Lifespan Development

rapidly declining

According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the number of child laborers ages 5-11 is __________ worldwide. sharply increasing rapidly declining about the same as in the past slowing increasing

preoperational

According to Piaget, children from the ages of 2 to 7 are in the __________ stage of cognitive development. sensorimotor preoperational concrete operations formal operations

30%; 1%

According to national U.S. studies, in 1978 nearly __________ of children ages 5-10 had dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood, which can cause brain damage; by 2001, the rate had fallen to __________. 30%; 1% 40%; 5% 50%; 10% 60%; 15%

knee child

Although he still receives a great deal of nurturance from his mother and older sisters, 4-year-old Nate is expected to stop breast-feeding, stop asking to be held, be toilet trained, and demonstrate good manners. According to Mead, Nate is a __________. lap child knee child yard child dependent child

21 minutes; 42 minutes

American children play electronic games an average __________ a day at ages 2 to 4, doubling to __________ minutes a day by ages 5 to 8. 15 minutes; 30 minutes 21 minutes; 42 minutes 25 minutes; 50 minutes 30 minutes; 60 minutes

more words per minute

As compared to other families, high-income parents talk to their children __________. more words per minute fewer words per minute an equal amount of words per minute more words per minute, but only in the afternoon hours

aggressiveness and unruliness; anxiety and unhappiness

Boys with authoritarian parents are more likely to show __________, whereas girls more often show __________. aggressiveness and unruliness; anxiety and unhappiness unhappiness and anxiety; aggressiveness and unruliness personality disorders and low grades; ADHD and high grades ADHD and high grades; personality disorders and low grades

90%

By 4 years of age, children use correct grammar in what percentage of their statements? 30% 50% 70% 90%

similar

Comparing the rates of eating disorder symptoms in adolescent girls in Germany and Finland to girls in the United States, it is clear that rates are __________ in the United States. much higher slightly higher much lower similar

gentle and gradual

For most cultures, initial weaning from breast milk is __________. sudden and abrupt gentle and gradual harsh and punitive nonexistent and or absent

forceful and self-reliant

Girls who are in middle childhood become more likely to define themselves in "feminine" terms such as "warm" and "compassionate," but they become no less likely to add "masculine" traits to their self-perceptions. How else might they describe themselves? pretty and soft submissive and passive emotional and sensitive forceful and self-reliant

very common

How frequent is physical punishment of young children in most parts of the world? rarely used very common very rare since it is banned in most countries accepted, but not used frequently

Maxi will look in the cabinet where he placed the chocolate before he left the room.

In the false-belief test described in your textbook, where do 3-year-olds believe Maxi will look for his chocolate once he returns to the room? Maxi will look for his chocolate in the place his mother stored it. Maxi will look in the cabinet where he placed the chocolate before he left the room. Maxi will look in the cabinet for the chocolate, and then he will get mad and cry. Maxi will not remember where the chocolate is and will then play with his toys.

toddlerhood

In which stage of development does synaptic density peak? toddlerhood childhood infancy early adulthood

most likely

Johnny has been in Cub Scouts for 4 years and is getting ready to move to Boy Scouts at 11 years of age. The Boy Scouts require discipline, good behavior, and following instructions. How likely is it that he will be able to meet these demands? not very likely somewhat likely most likely positively certain

baby proofing

Many parents in developed countries remove sharp objects and other potentially harmful items when their toddlers become mobile. What is this called? baby safety baby proofing object protection compulsive behavior

24 months old

Mikael is a toddler who can stand on one leg, run stiffed-legged, and kick a ball. Mikael is at least __________. 6 months old 12 months old 18 months old 24 months old

fine motor skills

Miller is learning to use a pencil to draw a smiley face on a sheet of paper. Miller is demonstrating her __________. gross motor skills fine motor skills ambidextrous motor skills elementary motor skills

neglected

Miriam is in 2nd grade. When her classmates are asked who she is, they have difficulty remembering her and find it hard describing her. She is neither liked nor disliked by her classmates and for the most part goes unnoticed. Of the four categories of social status, Miriam would fall into the category of __________. popular rejected controversial neglected

