory

(B) The Schachter-Singer theory The Schachter-Singer theory states both arousal and the labeling of arousal (assigning a reason for the arousal) need to occur before an emotion is felt.

Based on the previous descriptions of Emotion Theories, which of them would be best described as a Two-Factor theory, where two processes must occur before an emotion is experienced? (A) The James-Lange Theory (B) The Schachter-Singer theory (C) The Lazarus Theory of Emotion (D) The Cannon-Bard theory

(C) Hypothalamus The hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system, including the fight-or-flight and the rest-and-digest principles.

Clayton was in the woods hunting deer when he drew the attention of a black bear. Which area of the limbic system will regulate his fight-or-flight response to this scare? (A) Amygdala (B) Thalamus (C) Hypothalamus (D) Hippocampus

Inhibiting the amygdala will simply result in someone entering a mellow state. Destroying the amygdala will cause hyperorality, hypersexuality and disinhibited behavior, as seen in Kluver-Bucy Syndrome.

Compare the effects of inhibiting versus destroying the Amygdala.

Excitation of Left Hemisphere: positive emotions, social interactions Excitation of Right Hemisphere: negative emotions, isolative interactions

Compare the relative excitation of the left and right hemispheres of most brains with regards to: -Positive and Negative emotions -Isolative and social interactions

In the Schachter-Singer theory, first an event occurs, then a physiological response, then the labelling of the event/response, and then an emotion. In the Lazarus Theory of emotion, first an event occurs, then it is appraised, and that appraisal simultaneously determines emotion and physiological response.

Contrast the order in which an event, emotion, physiological response and appraisal/label is applied in the Schachter-Singer and Lazarus Theories of Emotion

Innate

Darwin explained that emotions are?

Thought/appraisal, physiology, expression, and subjective feelings

Emotions involve what 4 responses?

(D) Dorsal, Ventral The Dorsal prefrontal cortex is associated with cognition and attention, whereas the Ventral prefrontal cortex connects with areas that experience and control emotions.

Fill in the blanks: The ________ prefrontal cortex is associated with cognition and attention, whereas the __________ prefrontal cortex connects with areas that experience and control emotions. (A) Dorsal, Ventromedial (B) Ventromedial, Ventral (C) Ventral, Dorsal (D) Dorsal, Ventral

Thalamus

Functions as a relay station, meaning the things you hear, see, taste, touch, all these senses you have come through your nerves and ultimately end up here, and then it directs info to the appropriate areas

D) The physiological response of females affects allostasis and the allostatic load differently. Homeostasis describes the maintenance of physiological equilibrium, such as the maintenance of the human body temperature at 98.6oF. Allostasis describes systems that keep these maintenance systems in balance. Allostatic load describes the effects of chronic stress if the allostatic changes are not adequate in maintaining homeostasis. GAS now assumes that stressors can elicit very different patterns of response or stereotyped physiological patterns of response. Rather than "fight or flight", a female may respond by "tend-and-befriend" to a non-life-threatening stressor, which can affect allostasis and the accumulation of an allostatic load.

Hans Selye proposed the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) to describe the stages experienced in reaction to a stressor that brings about a stereotyped physiological response. What has been one change to the original theory? A) The physiological response of both sexes affects allostasis and the allostatic load equally. B) All stressors elicit a very similar or stereotyped physiological patterns of response. C) The physiological response of both sexes affects homeostasis and the allostatic load equally. D) The physiological response of females affects allostasis and the allostatic load differently.

Right hemisphere

In relation to emotions, what side of the brain elicited more activity with negative emotions & isolated interactions?

Left hemisphere

In relation to emotions, what side of the brain elicited more activity with positive emotions & social interactions?

(C) Oxytocin Oxytocin is known to contribute to a "Tend-and-Befriend" response, especially in women, in response to stress.

Instead of feeling a "fight or flight" response before the championship game, Moriah experiences a response closer to ""Tend and Befriend," where she feels a closer bond to her team and a need to work together to overcome it. Which hormone most likely is causing this response? (A) Epinephrine (B) Cortisol (C) Oxytocin (D) Norepinephrine

Primary appraisal

Is the initial evaluation of stress that focuses on the threat in the present situation

Less from actual event and more from how we react to the events

Lazarus said that stress comes from?

