Life Span & Motor Development

Gallop, Slide, Skip

galloping and sliding involve the combination fundamental movements, the stop and the hop and/or leap, with the same foot always leading in the direction of movement. Girls obtain skip and hop skills before boys do.

Quantitative improvement

physical growth and skill refinement

Pre Adolescence and Adolescent Period

During this period, the quantity product of skill performance rapidly improves Quantitative improvement and Gender Differences

Cadence

# of steps per unit of time normal is about 100-115 steps/min.

Most adults don't choose to participate in physical activity

10-28% of adult population are aerobically active, Increased education, Increased income Increased level of activity, Decreased BMI

Key components of running

Brief period where both feet are off the ground.Arms are opposite to legs. Arms and legs are moving in the sagittal plane Nonsupport leg bent approximately 90 degrees.

Dynamic base

A change in width of the base of support from wide to narrow.

Running speed

A few studies looking at quantitative aspect of development running activity. girls running speed peaks 13 to 14 years old. Boys improve beyond 17 years old.

Ballistic Skills Summary ,Striking, throwing, kicking

A fundamental step and more truck rotation are used. Truck rotation is differentiated.Developmental trended are toward proficient mechanical performance.Projecting limb shows more and more lag.Not all individuals reach highest steps (level).

Running is defined as

A period of single support followed by a period of flight limbs off the ground

preparatory phase

All movement directed away from the intended line of projection

execution phase

All movement performed in the direction of the throw.

follow through

All movements following the release of the projectile.

Foot angle

Amount of toeing in or out. Toeing out decreases during the first 4 years.

Motor Milestones

Building blocks, Cumulative, sequential, Continuous but stage-like, Related to aging, Lead to future complex movement skills, Specific movements that lead to general actions

Anticipation

Anticipating aspects of skills are often studied with coincidence-anticipation tasks in which one anticipates the completion of a movement to coincide with the arrival of a moving object. Young children are more successful with large balls and flatter trajectories.

Rhythmical Stereotypies

Are repeated movement behavior it is also known as spontaneous movement, Spontaneous movement is not caused by any known external stimuli, Assumed to be extraneous movements with no purpose

knowledge

Awkward throwers possess significant less declarative knowledge than more talented throwers. Instructional cue critical elements, Identify critical cues that facilitates throwing performance

Physiological Changes

Cardiovascular endurance,Muscular endurance,Muscular strength, Flexibility, Body composition

Kicking fundamental ballistic skill

Children must have perceptual abilities and eye foot coordination to make contact. Place kicking Punting,Involves sudden contact to object in an overarm, sidearm, or underhand pattern.

Segmental body configuration Body components

Different body parts are broken down and described by the stage of motor development.

Rudimentary Movement

During infancy Infants begin to gain voluntary control of movements Understanding of surrounding environment, Is to attempt discovering effective patterns

According to lecture due to participate in sport activity, today's children perform better at fundamental movement patterns than children 20 years ago.

False;Proficiency barrier, decrease likelihood to participate in activities

fine motor skills

Finely tuned movements, Reaching and grasping becomes more refined during first 2 years, Initially move shoulders and elbows crudely, Move wrists, Rotate hands, Coordinate thumb and forefinger

Training effects on children Aerobic

Growth status and maturation levels must be considered, Aerobic training yields small improvements at best in pre-adolescents ,Aerobic training yields significant improvements after puberty, Trigger Hypothesis that holds that the hormonal levels of puberty are necessary for a substantial training effects,Relationship between maximum O2 uptake decreases with age, O2 - how much energy used, Either children are not increasing VO2 max or it is not a good method

what are the characteristics of early walking?

Hands and arms are in high guard position arms are at sides and away from their bodies ,Toes are pointed outwards,Wide base of support wide stance.Short steps with limiting leg and hip extension.Flat foot no heel strike,High knees

Catching

Ideally, objects are caught in the hands so they can be manipulated. Children initially position the arms and hands rigidly and sometimes trap the ball against their chests.

