Lifespan - Chapter 9

Michael is beginning to print his first name; Michael is most likely how old?

4

By age 11, how many words do kids know?

40,000

How many different phonemes in english?

44

By as early as ______ months of age, an infant can recognize his or her name when someone says it.

5

What is the average age that a child understands their first word?

5 months

Which of the following statements is true regarding common first words?

A child's first words are usually things that he or she is familiar with.

What new skills do children gain upon entering school? Ability to recognize and talk about sounds Increasing use of overextension Increasing use of language to talk about things that are not physically present Ability to engage in telegraphic speech Knowledge of what a word is

Ability to recognize and talk about sounds Increasing use of language to talk about things that are not physically present Knowledge of what a word is

Which of the following is true of children in early elementary grades that reverse letters such as b and d and p and q?

Absent other developmental problems, it does not predict literacy problems.

When learning a second language, which group tend to learn faster but attain a lower final level of second-language attainment?

Adults

Infant communication/vocalization ages for: Crying Cooing Babbling Showing/Pointing

Birth 2-4 mo 6 mo 8-12 mo

What does research on infants' recognition of language sounds demonstrate?

By their first birthday, infants lose the ability to recognize differences in sounds not important in their own language.

How do infants use early vocalizations?

Communicate Attract attention

Which of the following is key to the development of young children's vocabulary?

Consideration of grammar and vocabulary

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of child-directed speech? Higher pitch Exaggerated intonation Simple words Faster tempo

Faster tempo It actually has a slower tempo.

Which of the following is NOT one of the five systems of rules of language? Generativity Morphology Pragmatics Syntax

Generativity

Which form of infant communication begins at 8 to 12 months of age?

Gesturing

Which of the following are true about fast mapping? It allows children to learn word meanings in a deeper sense. It explains children's ability to quickly learn the connection between a word and its referent. It is a helpful way for older children and adolescents to gain reading comprehension skills. It teaches children to use the plural and possessive forms of nouns.

It allows children to learn word meanings in a deeper sense. It explains children's ability to quickly learn the connection between a word and its referent.

______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.

Language

Before learning to read, which must a child be able to do? (Select all that apply) Learn how to recognize and talk about sounds Use language to talk about things that are not present Understand how to use language in a culturally appropriate way Learn what a word is

Learn how to recognize and talk about sounds Use language to talk about things that are not present Learn what a word is

When do kids begin to organize their mental vocabulary in new ways?

Middle and Late Childhood

______ refers to the units of meaning involved in word formation.

Morphology

Who proposed that humans are biologically prewired for language? What is the endowment that allows them to do this?

Noam Chomsky LAD (Language Acquisition Device)

What cognitive ability is especially important for good writing?

Organization

______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.

Phonology

______ is to sound units as morphology is to meaning.

Phonology

Which of the following are true about reading development for English speakers? Rates of dyslexia are higher in countries that speak English than those with phonetically pronounced alphabet scripts. Learning to read English is difficult because of its irregular spellings and pronunciations. Phonological awareness is an important skill in learning to read English. English speakers tend to develop literacy skills earlier than non-English speakers.

Rates of dyslexia are higher in countries that speak English than those with phonetically pronounced alphabet scripts. Learning to read English is difficult because of its irregular spellings and pronunciations. Phonological awareness is an important skill in learning to read English.

___ vocabulary refers to words a child understands.

Receptive

Phonics Approach

Teaches basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds

Which statement is true regarding telegraphic speech?

Telegraphic speech is not limited to two words. Telegraphic speech leaves out articles and connectives

If an infant exhibits a lack of pointing in his communication system, which of the following may be true?

The infant might have a problem in his communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.

Which view of language acquisition emphasizes both the biological and the experiential contribution to language development?

The interactionist view

With what is Broca's area associated?

The production of words

What supports Chomsky's theory?

The uniformity of language milestones across languages and cultures, evidence of creating language even in the absence of appropriate input

True or false: Before learning to read, children generally learn to use language to talk about things that are not present, learn what a word is, and learn how to recognize sounds and talk about them.

True

True or false: Researchers suggest that instruction to enhance U.S. children's ability to read and write should be built on skills that the children already know.

True

True or false: Students in the United States are far behind their counterparts in many developed countries in learning a second language.

True

True or false: According to Chomsky, children's language acquisition device provides them with the ability to form plural words.

True Chomsky believed that the language acquisition device (LAD) is related to the understanding of syntax and semantics.

Carter is 20 months old. He drinks out of a cup with a zebra on it. He uses the word cup to identify his zebra cup. He will use the word cup only when he is referring to his zebra cup. In what is Carter engaging?

Underextension

MacKenzie is 18 months old. Her family has a white poodle for a pet, and MacKenzie has learned that the poodle is a puppy. She refuses to call any other dog "puppy." In what is MacKenzie engaging?