B) Insula Damage to the basal ganglia causes problems recognizing angry facial expressions. The amygdala is most associated with the recognition of the facial expressions associated with fear. The hippocampus is necessary for fear conditioning.

Patients with Huntington's disease have difficulties recognizing when others are feeling disgust. Damage to what brain region in Huntington's disease likely results in this severe deficit, due to its important role in the recognition of the facial expression associated with disgust? A) Amygdala B) Insula C) Basal ganglia D) Hippocampus

Hypothalamus Amygdala Thalamus Hippocampus *Think of a hippo in a hat

The 4 most important components of the limbic system in relation to emotions are?

Hypothalamus

Regulates the autonomic nervous system. It does this by controlling the endocrine system, by releasing hormones into your bloodstream. Also regulates hunger, thirst, sleep, sex

Secondary appraisal

This involves the evaluation of the individual's ability to cope with the situation

Frontal cortex & hippocampus

The 2 areas in the brain with the most glucocorticoid receptors are?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

The 2 branched groups in the autonomic nervous system include?

(D) I, II and III Each of the following are accurate descriptions based on Emotion, Arousal and the Yerkes-Dodson Principle: I. An emotional response will typically include physiological Arousal. II. Increasing arousal can increase performance on a task, to a certain point. III. Because over-arousal can harm performance, there is a "sweet spot" of optimal arousal for tasks.

The adaptive value of Emotion can also be seen in the Yerkes-Dodson Law. Which of the following descriptions are true regarding Emotion, Arousal and the Yerkes-Dodson Principle? I. An emotional response will typically include physiological Arousal. II. Increasing arousal can increase performance on a task, to a certain point. III. Because over-arousal can harm performance, there is a "sweet spot" of optimal arousal for tasks. (A) I only (B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III

(D) The actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event. Emotional memory is the implicit part of memory, which stores the actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event.

The hippocampus is also involved in storing Emotional Memory. Which of the following is the best description of Emotional Memory? (A) A memory of an event that always triggers the same, strong emotion in you. (B) A memory of an event that always triggers the same emotional response. (C) Any memory that can trigger an emotional response. (D) The actual feelings of emotion associated with some remembered event.

Positive

The parasympathetic nervous system is known to be activated by ____ emotions

Stress

The process in which we appraise and we cope with the environmental threats and challenges

Smell

This sense is the only one that bypasses the thalamus

Hippocampus

This structure helps you convert your short-term memory into long-term memories

(C) I and III only Epeniphrine and Norepinephrine (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline) are catecholamines

To trigger the Fight or Flight response, the adrenal glands release catecholamines. Which of the following are catecholamines? I. Epinephrine II. Cortisol III. Norepinephrine (A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III

C) It is not possible to generalize human behavior based on the behavior of mice.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite in felines (the definitive host), but can infect all mammals. T. gondii is only able to reproduce in the intestines of members of the family Felidae. To achieve this, T. gondii affects dopamine production and fear response in the amygdala of infected mice. Instead of feline urine causing fear, it instead causes arousal. The mice are attracted to feline urine and are more likely to be ingested, thereby completing the lifecycle of T. gondii. Given this, what effect would T.gondii have on the brains of the humans? A) Humans, unlike mice, have no reason to be afraid of cats. Therefore, infection by T. gondii will have no behavioral effect in humans. B) Humans have a different reward system than mice. Due to these differences, T. gondii cannot infect humans C) It is not possible to generalize human behavior based on the behavior of mice. D) By affecting the reward system, T. gondii is able to override the innate aversion to feline urine present in humans.