Infant Reflexes vs Lifespan Reflexes

Infant Reflexes: Don't last beyond 1 yr, Primitive reflexes, Postural/locomotor reflex/reaction; Lifespan Reflex, Last thru lifespan, Most are protective mech. from injury

Walking speed

Is determined by the length of the stride and frequency of the stepping. Step frequency decreases with advancing age during the childhood years.

Three voluntary movement skills

Locomotion, Manipulation, Orientation

Fundamental Movement Skills

Locomotor skills and manipulative skills

creeping

Move efficient form of prone locomotion rolling on stomach, Ipsilateral homolateral same side Contralateral opposite side

Developmental Sequence

National association for sport and physical education suggested that teaching fundamental motor skills at the k-5 level is viewed as the most important step in lifetime involvement in physical activities

foot action

No step, ipsilateral homolateral, short contralateral stop, long contralateral step.

backswing

None, shoulder flexion, upward backswing, down backswing.

Single support

Only one foot is in contact with the floor.

Proficient overarm throwing for force:

Opposite leg, long step, and differentiated trunk rotation

Stride length increases

Pelvic rotation.Heel then forefoot pattern.Contralateral arm swing.

Increases in Sport Participation

Physical Fitness, Movement skills,Entertainment Somewhat:,Self-esteem, Social behavior, Academic performance

crawling

Precedes creeping, Crawling 6 to 8 months

Throwing Skill ,ballistic

Products measure outcome, Process measures movement pattern, each had advantages and disadvantages

Primitive Reflex Profile

Quantification of the level of presence or strength of primitive reflexes

Manipulation

Reaching, Grasping, Releasing, Fine Motor Skills

Adult gait pattern

Reduction in out toeing and a change in the base of support from wide to narrow.

Stance phase 60% of gait cycle

Refers to the leg in contact with the floor.

Reflexes are involuntary movement to external stimuli

Rhythmical Stereotypies is practicing for future skills

Generation of differences on fundamental motor skills

Running (3rd graders) at a poor level, 52.2% of boys and 66.2% of girls. Overhand (4th graders) at a poor level, 36.6% of boys and 77.6% of girls. Hopping (3rd graders) at a poor level, 36.6% of boys and 55.9% of girls. Hopping (4th graders) at a poor level, 52.9% of boys and 52.7% of girls.

fundamental movement skills begin at what age?

Running begins at about 6 to 7 months after the onset of walking.

Purpose of stereotypies

Sensory stimulation Related to later voluntary movement

Role of Reflexes

Serve a definite purpose, Protection, Building blocks for developing sensorimotor system • If they do not disappear/appear = classified as patho problem • Diagnosis tool (ie: concussions and the Babinski Reflex)

Spontaneous Behaviors

Similar to "mature" movements Infant kicking & walking, Spontaneous arm movements & reaching

Refers to limb not in contact with the floor

Swing phase 40% of gait cycle

Hopping

Taking off on one foot and landing on the same foot asymmetric motion Does not have 50% phasing between legs.

Stride length

The distance between successive placements of heel contact of the same foot. Double the length of a step length in a normal gait.

describe gait cycle

The distance that is covered in two heel strikes with the same foot

Throwing for Accuracy

Throwers may use lower developmental steps for accurate throws than for forceful throws.

Throwing

Two handed underhand ,One handed underhand ,Sidearm ,Two handed overarm, One handed overarm

Gender Differences

Velocity curve for height, Secondary sex characteristics appear as a function of maturatio,Social Expectations,individual's sex is a biological characteristic and individual constraint,socially determined male or female characteristics determine gender Socio-cultural constraint

products measure outcome

accuracy, distance, ball velocity,quantitative

Secondary Sex Characteristics

appear as a function of • Skeletal age • Dental Age • Secondary sex characteristics

Developmental changes in overarm throwing

backswing, foot action, trunk and upper and forearm

Factors that influence overarm throwing performance

ball size and knowledge

Double support

both feet in contact with floor

advantages and disadvantages

but product measures often reflect body growth and maturation during childhood.

locomotion

children gaining the ability to position their bodies for movement from one location in space to another. Prone Locomotion

process measures movement

developmental sequences, qualitative

Step length

distance between heel contact of the opposite foot.

preparatory movement

includes flexion of both knees with arms extended behind the body.

