Lifespan Final Exam

What percentage of adolescents typically are part of a "popular" crowd in American high schools? A. 60 percent. B. 20 percent. C. Less than 5 percent. D. 40 percent.

B. 20 percent.

Theorizing about grief and mourning after the loss of a loved one has traditionally centered on the importance of "letting go" of the loved one and accepting the loss. This focus is attributable to the work of A. Freud. B. Bowlby. C. Dame Cicely Saunders. D. Kubler-Ross.

A. Freud.

Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the onset of menarche? A. Girls who are very athletic are likely to have earlier onset of menarche. B. Girls who have a higher proportion of body fat are likely to have earlier onset of menarche. C. Girls who have better health care are likely to have earlier onset of menarche. D. Girls whose close relatives had early onset of menarche are more likely to experience similar timing of events.

A. Girls who are very athletic are likely to have earlier onset of menarche.

Which of the following individuals would most likely be in the reorganizational stage according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment? A. A 62-year-old truck driver. B. A 20-year-old carpenter's apprentice. C. A 25-year-old single mother. D. A 45-year-old businessman.

A. A 62-year-old truck driver.

Which of the following elements is most closely associated with the concept of the imaginary audience? A. A sense of shame. B. A sense of destiny. C. A sense of pride. D. A sense of invulnerability.

A. A sense of shame.

A parent whose own working model of attachment is "preoccupied/entangled" is likely to have an infant with which of the following kinds of attachment? A. Anxious ambivalent. B. Disorganized/disoriented. C. Avoidant. D. Secure.

A. Anxious ambivalent.

In studies of problem discussion and conflict management between partners, individuals with which type of attachment style are most likely to report feeling hostile and angry after a discussion session? A. Anxious-ambivalent. B. There are no differences. C. Avoidant. D. Secure.

A. Anxious-ambivalent.

How do sociologists classify actions like entry into marriage and becoming a parent? A. As marker events. B. As dualistic decisions. C. As adult rituals. D. As social constructions.

A. As marker events.

n self-determination theory, which of the following is considered one of the basic psychological needs that motivates our adaptation or coping efforts at any age? A. Autonomy. B. Generativity. C. Optimization. D. Avoidance.

A. Autonomy.

In Ainsworth et al.'s (1978) study of attachment formation, some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection than other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the strange situation test, the children tended to fit which category of attachment? A. Avoidant. B. Anxious ambivalent. C. Disorganized/disoriented. D. Securely attached.

A. Avoidant.

Which of the following is true about breastfeeding as compared to bottle-feeding? A. Breast milk contains beneficial disease antibodies and growth hormones not contained in formulas. B. Breastfeeding guarantees that the infant will be securely attached to the mother. C. Breastfeeding is associated with less secure attachments. D. Breastfeeding has no real advantages because modern formulas have all of the ingredients of breast milk.

A. Breast milk contains beneficial disease antibodies and growth hormones not contained in formulas. B. Breastfeeding guarantees that the i

At what age would a young child typically show self-recognition, the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror? A. By 18 months. B. By 3 years. C. By 13 months. D. By 10 months.

A. By 18 months.

Which of the following best represents Mead's contribution to our understanding of self-development? A. Children internalize the orientations and values of their families and cultural groups in constructing their sense of self. B. Children use information about the ways others react to them to help construct their sense of self. C. Children develop an agentic self when parents are responsive to their needs. D. Children view themselves as good or bad depending upon their parents' aspirations and pretentions.

A. Children internalize the orientations and values of their families and cultural groups in constructing their sense of self.

Izard and others have found that at birth or soon after, infants' facial expressions display which of the following emotions? A. Contentment. B. Shame. C. Pride. D. Anger.

A. Contentment.

For counselors who work with abused and maltreated children, which of the following statements draws an appropriate conclusion from research on social cognition and friendships? A. Counselors should pay attention to the social world of these maltreated children, because those who can make a best friend have a good chance of improving their self-esteem. B. The counselor needs to serve as the attachment figure so that these children can form an attachment and develop empathy for others. C. Individual classroom accommodations are most helpful because these children typically lag behind their peers academically and this help will do most to bolster their self-esteem. D. Counselors should employ group counseling because abused children can relate best to other maltreated children

A. Counselors should pay attention to the social world of these maltreated children, because those who can make a best friend have a good chance of improving their self-esteem.

Which of the following assumptions distinguishes life span developmental approaches to human development from other developmental approaches? A. Developmental processes are not completed when a person reaches adulthood. B. Development is shaped by the interplay of nature and nurture. C. Development across the life span is primarily a process of unfolding maturation. D. Cultural influences are more important in adult development than in child development.

A. Developmental processes are not completed when a person reaches adulthood.

Beliefs about sex differences sometimes are supported by research and sometimes are not. Which of the following gender stereotypes is not supported by research? A. Females tend to be more sociable and prosocial than males. B. Males tend to exhibit more dominance seeking than females. C. Sex differences are usually small, with lots of overlap between the sexes. D. Males tend to be more physically aggressive than females.

