Life Span Mid-term Review

Which of the following is a reasonable criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

It stated that deferred imitation occurs about 12 months after birth.

During labor, which of the following is a function of the hormone oxytocin?

It stimulates contractions powerful enough to expel the baby.

Which of the following is true of the psychoanalytic perspective of development?

It views children and adults as caught in conflict.

Jaden, a nine-month-old infant, is placed face down at the edge of a table. In the context of depth perception, how will Jaden respond in this situation?

Jaden's breathing rate will increase.

Sarah has recently become a mother. She believes that she can shape the behavior of her child by focusing on the environment in which her child is raised. Sarah's ideas agree best with those of the philosopher _____.

John Locke

Jeremy is a student who is studying about genotypes and similarities in behavioral patterns and traits in families. He talks to different families to compare how similar people are and notices that parents and children seem quite similar with respect to the degree to which they display similarities in terms of certain behavioral traits. Aunts and uncles display somewhat less similarity to their nieces and nephews. First cousins display even less similarity to each other. What sort of study is Jeremy conducting?

Kinship study

___ refers to the fine, downy hair on preterm babies.

Lanugo

Which of the following is a difference between John Locke's and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings?

Locke focused on the role of the environment, whereas Rousseau focused on the expression of natural impulses.

Which of the following neonate shows the Moro reflex?

Susan flings out her arms and draws them back in response to the sound of the doorbell.

Which of the following is a difference between cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends?

The cephalocaudal trend involves development from head to tail, whereas the proximodistal trend involves development from the inner part of the body outward

Eight-month-old Ethan is not making much progress in his coordination and motor skills. Which part of the brain is his physician most likely to examine first?

The cerebellum

Which of the following is the focus of cognitive development?

The development of children's ways of perceiving and mentally representing the world

Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) occurs when the death of an infant occurs during which time period?

The first year

Robinette is four-year-old and goes to a play school when his mother goes to work. Robinette spends weekdays in this school, and gets to play with other children who are his age and also listens to rhymes and stories from his teacher. Which of the following systems is represented by Robinette's play school?

The microsystem

Which of the following is true of males who suffer from Klinefelter syndrome?

Their primary and secondary sex characteristics do not develop properly.

Which of the following is the purpose of an episiotomy during labor?

To prevent random tearing of the area between the birth canal and the anus

During the Middle Ages, children were often treated as miniature adults True/False

True

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that children were born inherently good. True/False

True

Monozygotic (MZ) twins are more likely to share psychological disorders such as autism than Dizygotic (DZ) twins. True/False

True

Punishments such as spanking are considered less effective than types of discipline that provide alternative, acceptable behaviors. True/False

True

Research with monkeys has helped psychologists understand the formation of attachment in humans True/False?

True

To learn how a person develops over a lifetime, researchers have tracked some individuals for more than 50 years. True/False

True

Major depression with perinatal onset is a serious mood disorder that is caused by ________.

a sudden drop in estrogen

6-month old Collin loves to put everything in his mouth. While playing, he grabs his sister's doll and tries to put 'its head in his mouth to suck on it. He notices right away that the doll's hair tastes bad, so he pulls it out and waves it around instead. In the context of Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, Collin is displaying _____.

accommodation

One study analyzed the results of several other studies regarding the use of marijuana during pregnancy and found that pregnant women who used the drug were more likely to develop ________ than those pregnant women who did not

anemia

Matt and Lynn do not have cystic fibrosis. However, their son is born with cystic fibrosis. Matt and Lynn:

are carriers of recessive genes causing the disease.

Injection of sperm into the uterus to fertilize an ovum is known as:

artificial insemination

The idea of childhood as a special time of life

became evident during the Industrial Revolution, as children became more visible.

According to John Locke, a child comes into this world as a(n) _____.

blank tablet

During the germinal period of prenatal development, the zygote has the form of a sphere of cells surrounding a cavity of fluid, which is called a(n)

blastocyst.