Walking

individuals acquire a near adult walking pattern by the time they are 5 years old.

reflexes

infant reflexes and lifespan reflexes

fundamental manipulative movement

involves an individual's relationship to objects and is characterized by giving force to objects and/or receiving force from them.

what is up right locomotion

manner of walking upright,Walking 12 months,Walking with considerable support 8 months,Walking with laterally- side to side with support 10 months, Walking with slight support 11 months, Independent walking 12 months

trunk

no rotation, unit, Lag

upper and forearm

oblique, aligned but independent, lag.

Key components of jumping for distance

preparatory movement and arms extended forcefully

Divided into 3 phases

preparatory phase, execution phase and follow through

describe qualitative changes

process,description of the movement pattern

Quantitative changes

product, Accuracy, Distance, Force generation -includes kinetic description and/or description of outcome. includes segmental and whole body approach

no fundamental movement in skill

proficiency barrier

Total body configuration whole body approach

progress can be described by overall description of movement characteristics.

What is walking

progressive alteration of leading legs and continuous contact with the support surface.

Descriptions of Movement Behavior

qualitative and quantitative changes

Early Child Motor Behavior

rapid qualitative changes in motor behavior, development of the fundamental movement skills.

ball size

scaled up then performer resorts to a less mature throwing pattern in the backswing and forearm components, there is a transition from one handed grasping to two handed grasping.

Orientation

the most basic movement because of all voluntary movement involved an element of stability, Control of head and neck (1month to 5 month), Control of trunk (6 month), Sitting (8 month), Standing (12 month) First significant postural control lift their head; Rudimentary Movement

Arms extended forcefully forward and ?

upward reaching full extension above the head.Take off and land on both feet simultaneously. Arms are brought downward during the landing.

Training effects in elderly

• Adults who remain active decrease in aerobic endurance gradually • Sedentary adults who begin training can increase VO2 max • Improvement is associated with increased muscle mass

Sucking

• Finger to mouth, instantly starts sucking

Reasons for Sports Participation

• Have fun, win, excitement of competition, challenge of competition • COMPETITION

Muscle mass and strength

• In part, force a muscle can exert depends on its cross-sectional area hypertrophy • Neurological factors are involved first • Strength does not always parallel to muscle size

Primitive Reflexes

• Involuntary responses mediated by lower brain center. • Infant reflexes that are predominantly used for protection, nutrition, and/or survival.Palmar grasp; Touch palm, infant tightly grasps, Doesn't involve thumb, only

Endurance training effects in adults

• Maximum O2 uptake increases • Increase stroke volume • Increase maximum cardiac output (SV*HR) • O2 is better extracted from blood at muscular sites • Increased ventilation

Reasons for Drop Out

• No fun, loss of interest, too much pressure, tiring, boring, over emphasis on winning • COMPETITION

Rooting

• Object (nipple) touches infant's cheek, head turns towards object

Palmar mandibular, Babkin

• Pressure on both palms at same time, mouth opens

infant reflexes

• Primitive • Posture/locomotor

Major Movement Characteristics of Infants

• Reflexes and Rhythmical Stereotypies

Defining and Measuring muscular strength

• Strength is the ability to exert a muscular force • Eccentric • Concentric • Isometric • Sport and skill performance is enhanced • Activities of daily living requires strength

Reflexes as Diagnostic Tools during Infancy

• Used to indicate brain/birth injury as reflexes reflect the state of maturation in nervous system • Can help determine the neurological development of infant

What is the order of the fundamental motor patterns?

• Walk→Run→ Jump → Hop→ Gallop → slide → Skip