12-13

On average, toddlers sleep __________ hours per day. 13-14 12-13 10-11 8-9

those who participated had higher monthly income

One major difference between low-income children who participated in the High Scope Preschool Project and those that did not participate was that at age 27 years, __________. those who participated had higher monthly income there were no significant differences between the two groups they were just as likely to have dropped out of high school they were more likely to have been married and divorced at least twice

poverty, unemployment, and single motherhood

Parental risk factors for physical abuse of children include __________. poverty, unemployment, and single motherhood poverty, having a high-stress job, and living in a step-parent household unemployment, being a high school dropout, and being a father alcoholism, poverty, and being a war veteran

disengaged

Penn is impulsive and has quite a few behavioral problems. What parenting style is likely the dominant style in Penn's home? authoritative authoritarian permissive disengaged

iodine

Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is __________. vitamin C fluoride iodine folic acid

sensorimotor

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development is the __________ stage. sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

in similar ways, particularly in how they viewed themselves as a secure base

Posada et al. (1995) examined mothers and toddlers from China, Colombia, Germany, Israel, Japan, and the United States on what constitutes a securely attached child. How did these mothers describe an "ideally secure" child? in similar ways, particularly in how they viewed themselves as a secure base from their mothers' description, Japanese toddlers were more likely to be classified as insecure-avoidant rather than "ideally secure" in different ways, as they differed in how they viewed themselves as secure bases from their mothers' description, Chinese toddlers were more likely to be classified as insecure-resistant rather than "ideally secure"

prepare healthy meals at home

You are a parent of two children who are 7 and 9 years old. You have noticed that both of them are starting to look like they are gaining weight. According to the text, what is the most important thing that you can do to ensure that they will not become overweight or obese? prepare healthy meals at home never let them eat desserts increase their activity levels allow them to snack while playing video games

no and gone

Stella is 20 months old. What two notable words is she most likely to use? no and gone bye-bye and hi mommy and daddy here and go

divided attention

You are listening to an audio recording of your professor's lecture while cooking a new recipe from your favorite cookbook. What skill are you utilizing? selective attention divided attention ignoring focused attention

2,500 words

The average 6-year-old has a vocabulary that consists of more than __________. 1,000 words 1,500 words 2,000 words 2,500 words

teaching children by breaking down words into their component sounds and then putting the sounds together into words

The phonics approach advocates __________. that schemas are changed through assimilation and accommodation teaching children by breaking down words into their component sounds and then putting the sounds together into words emphasizing the meaning of written words in whole passages allowing a child to explore their world as a means of cognitive growth

grammar

The term that describes language rules regarding single, plural, and future tenses of words is __________. pragmatics morphemes grammar prosody

concluded that those people were not just "right" or "wrong" but explained their answers

To Kohlberg, what was crucial for understanding the level of people's moral development was that participants __________ concluded that those people were "right" or "wrong" concluded that those people made the correct choice determined that those people should have been punished concluded that those people were not just "right" or "wrong" but explained their answers

when the toddler seems ready

Today, most American pediatricians believe that it is best to be patient with toddlers and their progress toward toilet training. When do they recommend toilet training? when the toddler is 20 months old when the toddler seems ready any time before kindergarten when the cost of diapers gets too expensive

Toddlers in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers in developed countries.

Toddlers in traditional cultures are still held and carried for about half their waking hours. Which of the following statements describes the development of their gross motor skills compared to those of toddlers in developed countries? Toddlers in traditional cultures are considerably behind toddlers in developed countries. Toddlers in traditional cultures are only slightly delayed compared to toddlers in developed countries. Toddlers in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers in developed countries. Toddlers in traditional cultures are actually more advanced than toddlers in developed countries because they experience fewer injuries associated with walking earlier.

empathy

Twenty-eight-month-old Nicole saw her friend crying and she responded by giving her friend a toy. Which emotion was Nicole expressing? thoughtfulness empathy apathy sadness

dyslexia

What condition that interferes with learning to read includes difficulty sounding out letters, difficulty learning to spell words, and a tendency to misperceive the order of letters in words? dyscalculia dyslexia dysgraphia dysfunctional

zone of proximal development

What did Vygotsky refer to as the difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone and those they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer? scaffolding zone of proximal development area of competence structuring

Washoe

What famous chimpanzee learned to use approximately 100 signs, mostly involving requests for food? Chip Washoe Ayumu Viki

They explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children.

