Lifespan Development PSY 2314 - Chapter 6

social referencing

"reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

effotful control (self regulation)

-includes "attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity and lo-intensity pleasure" -show an ability to keep their arousal from getting too high and have strategies for soothing themselves -children on low effortful control are often unable to control their arousal, easily agitated and intensely emotional

criticisms of attachment theory

1. critical/ sensitive period issue 2. not adequately consider biological factors, such as genes and temperament 3. diversity of socializing agents and contexts 4. some inconsistency in studies 5. inadequate attention to spoiling 6. later experiences/ developmental cascade model

social orientation and understanding

1. locomotion 2. intention and goal-directed behavior 3. social referencing 4. social sophistication and insight

The Strange Situation

Ainsworth an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations and reunions with the caregiver and the adult stranger in a prescribed order

internal working model

Bowlby a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship and the self as deserving of nurturant care

trust

Erikson's first stage of development in first year of life

attachment: Harlow

Harlow's monkeys contact comfort is important

slow-to-warm-up child

a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

easy child

a child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

difficult child

a child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

attachment

a close emotional bond between two people

basic cry

a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry

social smile

a smile in response to an external stimulus, ehich early in development is typically a face

reflexive smile

a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. it happens during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

pain cry

a sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding

anger cry

a variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal chords

separation protest

an infant's distressed crying when the caregiver leaves 7-8 months to 15 months

stranger enxiety

an infant's fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear during the second half of the first year of life, less stranger anxiety based on familiar context

phase 2: from 2-7 months

attachment becomes focused on one figure usually prime caregiver learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar faces

independence

autonomy builds as the infant's mental and motor abilities develop

insecure resistant babies

babies who often cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away

insecure avoidant babies

babies who show insecurity by avoiding caregiver, not distressed when she leaves the room, and do not reestablish contact when she returns, may even show back to caregiver

insecure disorganized babies

babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented

securely attached babies

babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

phase 4: 24 months on

children become more aware of others' feelings, goals and plans and begin to take into account in forming their own actions

Alan Sroufe

early secure attachment was linked with positive emotional health, high self-esteem, self-confidence and socially competent interaction with peers, teachers, camp counselors and romantic partners through adolescence

Rothbart and Bates' Classification of temperament

effortful control (self regulation) extraversion/surgency, negaitve affectivity, effortful control (self regulation)

primary emotions

emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; examples are joy, sadness, fear and disgust

self-conscious emotions

emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me" ex. jealousy, empathy and embarassment

personality

enduring personal characteristics of individuals - truth - development of self - independence

social orientation

face to face play: 2-3 months still face paradigm: caregiver alternates between engaging in face-to-face interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive - show more withdrawal, negative emotions and self-directed behavior when caregivers are unresponsive

emotion

feeling of affects, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to him or her. characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced

attachment: Erikson

first year of life: trust vs. mistrust

child care

higher quality, higher child performed on cognitive and socioemotional assessment

negative affectivity

includes "fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort". easily distressed; they may fret and cry often. Kagan's inhibited children

extraversion/surgency

includes "positive anticipation, impulsitivity, activity level and sensation seeking" Kagan's uninhibited children

attachment: Freud

infants become more attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction (feeding)

phase 1: from birth-2 months

infants direct attachment to human figures strangers, siblings and parents elicit smiling or crying

infants' social sophistication and insight

infants' "perception of others" actions as intentionally motivated and goal-directed and motivation to share and participate in the intentionality by their 1st birthday

Kagan

inhibition to the unfamiliar: regards shyness with strangers (peers or adults) as one feature of a broad temperament category inhibited children react to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress or subdued affects, beginning about 7-9 months of age 3 categories: - extremely inhibited - extremely uninhibited - intermediate

other-conscious emotions

involve emotional reactions of others when they are generated ex. approval from parents is linked to toddlers beginning to show pride when they successfully complete a task

developmental cascade model

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

temperament

involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions and characteristic ways of responding

intention and goal-directed behavior

joint attention: caregiver and infant focus on same object or event (7-8 months) gaze folowing

development of sense of self

mirror technique: dot of rouge put on infant's nose, placed in front of mirror, observe whether nose touching increases increased nose touching indicates that the infant recognizes the self in the mirror and is trying to touch or rub off the rouge because it violates the infant's view of self

locomotion

newly developed, self-produced locomotion skills allow the infant to independently initiate social interchanges on a more frequent basis

4 phases of attachment: Bowlby

phase 1: from birth-2 months phase 2: from 2-7 months phase 3: from 7-24 months phase 4: from 24 months on

scaffolding

practice in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents

goodness of fit

refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope

attachment: Bowlby

responsiveness of caregiver to infant in first year of life

reciprocal socialization

socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children

phase 3: from 7-24 months

specific attachment increased locomotor skills babies seek contact with regular caregivers

biological foundations of temperament

temperament is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior; it evolves as the child's experiences are incorporated into a network of self-perception and behavioral preferences that characterize the child's personality

parent-infant sychrony

temporal coordination of social behavior

Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby

you cant respond too much to infant crying in the first year of life quick, comforting response to the infant's cries is an important ingredient in developing a strong bond between the infant and caregiver