Life Span Development - Ch. 1-4

Which of the following is true of human development?

-Human development follows a predictable pattern because people develop in a similar manner. -This allows us to make generalizations about different stages of development.

Which of the following is true of adulthood?

-We go through different stages of adulthood. -In early adulthood we make many important life decisions. -Maintaining family ties in late adulthood prevents loneliness and depression.

According to emotional development theories, ____

11-year-olds are better at understanding other people's emotions than 3-year-olds.

What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a cross-sequential study?

A cross-sectional study compares groups at the same time, while a cross-sequential study compares groups over different periods of time

A scientist is designing an experiment with rats, and designates weight as the dependent variable. Why might this be the case?

Because the weight will be influenced by an outside actor that the scientist controls

How are Freud and Erikson's theories of development similar?

Both use similar age divisions and believe the unconscious is important.

All of the following statements are true about correlational research EXCEPT

It is not able to show negative relationships or relationships that change in different directions

Which of the following accurately describes the sampling frame in a research study?

It is the group of people from which the sample is drawn.

Which is the following is NOT a strategy older adults can use to delay a slowdown in their cognitive development?

Sleeping more

Mark is taking a high-stakes university exam and is sitting next to the smartest student in the class. Mark can clearly see his classmate's responses but refrains from copying the answers. Which of the following is affecting Mark's behavior?

Superego

The effects of major social and cultural trends or events on a particular group is referred to as what?

The cohort effect

All of the following statements reflect the beliefs of the psychoanalytic theory EXCEPT:

The conscious mind guides our psychosexual development

When someone refers to the population of a study, they are referring to:

The group of people a researcher is interested in.

The sample of a study consists of:

The group of subjects in the study.

Which of the following statements is true?

The independent variable is change fin the experimental group

How are surveys and interviews similar?

They both might elicit inaccurate responses

Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages can be compared to Freud's oral stage of development?

Trust vs. mistrust

Fourteen-year-old Rex is able to propose and test a mathematical hypothesis through various assessments. According to Case, Rex is at which stage of development?

Vectorial

According to Freud, people who get into fights tend to be motivated by _____.

death instincts

The concept that development occurs biologically, intellectually, and emotionally is called

multi-dimensionality

A long-lasting pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that deviate from relevant cultural expectations can be classified as a ___

personality disorder

A conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus, but not exactly the same, is called _____.

stimulus generalization

The attachment theory asserts that human behavior is influenced by _____.

unconscious urges and instinctual biological drives

A scientist plots data points from an experiment, and notices that the dependent variables and the independent variables in the data set are decreasing together. What kind of correlation have they discovered, and why?

A positive correlation because these describe situations where the dependent variables and the independent variables in a data set increase or decrease together

In what way is a survey better than a case study? I. It allows the researcher to collect information on a lot of people. II. It doesn't take that much time. III. It produces the most accurate data.

I and II

According to Bruner, a child between the age of one and six exists in the:

Iconic stage

Which of the following will not help a researcher ensure that their research is representative?

Increasing the sample diversity.

What is a condition or a piece of data in an experiment that can be controlled or changed?

Independent variable

A toddler who is able to understand simple relationships between actions or representations is at which stage of cognitive development?

Inter-relational.

Which method(s) of data collection make use of interviews?

Interviews and case studies

All of the following statements are true about the ego EXCEPT:

It accounts for our aggressive tendencies

All of the following are benefits of a true experiment EXCEPT

It always helps to prove that your hypothesis is true

According to attachment theory, the parent-child relationship is important because:

It lays the groundwork for all other relationships

Why is physical development important for babies and toddlers?

It leads to improved motor skills, which allows them to explore the environment

Erikson's developmental stage of industry vs. inferiority can be compared to which of Freud's psychosexual stages?

Latency

All of the following are characteristics of operant conditioning EXCEPT:

Learning occurs prior to the response

Which of the following is true of infancy?

Many physical milestones occur during infancy

As a young adult, Cara begins a career, learns new skills in the workplace and forms a healthy relationship. She is showing signs of:

Maturation

The cohort that came of age around the year 2000 is most commonly referred to as which of the following?

Millennials

What is it called when dependent variables and independent variables in a data set either increase or decrease opposite from one another

Negative correlation

How do Bruner and Piaget's views differ?

Only Bruner believed that development is a continuous process, not a series of stages.

Which of the following demonstrates the sequence of complexity in order?

Operational consolidation, unifocal coordination, bifocal coordination, elaborated coordination.

Freud maintained that the psychosexual development of a person's personality occurs mostly during which three key stages?

Oral, anal, and phallic

____ are a person's usual ways of thinking, behaving and feeling

Personality traits

How do you define cross-sectional research?

Research studies that make a comparison of different groups at the same time

How are social development and emotional development different?

Social development is about learning to interact with others, while emotional development is about understanding emotions

By looking at long-range data, a sociologist notices that occurrences of drunk driving are on the decline. How could the cohort effect be used to explain these changes?

Successive generations have been increasingly warned against the dangers of drunk driving, thus lowering drunk driving incidents.

As Tara conducts her research, she becomes concerned that her sample might not really represent the population under study in the research. Why is this a MAJOR concern?

The research cannot be generalized to the wider population if the sample is not truly representative.

Alex and Betty are the exact same age, but Alex has a learning disability. Should we expect their respective levels of cognitive development to be the same or different? Why?