Underextension

Which of the following is LEAST fundamental to becoming a good reader? Understanding pragmatics Getting the gist of what is being read Monitoring one's reading progress Being able to summarize

Understanding pragmatics

Gains in semantics result in dramatic increases in which of the following in early childhood?

Vocabulary development

Someone who has poor comprehension and often produces fluent but incomprehensible speech may have damage to what region of the brain?

Wernicke's area

What region of the brain is associated with comprehension of language?

Wernicke's area

Which of the following is LEAST likely to increase students' writing competence?

Whole-language instruction

Which of the following are components of language? Multiple select question. Words used by a community Rules for combining words Perceptual categorization Rules for varying words

Words used by a community Rules for combining words Rules for varying words

Which of the following is NOT an advance in language skills that takes place in middle and late childhood? Written language skills improve prior to oral language skills. Vocabulary increases dramatically. Children can think about their language, understand what words are, and even define them. Complex grammar is more easily understood.

Written language skills improve prior to oral language skills.

What is language?

a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

The development of a sense of who we are during adolescence and the adult years is called our:

identity

Compared to adults who are learning a second language, childhood second-language learners are ______. (Select all that apply) more likely to learn from smaller amounts of input less likely to use explicit strategies less sensitive to feedback better at learning vocabulary more likely to learn from large amounts of input

less likely to use explicit strategies less sensitive to feedback more likely to learn from large amounts of input

The use of plural and possessive forms of nouns, prepositions, and the various forms of the verb to be demonstrates a child's understanding of:

morphology rules.

In the ______ approach to reading instruction, the main focus is learning the rules for translating written symbols (the printed alphabet) into sounds.

phonics

The approach to reading instruction that emphasizes the importance of teaching the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds is called the ______ approach

phonics

An example of ______ is how in English some words start with sch as in school, but no words start with the cluster chs.

phonology

Bilingualism has a ______ effect on children's language and cognitive development.

positive

If you say "Hey, Buddy!" when greeting your friend but "Hello, Mrs. Berra" when greeting your teacher, you are demonstrating that you understand:

pragmatics

Rebecca, a 6-year-old, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to Rebecca's greater understanding of:

pragmatics

The appropriate use of language in different contexts refers to the ______ of language.

pragmatics

When using two-word utterances, children also rely heavily on all of the following to convey meaning EXCEPT: tone. context. gesture. pragmatics.

pragmatics

Pragmatics

principles that underlie the effective and appropriate use of language in social contexts i.e. Using language to communicate effectively

What is the whole-language approach?

reading instruction should parallel children's natural language learning Recognize whole words or sentences, and use context of what they are reading to guess the meaning of words

The rephrasing of something the child has said, perhaps by turning it into a question or restating an immature utterance in a grammatically correct sentence, describes:

recasting

Kuhl's research showed that in the first six months of life infants are "citizens of the world," meaning they:

recognize sound changes no matter what the language.

"The car talked the girl into buying an apple" is ______ correct but ______ incorrect.

syntactically; semantically

The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences is called:

syntax

We realize that the sentence "You didn't stay, didn't you?" is unacceptable and ambiguous because we understand:

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in:

syntax

The use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives is called:

telegraphic speech.

The only technologically advanced Western nation that does NOT have a national foreign-language requirement at the high school level is:

the United States.

infinite generativity

the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

Overextension

the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning ex: Calling every woman "mom"

Underextension

the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language ex: Only your pet is a cat.

Which of the following activities is LEAST likely to aid in the development of preschoolers' literacy skills?

watching TV

Examples of Pragmatics

when to use polite forms. how to take conversational turns. monitoring one's speech and comprehension. difficult for autistic kids

In classrooms adopting a ______ approach, beginning readers are taught to recognize words or even entire sentences and to use the context of what they read to guess at the meaning of words.

whole-language

At 18 months, the average infant can speak about ______ words.

50

At what age does babbling first begin?

6 months

What age does babbling begin?

6 months

When does a child change from universal linguist to language-specific listener

7-11 months

When does a child use gestures, and when does comprehension of words appear?

8-12 months

According to research, psychological goals of early adulthood that require expanded linguistic skills include which of the following? (Select all that apply) A sense of identity A completed college degree Establishing intimate relationships Entering the work world

A sense of identity Establishing intimate relationships Entering the work world

What is the term for the loss or impairment of language processing?

Aphasia

What is subtractive bilingualism?

The native language is less robust, and the dominant language of the society takes its place.

A byproduct of subtractive bilingualism is that children:

become ashamed of their home language.

Bound Morpheme

morpheme that always attaches to other morphemes, never existing as a word itself "-ed"

When does a sharp drop for bilingualism occur?

10-12 years

How long ago did humans acquire language?

100,000

What is the average age a child speaks their first word?

13 months

How many words do kids know by 1st grade?

14,000

The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.

18

When does vocabulary spurt occur?

18 months

At what age do children begin using two-word utterances?

18 to 24 months

When do kids start vocalizing using two word sentences?