D) Auditory cortex => lateral and basolateral amygdala => midbrain => pons The midbrain, which includes the periaqueductal grey (an area stimulated by the amygdala during the startle reflex), is a relay station for the integration of sensory information. The auditory cortex outputs to the amygdala. The lateral and basolateral amygdala receive input from nociception, vision, and audition. These areas control the intensity of the reaction and also send axons to the hypothalamus to control the physiological response (i.e. rise in blood pressure). Output to the pons rather than the motor cortex cause the startle reflex. Damage to the pons causes a loss of the startle reflex

When a person is surprised by a loud noise, the information from the cochlea travels to the auditory cortex. The startle reflex causes physiological changes which include the neck muscles tensing within two-tenths of a second from the stimulus to the increased tension in the neck muscles. What is the pathway that allows this extremely quick transmission of threat information? A) Auditory cortex => midbrain => pons => lateral and basolateral amygdala B) Auditory cortex => midbrain => lateral and basolateral amygdala => pons C) Auditory cortex => lateral and basolateral amygdala => pons => motor cortex D) Auditory cortex => lateral and basolateral amygdala => midbrain => pons

Parasympathetic nervous system

When you have pupil constriction, increased salivation, decreased respiratory and heart rate, increased glucose storage, decreased adrenaline, and increased digestion is what kind of system is working?

Sympathetic nervous system

When you have pupil dilation, decreased salivation, increased respiratory and heart rate, increased glucose release, increased epinephrine (adrenaline), decreased digestion is what kind of system working?

Amygdala

When you stimulate your ___, it can bring feelings of anger, violence, fear, and anxiety. If destroyed, can cause a mellowing effect.

(C) I and III only Two of the main reasons that Darwin argued emotions are Universally expressed are: 1. Humans have evolved the same sets of facial muscles to express emotions, regardless of society/culture. 2. Regardless of society/culture, people will use the same expressions to communicate their emotions.

Which of the following are reasons some emotions are argued to be Universally expressed? I. Humans have evolved the same sets of facial muscles to express emotions, regardless of society/culture. II. Life events will be reacted to with similar emotions, regardless of society/culture. III. Regardless of society/culture, people will use the same expressions to communicate their emotions. (A) I only (B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) I, II and III

(D) A blind man will use similar facial expressions as the general public, even though he's never seen them. The blind man could not have "learned" these expressions without seeing them, but he still expresses them as others do. A and C both are learned from watching others (not innate). B has no adaptive value, since using words would improve the situation.

Which of the following examples best exhibit Darwin's theory that emotions have an adaptive or inherent value? (A) A child sees their parent bargaining with a sales clerk for a discount, and will attempt bargaining with their teacher. (B) A toddler is told to use their words to explain what is wrong, but the toddler only cries. (C) A child throws a tantrum after watching their younger sibling complain and get a toy. (D) A blind man will use similar facial expressions as the general public, even though he's never seen them.

(B) Social Readjustment Rating Scale The Social Readjustment Rating Scale measures stress using "Life change units" as a scoring system.

Which of the following is a scale based on stress, and is measured using "life change units"? (A) Life Changing Stress Scale (B) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (C) Stressor-Based Stress Scale (D) Resistance Rating Scale

A) High levels of pollution Ambient stressors are hard to control, and often happen in the background of one's life and active salience. Moving to an unfamiliar city and the death of a loved one would be a significant life change. Ambient stressors are global stressors, not individual, meaning that they can influence more than one person. Perceived disrespect from a peer would be a daily hassle.

Which of the following is an example of an ambient stressor? A) High levels of pollution B) The death of a loved one C) Perceived disrespect from a peer D) Moving to an unfamiliar city

(A) Vasoconstriction near digestive organs and Vasodilation near muscles will increase net bloodflow and blood pressure to the extremities, allowing them to increase performance and escape the stressor while still protecting vital organs.

Which of the following is the best description of bloodflow during the Fight or Flight Response? (A) Vasoconstriction near digestive organs and Vasodilation near muscles will increase net bloodflow and blood pressure to the extremities, allowing them to increase performance and escape the stressor while still protecting vital organs. (B) Peripheral Vasoconstriction will decrease bloodflow to the lower extremities, increasing blood pressure and saving blood for the core area and vital organs. (C) Vasodilation near digestive organs and Vasoconstriction near muscles will increase bloodflow and blood pressure to the extremities, allowing them to increase performance and escape the stressor. (D) Peripheral Vasodilation will decrease bloodflow to the core area and vital organs, and decrease blood pressure.