A. Females tend to be more sociable and prosocial than males.

When the life goals of college and noncollege young adults are compared, which of the following is true? A. Noncollege and college youth both rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work as important goals. B. Noncollege youth focus much more on family concerns whereas college youth focus much more on work concerns. C. Noncollege youth tend to rank "making a meaningful contribution" in their work to be a lower priority than college youth. D. Noncollege youth tend to rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work to be lower priorities than college youth.

A. Noncollege and college youth both rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work as important goals.

Most men can expect some changes in testosterone levels and possibly in their sexual function in their 40s. Which of the following changes is most likely? A. Older men produce less seminal fluid during ejaculation than when they were younger. B. Most men's sexual response time will be decreased compared to when they were younger. C. Most older men are much less likely to engage in frequent sexual activity. D. Men maintain muscle mass and bone density at their youthful levels.

A. Older men produce less seminal fluid during ejaculation than when they were younger.

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door. A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers. As they get closer, they see the clerk go inside the store. Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy, but she refuses. How would Freud's theory explain Selena's behavior? A. Selena identifies with her mother, who taught her that stealing is wrong. B. Selena identifies with her father, who taught her that stealing is wrong. C. Selena has not developed an adequate superego because of her age, so she just conforms to authority. D. Selena has not developed an adequate superego because of her gender, so she just conforms to authority.

A. Selena identifies with her mother, who taught her that stealing is wrong.

Chen and Anne come to counseling because they are on the brink of a divorce. After five years of marriage, Anne sees Chen as a highly controlling individual who micromanages their bank account. She's tired of her husband always nagging about money, and says she doesn't feel like she's getting anything positive out of her relationship. Chen considers Anne's spending extravagant. He blames her family background for creating her lack of responsibility. From Anne's perspective, what theory about marriage would explain the relationship failure? A. Social exchange theory. B. Homeostatic theory. C. Intrapersonal theory. D. Steady state theory.

A. Social exchange theory.

Donna runs a day care center. After many years of hard work, the business has grown and provides a steady income. Donna's daughter, Elaine, has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own. In order to provide this loan, Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center, including reducing staff by at least two employees. Based on what you know about Elaine, what is her stage of cognitive development according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment? A. The achieving stage. B. The fifth stage of cognitive development. C. The executive stage. D. The acquisition stage.

A. The achieving stage.

In Super's developmental approach to career satisfaction, he argues that an individual's vocational self-concept evolves over time. What is the career development stage that usually characterizes adolescents and young adults? A. The exploratory stage. B. The establishment stage. C. The maintenance stage. D. The growth stage.

A. The exploratory stage.

Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the developing fetus? A. The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure. B. Any given teratogen usually has the same effect regardless of when in prenatal development exposure occurs. C. A teratogen will usually have the same effect regardless of how much exposure the fetus has to that teratogen. D. Ancient Greeks believed in teratogens, but modern science has been unable to identify any.

A. The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure.

Ms. S. and her infant just participated in an attachment study. First, Ms. S. was interviewed to determine how she represented her attachment relationship with her own early caregivers. Second, the researchers assessed the quality of her baby's attachment to Ms. S. They are seeking to identify relationships between a parent's working model of attachment and the quality of the attachment the infants form with them. This attachment study is part of which research tradition? A. The nuclear family tradition. B. The intimacy tradition. C. The generativity tradition. D. The peer/romantic partner tradition.

A. The nuclear family tradition.

The "Big Five" personality traits are A. agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion and conscientiousness. B. conscientiousness, agreeableness, aggressiveness, neuroticism and introversion. C. warmth, neuroticism, conscientiousness, introversion and extroversion. D. sociability, openness, neuroticism, agreeableness and aggressiveness.

A. agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion and conscientiousness.

Studies of brain activity during the early adult years suggest an increased capacity for A. behavioral and emotional control. B. moral behavior. C. sexual activity. D. perceptual acuity.

A. behavioral and emotional control.

Studies of peer groups indicate that children's conformity to peers can best be described as resulting from A. both peer influence and selection of similar peers. B. parental attempts to direct peer interactions. C. children selecting groups of peers who are similar to themselves. D. direct pressure from peers.

A. both peer influence and selection of similar peers.

Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn. Brain research indicates that, in comparison to other infants his age, Alex will have A. brain activation patterns resembling those of fearful and inhibited children. B. nothing unusual about his brain activation patterns. C. more rapid brain development. D. brain activation patterns indicating overall reduced activity.

A. brain activation patterns resembling those of fearful and inhibited children.

Roberto, at 15, is finding that he loves to take chances. He enjoys the sensation of being on the edge of danger, whether he is trying a new drug, or riding in a car at top speed with his friends. He frequently looks to his friends before he tries something new, reasoning that if his friends aren't worried about the consequences, then he need not worry either. His reasoning reflects A. collective egocentrism. B. positive self-esteem. C. communalism. D. life-course persistent anti-social behavior.

A. collective egocentrism.

Counselors apply multidimensional models most explicitly in their work with clients when they A. consider levels of influence on the individual and select interventions that are targeted to more than one level. B. pay close attention to the stage of development that characterizes the client. C. recognize the primary importance of genetic influences on behavior. D. understand that client's developmental tasks must be met in each stage of development.

A. consider levels of influence on the individual and select interventions that are targeted to more than one level.

Billy's babysitter takes him to the park every day where he can play with other preschoolers. When Billy falls or gets hurt, his babysitter soothes him until he feels better. One day Dwayne, another preschool child, falls from the swings. Billy looks concerned and rushes over to help. Then Billy tells his babysitter that Dwayne got hurt. According to research, Billy's prosocial behavior is strongly related to Billy's experience of A. empathy and sympathy. B. guilt. C. anxiety. D. interest.

A. empathy and sympathy.

Schulman (2002) defines morality as composed of three interlocking systems, including A. empathy, identification with moral others, and standards of right and wrong. B. sympathy, moral reasoning, and identification with authority. C. moral feeling, moral reasoning, and moral action. D. rational competence, emotional competence, and identification with authority.

A. empathy, identification with moral others, and standards of right and wrong.

The brain is commonly classified into three main parts. They are A. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. B. cerebellum, medulla and limbic system C. midbrain, forebrain and cerebral cortex. D. midbrain, pons, and cerebellum.

A. forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

Counselors who use attachment based family therapy (ABFT) with troubled adolescents and their families A. have alliance building individual sessions with parents and with the adolescent to provide safe haven and empathy. B. require that all sessions include both parents and the adolescent. C. have individual alliance building sessions with the parents but not with the adolescent to encourage respect for parental authority. D. have individual alliance building sessions with the adolescent to combat parental authority

A. have alliance building individual sessions with parents and with the adolescent to provide safe haven and empathy.

The "American paradox" refers to A. increases in rates of depression despite increases in wealth. B. increases in wealth despite decreases in work time. C. decreases in rates of depression despite increases in work time D. increases in religious practice despite increases in materialism.

A. increases in rates of depression despite increases in wealth.

Models of development which hold that change occurs as a continuous process are called A. incremental models. B. information-processing models. C. stage models. D. multidimensional models.

A. incremental models

Studies show that formal operational thinking is A. is more common among older adolescents and adults, particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts. B. demonstrated by all normal adults. C. easily grasped by all students by the time they enter high school. D. easily grasped by average students by the time they enter college.

A. is more common among older adolescents and adults, particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts.

The extent to which a person experiences nervousness, fear, anger, sadness, contempt, and guilt is called A. negative affectivity. B. behavioral inhibition. C. kindling-sensitization. D. negative heritability.

A. negative affectivity.

By middle childhood, boys' choices of companions tend to be based on shared interests, whereas girls' choices of companions tend to be based more on A. personality. B. social class. C. looks. D. parents' choices.

A. personality.

The two types of stress management presented by Lazarus and Folkman are A. problem-focused and emotion-focused. B. one-dimensional and two-dimensional. C. sensitizing and blunting. D. management and reduction.

A. problem-focused and emotion-focused.

When interviewers use the guided imagery technique to help young children remember what they have witnessed, there is danger of creating false memories in the children because of their difficulty with A. reality monitoring. B. recognizing faces. C. paying attention. D. forming images.

A. reality monitoring.

Levels of social cognitive ____________ do not always match _____________. A. reasoning / behavior B. behavior / biases C. attributions / reasoning D. attributions / behavior

A. reasoning / behavior

Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include A. rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects. B. sitting without support, playing with simple toys, 20/20 vision. C. standing with support, reaching for objects, visual preference for faces. D. crawling, scribbling with a crayon, interpreting facial expressions.

A. rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects.

Most postnatal brain growth depends upon the proliferation of A. synapses. B. myelination. C. glial cells. D. neurotransmitters.

A. synapses.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) plays a significant role in A. the human response to stress. B. X-linked recessive diseases. C. determining the sex of a fetus. D. determining eye color.

A. the human response to stress

"The reminiscence bump" refers to A. the large number of autobiographical memories that are retained from the late adolescent through early adult period. B. the increase in medical expenses experienced by most people after age 65. C. the large number of stereotypes about older people rambling on about their lives. D. the large number of autobiographical memories that are retained from the most recent past, even for elderly people.

A. the large number of autobiographical memories that are retained from the late adolescent through early adult period.

One thing that both Eastern and Western religions share is that they promote A. the regulation of negative or destructive emotions. B. the practice of elaborate public rituals. C. the cultivation of strong positive emotions. D. a belief in reincarnation.

A. the regulation of negative or destructive emotions.

Sally, age 28, recently married John, age 45. They would like to have a child, but they are concerned that they may be at high risk to have a child with a chromosomal abnormality, like Down's syndrome, because of John's age. What is their genetic counselor likely to tell them? A. They are at higher than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John's age, but not for Down's syndrome. B. There is no relationship between parents' age and chromosomal disorders in their offspring. C. They are at higher than average risk for chromosomal disorders of all sorts because of John's age. D. The risk of any chromosomal disorder in a child is only related to the mother's age, not to the father's age.

A. they are at higher than average risk for some chromosomal disorders because of John's age, but not for Down's syndrome.

Despite the disagreements among theorists about the existence of a fifth stage of cognitive development, nearly all agree that A. thinking about adult real-life problems tends to become increasingly relativistic. B. as people enter adulthood, they apply concrete operational skills to the concrete problems of daily life. C. memory ability declines as people enter the fifth stage. D. solving real-life problems is easier if a person uses formal operational thinking skills.

A. thinking about adult real-life problems tends to become increasingly relativistic.

Recessive, defective gene alleles can cause hereditary disorders. It is estimated that most people carry ____________ recessive, defective alleles in their genotypes. A. three to five B. hundreds of C. thousands of D. zero

A. three to five

According to Vygotsky, language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a ____________ that facilitates learning and thinking. A. tool or sign B. culture C. developmental line D. scaffold

A. tool or sign

Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include A. widely spaced eyes and flattened nose. B. flipper arms. C. blindness and shortened limbs. D. addiction to alcohol.

A. widely spaced eyes and flattened nose.

What is the "two-pronged approach" to helping adolescents with their behavioral, social, or academic problems? A. The use both medication and individual therapy. B. A focus on reducing risk factors while also enhancing protective factors. C. A focus on both peers and the school environment. D. A focus on both parents and the individual.

B. A focus on reducing risk factors while also enhancing protective factors.

Based on research, which adolescent and early adult characteristics are most strongly related to high levels of generativity in middle adulthood? A. Introversion and agreeableness. B. Affiliation and power needs. C. Extraversion and agreeableness. D. Agreeableness and openness.

B. Affiliation and power needs.

At 10 months old, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Suzie's mother, Anne, wants to be a good caregiver, but Suzie's fussiness and intensity have made her feel like a failure. Anne sometimes finds herself withdrawing from Suzie and not responding when Suzie cries, because she feels like it will do no good. What advice should Anne's counselor give her? A. Anne has been too responsive to the baby's crying. She needs to refuse to go to the baby when it cries to teach Suzie to be more independent. B. Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie to better regulate her emotions. C. It really doesn't matter what Anne does. Of course Suzie needs to be fed, diapered, and so on, but Anne's responsiveness will not affect whether Suzie cries a lot or a little. D. Anne's counselor should stay out of it.

B. Anne is not responsible for her baby's fussiness. Some babies are needier and more negative than others. In the long run, continuing to be responsive to crying will help Suzie to better regulate her emotions.

In a study of relationship satisfaction and stability over a 3-year period, which of the following types of partnerships was the most likely to break up? A. Anxious-ambivalent man with anxious-ambivalent woman. B. Anxious-ambivalent man with avoidant woman. C. Avoidant man with anxious-ambivalent woman. D. Avoidant man with secure woman.

B. Anxious-ambivalent man with avoidant woman.

One theory about grief and mourning after the loss of a loved one is that bereaved individuals eventually reorganize their grief, discovering ways to hold on to the memory of the deceased and integrate that memory into their current life and new attachments. This idea is attributable to the work of A. Dame Cicely Saunders. B. Bowlby. C. Kubler-Ross. D. Freud.

B. Bowlby

How is the gender of an elderly person linked to whether or not others have negative, stereotyped expectations of that person? A. Elderly men are more likely to be seen in a negative way. B. Elderly women are more likely to be seen in a negative way. C. Elderly women are more likely to be seen in a positive way. D. Gender of the elderly person has no effect.

B. Elderly women are more likely to be seen in a negative way.

Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to the physical skills of young adult athletes? A. Males reach peak performance earlier than their female counterparts. B. Females reach peak performance earlier than their male counterparts. C. The timing of peak performance is dependent upon practice and not on biology. D. Both males and females reach peak performance about the same time.

B. Females reach peak performance earlier than their male counterparts.

As a rule of thumb, when might an evaluation by a speech pathologist be advisable? A. If by age 2 the child is not speaking in complete sentences. B. If by age 4 the child's language is not understandable to people outside the family. C. If by age 2 the child has a vocabulary of less than 100 words. D. If by age 3 the child has difficulty articulating "ch" and "sh" sounds.

B. If by age 4 the child's language is not understandable to people outside the family.

Which of the following has the greatest potential to interfere with mature critical thinking and reflective judgment? A. Relativistic thought. B. Lack of metacognitive ability. C. Lack of social support. D. Lack of intelligence.

B. Lack of metacognitive ability

Counselors who do parent training primarily use which approach for this work? A. Person-centered therapy. B. Learning theory. C. Rational-emotive therapy. D. Adlerian therapy.

B. Learning theory.

Which of the following are aspects of palliative care? A. Life-sustaining treatments. B. Pain management and emotional care. C. Nursing-centered care. D. Physician-assisted suicide.

B. Pain management and emotional care.

Which of the following therapeutic approaches is designed to help children develop their perspective taking and friendship skills? A. The self-monitoring approach. B. Pair therapy. C. Cognitive therapy. D. Immersion therapy.

B. Pair therapy.

Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework. Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV. Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply. Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey. Leila begins to wail, saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway. At this point the phone rings. Surya gets absorbed in the call. Thirty minutes later, Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues. Surya, exhausted from the struggle, take her to bed. This scenario is an example of which phenomenon? A. James' egocentric family process. B. Patterson's coercive family process. C. Baumrind's authoritarian parenting. D. Maccoby's authoritative parenting.

B. Patterson's coercive family process.

According to research on self-concept in children, which of the following aspects of self-concept is most closely tied to overall level of self-esteem? A. Academic self-concept. B. Physical appearance. C. Athletic self-concept. D. Social self-concept.

B. Physical appearance.

Laboratory studies have provided evidence for which of the following statements with regard to emotional reactivity? A. Positive affectivity is related to higher levels of temporal lobe activity. B. Positive affectivity is related to higher levels of left prefrontal cortical activity. C. Positive affectivity is related to reduction in psychoneuroimmune functions. D. Positive affectivity is related to lower levels of prefrontal cortical activity.

B. Positive affectivity is related to higher levels of left prefrontal cortical activity

Hazan and Zeifman (1999) asked 6- to 17-year-olds questions about attachment needs. They found that peers met some attachment needs during childhood or early adolescence, but that peers did not fulfill other attachment needs unless they became romantic partners. Which of the following attachment needs were shifted to peers even for the youngest children in this study? A. Secure base. B. Proximity maintenance. C. Safe haven. D. Separation distress.

B. Proximity maintenance.

As Selena and her friends are walking home after school they approach a corner store and see bags of candy and snacks on open shelves outside the front door. A young clerk is also outside waiting for customers. As they get closer, they see the clerk go inside the store. Selena's friends encourage her to take a bag of candy, but she refuses. How would an individual in Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral reasoning explain Selena's behavior? A. Selena didn't take the candy because it belonged to someone else. B. Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught. C. Selena didn't take the candy because it is not good for society when people steal from others. D. Selena didn't take the candy because stealing is a violation of the moral rules of justice and fairness

B. Selena didn't take the candy because she might get caught.

When Francesca, age 62, discovered that her retirement plan had suffered losses in the stock market, she realized that she would not be able to retired within the next year as she had expected to do. Francesca began to spend a great deal of time ruminating about her situation, especially about how sad she was that this problem had arisen after she had worked so hard all of her life. Which of the following is an accurate description of Francesca's coping at this point? A. She is using a problem-focused mechanism. B. She is using an emotion-focused mechanism. C. She is using no coping strategy. D. She is using a primary control strategy.

B. She is using an emotion-focused mechanism

Research indicates that mothers talk more to girls, that parents talk more about emotions to girls, that parents put more pressure on boys to suppress crying, and that teachers are more disapproving of girls than of boys when they are highly active. Which of the following theories argues that these modeling and rewarding processes are the most important influences on sex differences in behavior? A. Information processing theories. B. Social learning theories. C. Behavioral genetics theories. D. Psychoanalytic (Freudian) theories.

B. Social learning theories.

Selman describes stages in the development of both perspective taking skill and of friendship. Suppose that David understands that his friend Mike has a different perspective from his own, but David cannot yet judge how his own behavior is likely to be viewed by his friend. Which of Selman's stages is David most likely to be in? A. Stage 0, "Egocentrism" B. Stage 1, "Differentiated/Subjective" C. Stage 3, "Mutual/Third Person" D. Stage 2, "Reciprocal/Self-reflective"

B. Stage 1, "Differentiated/Subjective"

Evan is 52 years old. Recently, he has been reflecting on the unfathomable complexity of ultimate truth and appreciating that even if we have faith in such a truth, it is unknowable. These reflections suggest that Evan has reached which of Fowler's stages of faith development? A. Stage 6: Universalizing. B. Stage 5: Conjunctive. C. Stage 4: Individuative-reflective. D. Stage 3: Synthetic-conventional

B. Stage 5: Conjunctive.

Using Erikson's developmental theory as a framework, which of the following statements is an accurate representation of his ideas? A. Successful progression through the stages of development depends upon effective resolution of the Oedipal crisis. B. Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern. C. Highly intelligent individuals can skip specific stages and make progress at a faster rate than other people. D. An individual cannot progress to a later stage unless the earlier stage has been resolved successfully and completely.

B. Successful resolution of a psychosocial crisis at each stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the area of major concern

Based on your knowledge of prenatal development, which of the following sequences would you expect to be correct? A. The hands begin to form before the heart. B. The heart begins to form before the hands. C. The legs begin to form before the head. D. The feet begin to form before the lungs.

B. The heart begins to form before the hands.

Brain growth during adolescence appears to be influenced by the hormonal changes of puberty. What effects do these hormonal changes seem to have? A. They cause an increase in blood flow to the brain. B. They affect the onset and offset of genes that influence cortisol levels. C. They flow over the brain, causing a general excitation of neurons. D. They lead to secondary dimorphism of brain structures.

B. They affect the onset and offset of genes that influence cortisol levels.

Massage therapy for infants has been very successful in promoting weight gain and social interaction, and in decreasing distress in low birth weight infants. Based upon developmental research, what is the best explanation for this? A. Infants' bodies take in more nutrients when they are touched as they nurse. B. Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue for soothing and regulating the newborn. C. Crying and other distress is reduced because the infant is paying attention to the person giving the massage. D. When the infant is massaged, its attachment to the caregiver is strengthened.

B. Touch is the best developed sense at birth and therefore the most effective avenue for soothing and regulating the newborn.

Which of these is the best definition of relativistic thought according to Perry? A. Every person has a right to his or her own opinion and no one should feel that his or her opinion is better than any other. B. Weighing evidence and deciding upon the most defensible alternative. C. People relate to each other because everyone is in search of absolute truth. D. Relativistic thinking is a stage that supersedes the ability to see inherent contradictions.

B. Weighing evidence and deciding upon the most defensible alternative.

Kindling-behavioral sensitization describes A. a process of shaping behavior to desired outcomes. B. a process of increasing sensitivity to stressful triggers. C. the measure of total life stresses. D. a process that explains how neurobiological factors interact with chemicals in the brain.

B. a process of increasing sensitivity to stressful triggers.

Jenna, a 10-year-old, has a mental structure, or schema, about what typically happens when you go out to eat in a restaurant. Her schema indicates that a host or hostess first leads you to a table, then a waiter or waitress comes to take your order, and so on. This kind of mental structure is called A. a semantic memory. B. a script. C. a procedural memory. D. an anagram.

B. a script.

One factor that promotes self-esteem among minority group members is A. increased use of reflected appraisals in constructions of self. B. a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity. C. being a member of a smaller, rather than a larger, social group. D. making social comparisons to members of other cultural groups.

B. a strong and positive racial or ethnic identity.

The term degrouping refers to A. a strategy for solving math problems that boys often learn but girls do not. B. a trend in middle adolescence for cliques to become less important to peer interactions. C. a therapeutic intervention which requires children or adolescents to mix with members of a different crowd from their usual one. D. the rejection of a crowd member for violating the norms of the group.

B. a trend in middle adolescence for cliques to become less important to peer interactions.

When Ms. S completed the attachment interview assessing her own relationship to her early caregivers, she provided answers that were coherent and collaborative, and she acknowledged the importance of attachment-related experiences in her development. Her attachment status would most likely be categorized as A. preoccupied. B. autonomous. C. unresolved. D. dismissing.

B. autonomous.

One gender-related characteristic of peer evaluations is that A. whether or not children behave in gender-inconsistent ways seems to have no effect on peer evaluations. B. boys are more likely than girls to be rejected for behaving in gender-inconsistent ways. C. girls are more likely than boys to be rejected for behaving in gender-inconsistent ways. D. gender-inconsistent behavior leads to equally strong rejection for both boys and for girls.

B. boys are more likely than girls to be rejected for behaving in gender-inconsistent ways.

Neurons communicate with each other A. by means of connections with glial cells. B. by means of chemicals that are present in the spaces between them. C. by means of electrical impulses that radiate out of the myelin sheath. D. by means of dendrites touching other dendrites.

B. by means of chemicals that are present in the spaces between them

Researchers believe that the key characteristic that explains the therapeutic benefits of cognitive therapy is A. replacing dysfunctional thinking with more functional thoughts. B. decentering oneself from one's negative thoughts. C. mentally disputing irrational thinking. D. keeping a record of negative automatic thoughts.

B. decentering oneself from one's negative thoughts.

The dimension of parenting style called parental responsiveness can usefully be broken down into two characteristics: acceptance (affection, involvement, concern) and A. authority. B. democracy. C. monitoring. D. skepticism.

B. democracy.

Arnett proposes that the stage of life from age 18 to approximately 25 be called A. youth. B. emerging adulthood. C. early adulthood. D. young adulthood.

B. emerging adulthood.

Marquita sees the universe as a product of intelligent planning. She believes that the creation of the universe, of life, and of human beings has a purpose even if that purpose is not accessible to her. Marquita's philosophy of the universe and its underlying plan is an example of A. situational meaning. B. global meaning. C. eudaemonic well-being. D. psychological well-being.

B. global meaning.

Individuals who are "off-time" with regard to the social clock A. are uncertain about when to make major changes in their lives, such as when to retire. B. have not met their major life goals at a time consistent with their expectations. C. are retired. D. are obsessive about being on time.

B. have not met their major life goals at a time consistent with their expectations.

The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls the expression of A. histones. B. hereditary material. C. recessive genes. D. the zygote.

B. hereditary material.

Sasha, a 3-year-old girl, was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. His loud voice made the young girl cry and run to her bed. John's actions appears to elicit ____________ in Sasha. A. mild anxious arousal B. intense anxious arousal C. mild aggression D. intense aggression

B. intense anxious arousal

Fluid intelligence is to ____________ as crystallized intelligence is to ____________. A. metacognition / working memory. B. mechanics / pragmatics. C. pragmatics / mechanics. D. working memory / metacognition

B. mechanics / pragmatics.

Models of development which hold that change occurs as a function of reciprocal influences, both from within the person and from the external environment are called A. information-processing models. B. multidimensional models. C. incremental models. D. stage models.

B. multidimensional models.

The idea that children's development is affected by biological factors, and that biological factors are also affected by the environment and experience, is part of A. social learning theories B. multidimensional systems theories C. incremental developmental theories D. developmental stage theories

B. multidimensional systems theories

The ability to use language to communicate effectively by using well-organized narratives primarily depends upon the development of ____________ skill. A. semantic B. pragmatic C. syntactic D. phonological

B. pragmatic

According to Carter and McGoldrick, one of the second-order changes in the family in the launching period is A. opening up the boundaries to allow adolescent children to move in and out of the system. B. renegotiating the marital system as a dyad. C. maintaining couple functioning in the face of physiological decline. D. differentiating the self from one's family of origin.

B. renegotiating the marital system as a dyad.

People are generally motivated to evaluate themselves favorably in relation to others. This tendency is called a A. self-comparison bias. B. self-enhancing bias. C. social comparison. D. positive appraisal.

B. self-enhancing bias.

Biological females with two X chromosomes are sometimes born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which causes their external genitalia to appear more like those of a male. They may be misidentified at birth and raised as males. If the correct identification is not made before age 3, physicians often advise parents to continue raising the child as a boy, because the child's gender identity may be difficult to change after age 3. The experiences of CAH girls and other gender atypical children have helped demonstrate that A. genes are the most powerful influence on gender identity. B. social assignment is a powerful influence on gender identity. C. biology has no influence on gender identity. D. boys are more highly valued than girls.

B. social assignment is a powerful influence on gender identity

On the basis of research on parenting, what advice should counselors give parents about how much to be involved in their adolescents' school life? A. Parents should not be involved in school-related activities, like monitoring homework, so that their adolescents will learn to handle their own problems with class work and teachers. B. Parents should become more involved when there are behavior problems in school, but adolescents should handle all of their own academic problems. C. Adolescents' academic achievement is likely to benefit when parents remain actively involved in school-related activities like monitoring homework and serving as partners in school decision making. D. Reduced parental involvement in school-related activities promoted positive growth in autonomy and peer relations.

C. Adolescents' academic achievement is likely to benefit when parents remain actively involved in school-related activities like monitoring homework and serving as partners in school decision making.

In a dimensional analysis of adult attachment style (as opposed to a simple set of attachment categories), the focus is on the degree to which a certain tendency is exhibited. What two continuous dimensions or tendencies seem to characterize most attachment scales? A. Approach-avoidance and intimacy. B. Passion and avoidance. C. Anxiety and approach-avoidance. D. Intimacy and tolerance.

C. Anxiety and approach-avoidance.

According to Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following purpose(s) have attachment systems evolved to serve, for both the younger and the older infant? A. Growth of number skills. B. Assuring language development. C. Assuring survival and security. D. Growth of a wide range of emotions.

C. Assuring survival and security.

Which of the following is the best example of the concept of a zone of proximal development? A. Jeff makes a note of the homework assignment for his last period class and completes it while riding home on the school bus. B. A mother shows her 8-month-old infant flashcards of words in different languages while she repeats each word on the card. C. Cindy explains to her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the information in a new way. Her younger sister can then complete her homework. D. Sherri works on her algebra homework for two hours without being able to answer a single question correctly.

C. Cindy explains to her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the information in a new way. Her younger sister can then complete her homework.

In Gottman's (1999) research, which of the following "four horsemen of the apocalypse" behaviors is most predictive of relationship failure? A. Stonewalling. B. Defensiveness. C. Contempt. D. Criticism

C. Contempt.

Sam is at home with his two children, 3-year-old Daria and 6-week-old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers cognitive development, what would you tell Sam? A. Daria is probably exhibiting separation distress which is normal for children her age. B. Daria is probably exhibiting a stress response that suggests the family may need some counseling. C. Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet. D. Daria is probably exhibiting a failure to show empathy and needs more training in this area.

C. Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet.

Jane is a newly minted therapist who works with couples and families. Her decision was motivated by her sister Melinda's experience of spousal abuse. When Jane meets with her supervisor to review cases, he points out that when her female clients cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands, Jane takes their side. She believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse. According to Kitchener's theory, on what assumption is Jane operating? A. Determination of abuse should be made depending upon the context. B. Determination of abuse is difficult to ascertain and must be tested in each situation. C. Determination of abuse can be made if one has some personal experience. D. Determination of abuse should only be reached after consultation with expert supervisors.

C. Determination of abuse can be made if one has some personal experience.

How do the attitudes toward death among elderly people compare to the attitudes of younger age groups? A. There are no differences between the elderly and other age groups in regard to attitudes toward death. B. Elderly people are less realistic about its inevitability than middle-aged adults are. C. Elderly people report less anxiety about death than middle-aged adults. D. Elderly people report more anxiety about death than middle-aged adults.

C. Elderly people report less anxiety about death than middle-aged adults.

According to research by Baltes and associates, in which decade is the growth of wisdom likely to be greatest? A. From 65 to 75. B. From 55 to 65. C. From 15 to 25. D. After 75.

C. From 15 to 25.

According to Erikson's theory, which developmental task is central to the middle adulthood stage of life? A. Autonomy. B. Intimacy. C. Generativity. D. Ego integrity.