18-24 months

When does a child use 2-word utterances? Also rapid expansion of word understanding?

18-24 months

When do pointing and gesture skills improve?

2nd yr

Broca's Area

Left frontal Lobe Speech Production

Why can children in middle and late childhood understand the appropriate use of comparatives (shorter, deeper) and subjectives ("If you were president...")?

Because of improvements in logical reasoning and analytical skills

Which of the following are social interactions that are important in language development? (Select all that apply) Caregiver responsiveness Joint attention Educational TV programming Gaze following Intensive instruction

Caregiver responsiveness Joint attention Gaze following

Which of the following are characteristic of the whole-language approach? (Select all that apply) Children are given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems. Reading is connected with listening and writing skills. Reading is integrated with other skills and subjects, such as science and social studies. Reading instruction is focused on teaching basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

Children are given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems. Reading is connected with listening and writing skills. Reading is integrated with other skills and subjects, such as science and social studies.

Select all of the following that are ways to learn words. Children learn words when they hear them often. Children learn words when grammar is not used at first introduction to the word. Children learn words when grammar and vocabulary are considered. Children learn words for things that interest them.

Children learn words when they hear them often. Children learn words when grammar and vocabulary are considered. Children learn words for things that interest them.

True or false: Phonological awareness is critical to learning to read in every language.

False To some degree, the extent to which phonological awareness is linked to learning to effectively read varies across languages.

___-mapping is when children have the ability to make an initial connection between a word and its referent after limited exposure.

Fast

How many rule systems are involved in language organization?

Five

Which of the following statements about the role of TV in language development is accurate?

It is only effective if a caregiver cowatches it and communicates about it with the child.

Who invented the Wugs study?

Jean Berko

___ is naming objects that children seem interested in.

Labeling

Semantics

Meaning of words and sentences

Which term refers to an implied comparison between unlike things?

Metaphor

Which of the following can teachers use to encourage writing skills? (Select all that apply) Strategy instruction Summarization Bilingualism Peer assistance Focus on pragmatics

Strategy instruction Summarization Peer assistance

Some immigrant children go from being monolingual in their home language to being bilingual in that language and in English, only to end up as monolingual speakers of English. What is the term for this phenomenon?

Subtractive bilingualism

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of early vocalizations?

To practice the semantics of language

Which statements describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood? Multiple select question. Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children struggle with cultural issues related to speech. Young children are able to present competent narratives. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting.

Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children are able to present competent narratives. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting.

Free Morpheme

a morpheme that can stand alone as a word "Cat, yellow, go"

Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language:

acquisition device.

As children enter school, they learn the ______ principle—the fact that the letters of the alphabet represent sounds of the language.

alphabetic

A good example of satire is:

caricatures

Sociolinguistic knowledge

culturally specific rules specifying how language should be structured and used in particular social contexts

Adolescents can think abstractly. This enables them to create a comparison between unlike things, which is called a:

metaphor.

Child-___ speech consists of language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences.

directed

Telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car" or "mommy give icecream" —using mostly nouns and verbs. Not limited to 2-words

Interactionist View of Language

emphasizes that both biology and experience contribute to language development

In statistical learning, infants soak up statistical regularities in the world through:

exposure

For an infant, statistical learning involves:

extracting information from the world to learn about the environment.

"See kitty" is an example of a two-word utterance that a child would use for the purpose of:

identifying

As children's processing of words and passages becomes more automatic, their reading becomes more:

fluent

An infant smacking her lips to indicate that she wants food or drink is an example of:

gesturing

Phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Morpheme

in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

Parents and teachers who provide a rich verbal learning environment for children do which of the following to attain positive outcomes? make them use correct grammar label things in the their environment read to them pay attention to what children try to say

label things in the their environment read to them pay attention to what children try to say

Wernicke's Area

left temporal cortex; language comprehension

The first words for English-speaking and Romance-language-speaking infants are usually:

nouns.

Which of the following are important to becoming a good writer? (Select all that apply) organization and logical reasoning skills employing stream of consciousness monitoring writing progress being receptive to feedback ignoring formal rules

organization and logical reasoning skills monitoring writing progress being receptive to feedback

According to research, which of the following methods is most effective and should be emphasized in reading instruction?

phonics

An increasing number of experts in the field of reading now conclude that a key aspect in learning to read is direct instruction in

phonics

The use of irony, derision, or wit to expose folly or wickedness is described as:

satire

We understand that the word boy refers to a child and the word man refers to an adult because we understand:

semantics

Language experts consider pointing to be an important index of the ______ aspects of language.

social

Words a child uses are called ______ vocabulary.

spoken

Phonology

the study of speech sounds in language

Morphology

units of meaning involved in word formation

Children who are fluent in two languages perform better than their single-language counterparts in all of the following areas, EXCEPT: concept formation. control of attention. vocabulary size. analytical reasoning.

vocabulary size.

By the time a child is 3 years old he or she can produce all of the ______ sounds.

vowel