They may be different, because Alex has a disability

Why might a researchers choose to do a case study rather than a survey or an interview?

They produce the most accurate result

Which of the following is TRUE about central conceptual structures?

They provide a framework for organizing information.

Why do people collect data?

To see if their hypotheses are true or not

Which of the following is NOT a type of human development?

Traditional

Which of the following is true of adolescence

We seek to find our identity during adolescence

Under which circumstances would a true experiment NOT be used

When a random sample cannot be used

How do you test an experiment's hypothesis?

You compare results from the experimental group with results from the control group

Bill received a new toy ball. It was not round like all of his other toy balls, but oval. He had to _____ this new information in order to understand how to play with it.

accommodate

Deception in psychological research is _____.

allowed but minimized as much as possible

The process of incorporating new information into existing knowledge is known as _____, whereas the process of adjusting our schemas to fit new information and events is known as _____.

assimilation; accommodation

Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment wouldn't be approved today because it _____.

caused physical and psychological harm

Your young daughter had never feared spiders. But after seeing you screech and react in fear a few times when a spider appeared in the house, she now cries whenever she sees a spider. This is an example of _____.

classical conditioning

Learning how to do multiplication is an example of ____

cognitive development

Traditionally theories of plasticity state that it ___ as people get older. However, current research contends that plasticity ___ as people age

declines; stays the same

The study of how people's thoughts, behaviors, emotions and relationships change as they grow is referred to as ____

development psychology

Molly overheard her dad telling her mom he got 'creamed' by his friend in a tennis match. This confused Molly, causing her to experience a conflict or _____, because she couldn't imagine her father turning into a creamy liquid.

disequilibrium

A personality trait is considered to be ____

enduring

An infant's crying, cooing, and smiling behaviors are intended to _____.

ensure the child's needs for safety and comfort get met

A pigeon receives a seed each time it pecks an electronic button on a device. If the button were to be turned off, the pigeon will peck at the button again and again, although no food comes out of the device. This is an example of _____.

extinction burst

In evaluating potential experiments, a research organization's Institutional Review Board tries to _____.

find a balance between the value to science and the potential harm done

In psychology, ____ is the physical process of development and ____ is the physical, intellectual or emotional process of development

growth, maturation

Development is the process of ____ and _____ that humans go through over their lifetime

growth; change

Which of the following true of childhood?

learn to make our own decisions during childhood we develop independence and self-confidence

The study of how people grow and change during all phases of their lives is called ____

life span development

Research studies that look at one individual or one group over a period of time are called

longitudinal research

The two guiding principles for ethical standards in psychological research are _____.

minimize harm and obtain informed consent

The concept that different elements of a person grow and shrink at different points in life is called

multi-directionality

Your son doesn't like to clean his room. Every time you remind him to put away his things and make his bed, he complains until you give in and tidy the room for him to stop his whining. This is an example of _____ for your son.

negative reinforcement

The American Psychological Association most commonly allows experiments to be conducted involving all of the following, EXCEPT _____.

primates

The attachment theory is based on _____.

psychoanalytic, evolutionary and ethological theories

Kim is participating in an experiment. She has as much change of being in group A as she does in group B. What is this called?

random sampling

Adolescents gain ____ skills as the prefrontal cortex of their brain develops

reasoning and problem-solving

According to Piaget, _____ is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

schema

Prevailing theories in psychology suggest that the main factors influencing our personalities include all of the following EXCEPT

strangers

Calvin is a singer who gets anxious when speaking to large groups. However, once he starts singing, he immediately feels confident and calm. His transient anxiety in front of large groups is an example of which of the following?

A state

What is a distinguishing characteristic between growth and maturation?

Growth is limited; maturation is limitless

At age 26, Sergio has had several romantic relationships that failed due to his jealousy and overdependence. Which of the following is a possible explanation for Sergio's behavior?

As an infant, he was insecurely-attached and received little attention or was abused

According to Erikson, at which stage does a child first develop a sense of independence?

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Why is it important to know a person's date and place of birth when doing social research?

Because a group of people born at a certain time and in a certain place are subject to similar influences

A scientist finishes an experiment, and concludes that there is a causal link between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Why might they come to this conclusion?

Because changes in the independent variable appear to cause change in the dependent varible

Why is plasticity important for development?

Because without plasticity, change would be impossible.

How can a researcher increase the validity of a case study?

By describing only what is being seen and avoiding making inferences

Sam's younger brother stops crying when he hears a specific nursery rhyme. As a child, Sam plays the song often for his little brother. As an adult, Sam tries to play the same song for his young daughter when she is crying. Sam's behavior is an example of learning because:

He adapted his behavior based on environmental learning

Which of the following is included in both Case's theory and Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Cognitive development occurs in stair step-like stages.

This is the theory that describes learning as an active process of constructing new ideas or concepts based on previous knowledge:

Constructivism

Which of the following studies could the cohort effect be most problematic for?

Cross-sectional studies

How can educators implement Piaget's principles?

Educators should include objects in the classroom so that the child can act on them. Different actions by the child should produce different effects.

This is the stage of representation in which an object can be directly manipulated, but without an internal representation of said object:

Enactive mode

Bruner's three stages of cognitive representation follow which order, from earliest to latest?

Enactive, iconic, symbolic

How do the theories of Freud and Erikson differ in reference to adult development?

Freud's theory of development ends at age 18, while Erikson believed development continued into adulthood.

Which of the following statement about growth is FALSE?

Growth impacts the mind