(C) Holding your puppy can make you happy by increasing heart rate, which changes certain neurotransmitter levels in the brain. The James-Lange theory of emotion hypothesizes that one's interpretations of physiological changes cause emotions. A physiological change precedes the emotion!

Which of the following scenarios would most follow the James-Lange theory of emotion? (A) Ashley is crying because she is already sad from not getting a rose. (B) Seeing a ghost, Scooby simultaneously started to feel fearful and started to scream (C) Holding your puppy can make you happy by increasing heart rate, which changes certain neurotransmitter levels in the brain (D) Jadeveon screamed in anger before the football play, because he thought the other team would score.

A) A woman gives financial assistance to a friend.

Which of these describes a person giving instrumental, or tangible support, a principle category of social support? A) A woman gives financial assistance to a friend. B) A woman gives advice to a friend. C) A woman goes out to the museum with her friend. D) A woman expresses empathy towards her friend.

B) Do I have the resources to deal with this? Primary appraisal ask questions regarding the risk or demand associated with a stressor as it relates to the individual. This would include personal threat and challenge assessment. Secondary appraisal evaluates possible outcomes, feelings, and perceptions associated with the stressor. It usually involves an assessment of one's ability to successfully cope with the stressor.

Which of these questions would an individual ask during the secondary appraisal according to Lazarus and Folkman's Cognitive appraisal model? A) What are the possible benefits to my self-esteem from this encounter? B) Do I have the resources to deal with this? C) Is this encounter a threat to myself or a loved one? D) How might I be challenged by this situation?

A) A man, who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. Simultaneously, the man's heart beat increases, he starts sweating, and he labels the emotion he is experiencing as fear. The James-Lange theory of emotion describes an event (encounter with bee) followed by a physiological response (fight or flight) which is interpreted as fear and fear is perceived. Lazarus theory requires that interpretation must happen before arousal or emotion, which happen simultaneously. The event (encounter with bee) was interpreted as being threatening before a physiological response (fight or flight) and emotion (fear) were to be perceived simultaneously. Since the event was interpreted as threatening a physiological response (fight or flight) and the emotion (fear) were elicited. Schachter-Singer theory describes an event (encounter with bee) which simultaneously elicits a physiological response (fight or flight) and an interpretation of the event. If these agree the emotion (fear) is experienced. Cannon-Bard theory describes an event (encounter with bee) which elicits simultaneous physiological response (fight or flight) and perception of an emotion (fear).

Which of these scenarios describes a scenario from the perspective of the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? A) A man, who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. Simultaneously, the man's heart beat increases, he starts sweating, and he labels the emotion he is experiencing as fear. B) A man, who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. He interprets that his allergy to bees makes this encounter threatening. Simultaneously, the man's heart beat increases, he starts sweating, and he labels the emotion he is experiencing as fear. C) A man, who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. Simultaneously, the man interprets that his allergy to bees makes this encounter threatening, his heart beat increases, and he starts sweating. He labels the emotion he is experiencing as fear. D) A man, who is allergic to bees, encounters a bee. The man's heart beat increases, he starts sweating, and he interprets these physiological changes as the emotion fear.

D) Volunteering

Which of these social factors has the most influence on a person's assessment of his or her own happiness? A) Social status B) Gender C) Income D) Volunteering

(C) Learned Helplessness In Learned Helplessness experiments, an animal has been so distressed that their performance has dropped, believing that they have no control over their stressors. Classical and Operant conditioning may have increases in arousal, but it could be either Eustress or Distress. Learned Helplessness is almost certainly extreme distress, making it a better answer.

Yerkes-Dodson Principle could also best be applied to which of the following ideas learned from extreme distress in animal experiments? (A) Classical Conditioning (B) Operant Conditioning (C) Learned Helplessness (D) Schrodinger's Box

Stressor

is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual. These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological