Lifespan - Chapter 2

What are the low birth weight categories and weights?

1. Low birth weight = less than 5 lb 8oz 2. Very low birth weight = less than 3 lb 4 oz 3. Extremely low birth weight = less than 2 lb 3 oz

What are 3 aspects of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen?

1. The sex of the fetus 2. The abilities of the placental membrane and placental transport 3. The genotype of mother and fetus

The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable _____ months after conception.

3

At what prenatal age is the fetus viable?

6 months (but it will need significant care)

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of both.

Behavior geneticists

_____ is a complex molecule that has a double helix shape and contains genetic information.

DNA

Which of the following is a chromosomally transmitted form of intellectual disability caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21?

Down Syndrome

During which period the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear?

Embryonic

Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors?

Evolutionary psychology

True or false: Those with XYY syndrome are more prone to aggression and violence.

False

When is the Apgar scale test administered?

Immediately after birth

Spina Bifida

Incomplete development of the spinal cord or its coverings, resulting in varying degrees of paralysis of the lower limbs

What are the four phases of brain development?

Neural tube Neurogenesis Neural migration Neural connectivity

4 diseases that can produce defects in offspring or cause damage during birth?

Rubella Syphillis Genital Herpes

What can cross the placental wall?

Small molecules

Which prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

Some antidepressants Antibiotics Acne medications Synthetic estrogen

In general, prenatal care involves which 3 things:

Testing for treatable diseases A defined schedule of visits for medial care Screening for manageable conditions

How are characteristics that suit a species for survival transmitted from one generation to the next?

The genetic code inherited from our parents

What does Behavior Genetics investigate?

The influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

True or false: During the first stage of the birth process, which is the longest of the three stages, the uterine contractions will cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open to about 10 centimeters.

True During the first stage of the birth process, which is the longest of the three stages, the uterine contractions will cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open to about 10 centimeters.

Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist?

Twin or adoption studies

When does the embryonic stage occur?

When Implantation occurs, then lasts from weeks 2-8.

Someone with Turner syndrome has what chromosomes?

XO

How long does the postpartum period last?

about 6 weeks

3 things that are generally lower in individuals with FASD:

executive functioning. IQ. life expectancy.

What can help prevent neural tube defects?

folic acid

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as:

implantation

3 things more likely to be lower in children born to mothers who used marijuana during their pregnancy:

impulse control. intelligence. attention.

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that:

increase reproductive success.

What is the endoderm?

innermost germ layer of Embryo: becomes digestive and respiratory tract.

Regarding alcohol consumption, According to the U.S. surgeon general:

no alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

The use of opiate-related pain relievers or synthetic opioids during pregnancy is

not recommended.

The process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development is referred to as:

organogenesis

The female egg is known as the:

ovum

The Lamaze method, a method similar to natural childbirth, is also known as:

prepared childbirth.

What is the ectoderm?

the germ layer covering the embryo's surface Becomes the nervous system, sensory receptors, and skin parts.

Fragile X syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which:

there is an abnormality on the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.

The fertilized egg is called the:

zygote

What are the apgar score ranges?

0-3 severe distress 4-6 moderate distress 7-10 no distress

Prenatal development is sometimes described in terms of equal three-month periods called _____.

Trimesters

3 aspects of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen?

XXXXXXXXXX The genotype of mother and fetus The dose of the teratogen The sex of the fetus The abilities of the placental membrane and placental transport

A common outcome of fragile X syndrome is:

mental deficiency.

Genes are passed from generation to generation through three processes called:

mitosis meiosis fertilization

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is:

psychoactive drugs.

The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns at:

1 and 5 minutes after birth.

What are the two birth defects related to failure of the neural tube to close?

1. Anencephaly (head-end of the neural tube fails to close, and highest regions of the brain fail to develop). 2. Spina Bifida

When does neuronal migration occur?

15 weeks

Organogenesis takes place primarily during the first ______ months of prenatal development.

2

The embryonic period occurs from ____ weeks to eight weeks after conception.

2 weeks

When does neural connectivity begin?

23rd week

Approximately how many months after conception is the fetus about three inches long, actively moving its arms and legs and head, and exhibiting a distinguishable face, forehead, eyelid, nose, and chin? (At this stage, however, the mother cannot yet feel the arms and legs moving.)

3 months

Average birth weight and length are:

7.5 lbs 20 inches

Which of the following statements are true of a doula?

A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth. A doula is a caregiver.

What are the three basic types of drugs that are used for a typical labor with no complications?

Anesthesia Analgesia Oxytocin/Pitocin

According to Gilbert Gottlieb's epigenetic view, which of the following characterizes the relationship between heredity and environment in development?

Bidirectional

What is a "small for date" infant?

Birth weights are below normal for the length of the pregnancy. Weight is less than 90% of all babies born of the same gestational age. Can be preterm or full-term.

What occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube?

Conception

Match the time frame of prenatal growth with the name of the developing organism.

Conception to two weeks post-conception : zygote Two weeks to eight weeks, post-conception : embryo Two months post-conception to birth : fetus

3 things take place during the germinal period of prenatal development?

Creation of the fertilized egg Cell division Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prenatal development?

Creation of the zygote (fertilized egg) Cell Division (specialization begins @ 1 week) Implantation: Attachment of the zygote to the Uterine Wall (occurs at 10-14 days) Blastocyst = Group of cells consisting of Trophoblast (outer layer of cells that provide nutrition) and inner layer that will become the embryo.

What are considered teratogens?

Drugs Incompatible Blood Types Environmental Pollutants Infectious Diseases Nutritional Deficiencies Advanced maternal or paternal age Maternal stress

True or false: Most research of newborns shows that they must have close contact with the mother in the first few days of life to develop emotions.

False A body of research has found that this extreme form of bonding is not necessary for emotional development.

True or false: E-cigarettes are less harmful to a developing fetus and are therefore a good option for pregnant women.

False There is a misconception that e-cigarettes are less harmful than regular cigarettes for pregnant women. E-cigarette aerosols have been linked to low birth weight in offspring.

When is the basic architecture assembled during the prenatal period?

First two trimesters

Prenatal development is divided into which three periods?

Germinal Embryonic Fetal

3 characteristics of Down syndrome?

Intellectual and motor disabilities A round face and a flattened skull An extra copy of chromosome 21

Which of the following are benefits of the Apgar Scale?

It is good at assessing the newborn's ability to respond to the stress of delivery and its new environment. It identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.

Males who have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY, have:

Klinefelter syndrome.

Which of the following is a childbirth strategy similar to natural childbirth that includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor?

Lamaze

The three stages of birth are not of equal length; the first stage is ______ than the others.

Longer

Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) ______ infant.

Low birth weight

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to which 2 things?

Low birth weight Lower intelligence

According to a large-scale study, pregnant women's caffeine intake was linked to which of the following in their offspring?

Lower birth weight

The prenatal testing that should be performed depends on which 3 things?

Medical history Mother's age Genetic risk factors

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the:

Mesoderm

The evolutionary process by which the best-adapted individuals of a species survive and reproduce is called ______.

Natural Selection

4 psychoactive drugs?

Nicotine Alcohol Marijuana Caffeine

Does FASD decrease a baby's blood pressure?

No.

Prenatal care often includes which 3 components?

Nutritional services Comprehensive educational services Social services

What is a phenotype?

Observable and measurable characteristics of an individual

The ______ is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

Placenta

What are the preterm categories?

Preterm = Born 3 weeks or more before full term (35 weeks) Very Preterm = Born between 28 and 33 weeks Extremely Preterm = Born before 28 weeks

What is the mesoderm?

The middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm. Becomes circulatory, skeletal, muscular, reproductive, and excretory systems.

True or false: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.

This is true. The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes as well as by complex environments.

True or false: Infants born to women using synthetic opioids or opiate-related pain relievers are at risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.

True Infants can be born with opioid withdrawal if their mothers used these substances during pregnancy.

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.

True This level of alcohol use can have a negative effect on the fetus but will not cause fetal alcohol syndrome.

True of False: Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.

True Unless it is metabolized or is too large, virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta.

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing or part of one X chromosome is deleted is referred to as:

Turner syndrome.

Prenatal diagnostic tests include:

Ultrasound Sonography Fetal MRI Chorionic Villus Sampling Amniocentesis Maternal Blood Screening

3 characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome:

Undeveloped testes. Tallness. Extra X chromosome. Enlarged breasts.

The birth process occurs in three stages: the first is the longest, during which the contractions intensify; the second begins when the baby's head starts to move through the birth canal; and during the third stage the _____ (the term that describes the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes) is expelled.

afterbirth

Barbiturates, tranquilizers, and narcotics are all forms of ______ and are used to relieve pain during labor.

analgesia

What does APGAR stand for?

appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as _____.

bonding

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?

cognitive deficits impaired language development impaired motor development

The two new cells created by mitosis:

contain the same DNA as the original cell.

According to developmental psychologist David Moore, genetic factors

do not determine phenotypes independently from the contexts in which they develop.

In a gene pair, the _____ gene will always override the potential influence of the other gene of a pair.

dominant

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a:

doula

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

The prenatal stage that begins about two months after conception is the _____ stage.

fetal

Which of the following is the prenatal period that lasts about seven months?

fetal

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as:

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

In the trimester view of prenatal development, both the germinal and embryonic periods of development occur during the _____.

first trimester.

What is a genotype?

genetic makeup of an individual

The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception is known as the ______ period.

germinal

Anencephaly

head-end of the neural tube fails to close, and highest regions of the brain fail to develop.

APGAR Scale Evaluates (5)

heart rate. respiratory effort. muscle tone. body color reflex irritability

XYY syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the:

male has an extra Y chromosome.

During _____, the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. During _____, a specialized form of cell division occurs to form egg and sperm cells.

mitosis meiosis

The umbilical cord connects the baby to the _____, a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join.

placenta

The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).

postpartum

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with:

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.

Human traits and characteristics that are genetically influenced have an evolutionary history that is

retained in our DNA.

Women who plan to have children should be given a blood test before they become pregnant to determine whether they are immune to:

rubella

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy.

smoked

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n):

teratogen

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) _____ to the unborn fetus.

teratogen

Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when:

the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.

What is neurogenesis? When is it most active during the prenatal period?

the formation of new neurons. Most active around 5 weeks, and continues through prenatal period, though largely complete by 5th month 5 weeks through 5 months

The birth process occurs in ______ stages.

three

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

time of exposure genetic susceptibility the dosage