A(n) _____ is a carefully drawn account of the behavior of an individual.

case study

Rod-shaped structures composed of genes that are found within the nuclei of cells are called:

chromosomes

The discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth of humans is called _____ psychology.

developmental

Jane gave birth, at the same time, to two daughters, who were developed from two ova produced in the same month and fertilized by different sperm cells. The daughters have a 50 percent genetic overlap with each other. Jane's daughters are ________ twins

dizygotic

The _____ is the platelike inner part of the blastocyst that differentiates into the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm of the embryo

embryonic disk

Processing speed is a key component of ________ intelligence

fluid

From his research on intelligence tests, Piaget concluded that children's incorrect answers

followed consistent cognitive processes

When both alleles for a trait are different, the person is said to be _____.

heterozygous

Erikson argued that individuals frequently experience a period of inner conflict that causes them to examine their values and the roles they play in life. He referred to this period as _______.

identity crisis

Katherine is pregnant with her first child and has just started to feel the first of what will be many fetal movements. With only this information, one could draw the conclusion that Katherine is how far along in the pregnancy?

in the middle of the fourth month

Tara and Shawn are trying to conceive a baby; but they are infertile. So, Tara has had eggs harvested; and the eggs have been placed in a petri dish where they are to be fertilized using some of Shawn's sperm. Soon, these fertilized ova will be injected into Tara's uterus. In this scenario, Tara and Shawn are using _____ to conceive

in vitro fertilization

The most accurate statement about the use of reinforcement is it

increases the frequency of a behavior

A(n) _____ is a heated, protective container for premature infants

incubator

A(n) _____ refers to a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects can be observed.

independent variable

The field of ethology

involves the study of behaviors that are specific to a species.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that

is carried out by repetitive pairing of a stimulus to a response.

The ecological systems theory

is the view that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and environmental settings

Early in the last month of pregnancy, the head of the fetus settles in the pelvis in a process called

lightening

The unfolding of genetically determined traits, structures, and functions is called _____.

maturation

The form of cell division in which each chromosome splits lengthwise to double in number is called:

mitosis.

Kirk works at a stressful job for long hours. He frequently has headaches, fatigue and blurred vision as well as increased thirst and hunger. He remembers that his father and older brother suffered from the same symptoms and suffered from diabetes. He visits a doctor where he is also diagnosed with the same. In this scenario, Kirk's condition is an example of a

multifactorial problem

Three-year-old Daniel lacks proper muscle control and exhibits poor motor development. After several medical tests, his pediatrician discovers that myelin in Daniel's brain is replaced by hard, fibrous tissue that disrupts the timing of neural transmission, interfering with muscle control. Daniel has been diagnosed with _____.

multiple sclerosis

After mitosis, the genetic code is identical in new cells unless radiation or other environmental influences cause _________ .

mutations

Erica's child shows signs of intellectual disability. The child's diagnosis reveals that this is due to phenylketonuria (PKU). The child's intellectual disability is caused by lack of _____.

myelination

Meiosis is also known as

reduction division

In preterm infants, respiratory distress syndrome occurs because of ________________.

the lack of lubrication between the walls of air sacs in the lungs

Research on language development in infants show that -_________________

they are born ready to learn any language but quickly lose sensitivity to sounds not found in their native language

Physicians prefer cesarean sections to vaginal delivery when _______________.

they believe that normal delivery may threaten the mother or child

The head develops more rapidly than the rest of the body during the embryonic stage. By eight weeks after conception, the head constitutes half the entire length of the embryo. 68-In the context of cephalocaudal development, the torso increases in length by _____ between birth and maturity.

three times

Ariana is in labor and experiences strong contractions. Upon examination, her obstetrician notices that her cervix is almost fully dilated and the head of the fetus is moving into the vagina. In this scenario, Ariana is experiencing _____.

transition

The tonic-neck reflex is observed when the baby______________.

turns the head to one side, extending the arm and leg on that side, and flexing the limbs on the opposite side

Young Vincenzo is about 3 months old, and is sometimes seen holding a favorite blanket between his fingers and his palm. This is called a(n) ________

ulnar grasp

Which of the following is an outcome of using general anesthesia during delivery?

It reduces the responsiveness of the baby shortly after birth

Which of the following is true of preimplantation genetic diagnosis?

It reveals the sex of embryos

Which of the following statements is true of cesarean section performed during childbirth?

It prevents the transmission of viruses that cause genital herpes and AIDS.

Dizygotic (DZ) twins share what percent of their genes?

50

Which of the following happens during the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development?

A growth spurt of the brain occurs due to neurons proliferating

Which of the following can interfere with parents bonding with infants?

A history of rejection by one's own parents

According to Jean Piaget, when assimilation does not allow the child to make sense of novel events, children try to modify existing schemes through ________.

Accommodation

Amanda is in labor and unable to cope with the pain of her contractions. Her obstetrician decides to administer a local anesthetic to ease her pain. The anesthesia is injected into Amanda's spinal canal, and she feels numb below the waist. In this scenario, which of the following methods of anesthesia does Amanda's obstetrician use?