What is a distinctive feature of authoritative parents? They are quite passive in their responsiveness. They do not care whatsoever what their children do. They respond with anger to their children's questions. They explain the reasons for their rules and expectations to their children.

elaboration

When you were learning math, you learned PEMDAS, or "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally," to remember the order of operations. What memory strategy does this represent? rehearsal organization repetition elaboration

disorganized-disoriented attachment

Which attachment type was highly predictive of later problems and included toddlers who in early and middle childhood exhibited hostility and aggression? secure attachment insecure-avoidant attachment insecure-resistant attachment disorganized-disoriented attachment

damaging another person's reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip

Which of the following best describes relational aggression? using aggressive behaviors or words to get what is wanted aggressive behaviors that are intended to inflict pain or harm on others damaging another person's reputation among peers through social exclusion and malicious gossip physically hitting, kicking, pushing, or striking another person

a temporary period of sadness, without any related symptoms

Which of the following best describes the category of depressed mood? a temporary period of sadness, without any related symptoms a more enduring period of sadness along with other symptoms, such as frequent crying, feelings of worthlessness, and feeling guilty, lonely, or worried includes all the symptoms of depressive syndrome, plus other symptoms, such as difficulty sleeping and changes in appetite a feeling of being wound up, tense, or restless; difficulty concentrating; and a high rate of irritability

Both groups hold respect and obedience for parents in high regard.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of both traditional Asian and Latin American families? Both groups hold respect and obedience for parents in high regard. For both groups, the female is the head of the household. Both groups have an overwhelmingly large number of parents who hold an indulgent parental approach. In both groups, children are taught to be autonomous, to stand on their own two feet, and to put their own best interests before the needs of the family.

English

Which of the following is the most common second language for children around the world? English Spanish Chinese Russian

The more education parents have, the later their kids tend to be toilet trained.

Which statement accurately reflects the impact of social class on toilet training? The more education parents have, the later their kids tend to be toilet trained. The less education parents have, the later their kids tend to be toilet trained. Social class has no impact on when toilet training takes place. Income rather than education level has more impact on the age at which toilet training takes place.

are eating more unhealthy foods as a result of Western diets

You and your roommate are having a discussion of the "Westernization" of many developing countries. You are concerned about the ill effects of some of Western culture. In terms of the healthy weight of children in developing countries, children in developing countries __________. can now get pre-packaged Western foods that contain precisely the nutrients that they require require that their diets contain fluoride because of the great risk of tooth decay need extra calories to be healthy and Western diets are not sufficient are eating more unhealthy foods as a result of Western diets

Sibling conflict reaches its peak in middle childhood.

You come from a large family in which you and your siblings get along very well. Your neighbor knows you well and has two sons ages 8 and 10. She tells you that she is concerned because her boys "fight and bicker constantly." What would you tell her? Sibling conflict reaches its peak in middle childhood. She should probably seek counseling for her boys. They are doomed to have serious conflict their entire lives. Sibling conflict is much worse with girls; she should count herself lucky. Children rarely fight in middle childhood; she must be imagining it.

He is likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Your 17-year-old son didn't start showing signs of puberty until recently, and he still looks like he is 14 years old. What challenges might your son face as a late-maturing male? He is likely to become socially awkward. He is likely to spend too much time studying. He is likely to be a homebody and prefer to stay at home rather than go out on the weekends. He is likely to engage in deviant behavior.

crowd

Your high-school-aged sister is a two-season athlete, playing on the school's soccer team and playing tennis on weekends for the local city team. At least three days a week, she spends time in the weight room with her teammates and coaches. Your family and other students at her school consider her a jock. What type of group does being a jock signify that she's a member of? clique crowd friends family

80%

Your roommate is an only child. What percentage of people in developed countries has at least one sibling? 100% 80% 60% 40%

no, Denmark has a very permissive attitude regarding teenage sexual behavior

Your roommate is from Denmark, and she was telling you that she and her boyfriend had sexual intercourse frequently and her parents allowed him to spend the night with her. You were quite surprised to learn this and asked whether her situation was unusual. She indicated that yes, it was very unusual; Denmark is very restrictive regarding sexual behavior yes, it was somewhat unusual; none of her friends were allowed to have their boy- or girlfriends spend the night with them no, Denmark has a very permissive attitude regarding teenage sexual behavior it was somewhat unusual, but if the parents signed consent forms, their children could acquire contraception

attention and memory

Your sister-in-law is amazed at her 9-year-old son. She can remember when her son was not able to sit and listen to a story for very long and now he is able to listen intently and remember the story in very good detail. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information-processing abilities that assist with his newly developed abilities? visual scanning and search routines attention and memory motivation and diligence decentering and critical processing

Metalinguistic skills

__________ are skills that reflect an awareness of the underlying structure of language. Mesolinguistic skills Metalinguistic skills Megalinguistic skills Mesalinguistic skills

Weaning

__________ is the term that describes when the mother decides the time has come for the child to stop breast-feeding Detaching Weaning Lactating Latching

Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development

__________ underscore the social nature of learning in Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development Chromosome and genetic lineage Maturation and neurological development Scaffolding and the zone of proximal development Equilibrium, disequilibrium, and schemas