An epidural block

Why would longitudinal studies be very effective at helping to identify changes that occur as a function of the passage of time?

Because these studies follow the same group of people over an extended period of time, often with multiple observations made at different intervals.

Which infant is most likely to have an easier time staying asleep at night even if there are noises in his or her environment?

Bether, who sleeps while exposed to regular background noise.

Which of the following is a similarity between the psychosexual theory of development and the psychosocial theory of development?

Both theories see children as developing through distinct periods of life.

-_____ are short fibers that extend from the cell body and receive incoming messages from up to 1,000 adjoining transmitting neurons

Dendrites

____________ refers to the processes by which behaviors and physical structures become specialized.

Differentiation

Whose theory of psychosocial development places the greatest emphasis on the ego?

Erik Erikson

Nail biting and smoking cigarettes are signs of conflict experienced during early childhood. True/False

False

Which of the following is a limitation of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual theory?

Freud placed too much emphasis on basic instincts and unconscious motives

Which of the following is a difference between genotypes and phenotypes?

Genotypes are the sets of traits that we inherit from our parents, whereas phenotypes are the actual sets of traits that we exhibit

Why are mothers who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) advised to feed their babies with formula rather than with breast milk?

HIV can be passed through breast milk

Which of the following was a belief held by John Locke?

He believed that the role of the environment or of experience was crucial to a child's conduct.

Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding?

It increases the infant's chances to ward off health problems

Which of the following is a downside of breastfeeding?

It increases the likelihood of transmitting alcohol or drugs to an infant.

Which of the following statements is true of the Babinski reflex observed in neonates?

It normally disappears toward the end of the first year.

Which of the following is a difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

Monozygotic twins are derived from a single zygote that has split into two, whereas dizygotic twins are derived from two zygotes

Which of the following is true of the stages of locomotion in an infant?

Most infants begin to crawl at about eight to nine months of age.

Which of the following is true of visual preferences in infants?

Most one-month-old infants direct their attention to the edges of objects.

Which of the following is true of the stages of locomotion in a toddler?

Most toddlers frequently fall because they are top-heavy

Which of the following is true of brain development in infancy?

Myelination of motor pathways allows neonates to show stereotyped reflexes.

Jamil is studying children's friendship patterns. He goes to an elementary school and asks the permission of parents to watch their children while they are playing in the playground. He unobtrusively sits down on a bench and records how many invitations each child receives to play and from whom. In the given scenario, which of the following methods of gathering information is Jamil using?

Naturalistic observation

Which of the following is a difference between the nature and nurture explanations of development?

Nature explanations suggest that human behavior is biologically programmed, whereas nurture explanations suggest that human behavior is learned

Which of the following is true of sperm that enter a woman's vagina?

Out of all the sperm in the ejaculate, only one can fertilize an ovum successfully.

Which of the following is true of ova?

Ova are much larger than sperm.

Amar is a pediatrician and an expert on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Which of the following suggestions is he most likely to give to parents to help prevent the disorder?

Place the baby to sleep on their back for every sleep.

Carly has a two-week-old infant, and she is excessively concerned about her baby's safety. She stays awake during nights as she feels her baby will need her while she is asleep. She even believes that her room is full of spiders and that they might harm her baby. Which of the following psychological conditions does Carly's case illustrate?

Postpartum psychosis

_____________ refers to Vygotsky's term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help a child as he or she learns to function independently

Scaffolding

Jenny weighed five pounds at birth. She seems to have a poor diet as she is only eight pounds at one year of age. When a child protection services official visits her home, he suspects that the problem is her family's negligence toward her. In this scenario, Jenny is most likely suffering from _____.

nonorganic failure to thrive In the given scenario, Jenny is most likely suffering from nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT). Variable eating and inadequate weight gain characterizes failure to thrive (FTT). The cause for organic FTT is an underlying health problem, whereas nonorganic FTT may have psychological roots, social roots, or both as in the case of Jenny.

The grasping of objects between the fingers and the thumb is referred to as the _____.

pincer grasp

Katerina is a one-month-old baby. She just discovered her hand. She lowers it out of view, then brings it into view, and repeats this process on a regular basis. Katerina's behavior is an example of a ________.

primary circular reaction

Maturational theorists point out that the environment, even when enriched, _____.

profits us little until we are ready to develop