C. Generativity.

Juan, age 15, is Latino. Given his ethnicity, and based on the available research, what would you expect his attitudes to be regarding academic achievement ? A. He is more likely to believe that he will have few job options in the future. B. He is unlikely to believe that getting a good education will have any effect on his future job options. C. He is just as likely as other teens to believe that getting a good education is helpful for future success, but is not as likely to believe that failure in school will limit his future job options. D. He is just as likely as other teens to believe that getting a good education is helpful for future success, and also that failure in school will limit his future job options.

C. He is just as likely as other teens to believe that getting a good education is helpful for future success, but is not as likely to believe that failure in school will limit his future job options.

Which of the following describes a typical stage progression in retirement, according to Atchley? A. There is no typical sequence for the stages of retirement. B. Disenchantment, honeymoon, stability, termination, reorientation. C. Honeymoon, disenchantment, reorientation, stability, termination. D. Honeymoon, stability, reorientation, disenchantment, termination.

C. Honeymoon, disenchantment, reorientation, stability, termination.

Which of the following individuals embodies the kind of thinking that occurs at Perry's highest level, Position 9? A. Carson, who is anxious to please his teachers by adopting their intellectual positions. B. Luis, who is beginning to accept the values and behaviors of people of different groups. C. Jamar, who affirms his religious beliefs by becoming a minister, even though he still has doubts. D. Gina, who does not apply herself rigorously because she doesn't think her teacher is fair.

C. Jamar, who affirms his religious beliefs by becoming a minister, even though he still has doubts.

Jeremy, a 2nd grader, is in the counselor's office because he hit another boy on the playground. He tells the counselor that he knew the other boy was about to hit him first. He was just "getting back" at the other student. The counselor tries to help Jeremy control his aggressive behavior by explaining that the other boy didn't intend to hurt him. Given what you have learned about social development, which of the following is your best recommendation for the counselor? A. Jeremy needs to be punished for his behavior, because no amount of talking will do any good at his age. B. The counselor should call Jeremy's parents and they should resolve the problem because they are the primary socializing agents. C. Jeremy probably doesn't have a good understanding of another person's intentions at this age. The counselor should assess the quality of Jeremy's perspective-taking and structure the intervention accordingly. D. The counselor's approach is a good one because most children can infer the intentions and take the perspective of others around this time.

C. Jeremy probably doesn't have a good understanding of another person's intentions at this age. The counselor should assess the quality of Jeremy's perspective-taking and structure the intervention accordingly.

Which of the following is a temperamental characteristic that is associated with prosocial behavior? A. Intelligence. B. Coherent self-concept. C. Low social anxiety. D. Popularity among peers.

C. Low social anxiety.

Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity? A. The 3-year-old's brain is approximately three-fourths of its adult size. B. Cells from the hippocampus are instrumental in encoding memories. C. Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light. D. Fetal brains grow quickly, increasing in weight over the course of pregnancy.

C. Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light.

Piaget's description of the differences between preoperational thought (characteristic of preschool aged children) and concrete operational thought (characteristic of elementary school aged children), includes which of the following? A. Preoperational thought occurs in the frontal lobes, but concrete operational thought occurs in the corpus callosum. B. Preoperational thought is fast, but concrete operational thought is slow. C. Preoperational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered. D. Preoperational thought is reversible, but concrete operational thought is not.

C. Preoperational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered.

According to Erikson and Vaillant, which of the following statements best captures the psychological state that is typical of midlife ? A. A focus on maintaining a sense of self-esteem by achieving recognition for our work. B. Struggling with intimacy as one becomes a marital partner or parent. C. Striving to find a way to use one's talent to give meaning to life and to the lives of other people. D. Feeling content with a career niche that provides economic security.

C. Striving to find a way to use one's talent to give meaning to life and to the lives of other people.

Which of the following is part of a consensus view of a "good death" among all or most seriously ill patients? A. The desire to die at home. B. The desire to be free of life-sustaining treatments. C. The desire to be touched and kept clean. D. The desire to protect loved ones from knowing the extent of their illness.

C. The desire to be touched and kept clean.

Which of the following aspects of friendship development does Selman believe is not influenced and informed by a child's perspective taking skills? A. Friendship valuing. B. Friendship understanding. C. The need for autonomy. D. Friendship skills.

C. The need for autonomy.

Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system. Which of the following explains the beginning of this process? A. Sexual development comes under the control of the thyroid. B. The hypothalamus controls the development of secondary sex characteristics. C. The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream. D. The adrenal gland influences the growth of secondary sex characteristics.

C. The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream.

Hillary is a 19-year-old college freshman. If she is typical of most college students today, which of the following is her most important reason for attending college? A. To work on self-development. B. To construct a philosophy of life. C. To get a better job. D. To find a spouse.

C. To get a better job.

Counselors should know that the period between the ages of 15 and 24 is A. a time that is not significantly different from any other time of adulthood with regard to depression, but when clients may face many transitions. B. a time when most learning processes slow down significantly. C. a time when depression rates are at their peak, with the highest prevalence of any time in the life span. D. a time when good mental health is at its peak, with the lowest rates of depression or other major mental health problems.

C. a time when depression rates are at their peak, with the highest prevalence of any time in the life span.

Cross-cultural research findings indicate that A. age-related changes in personality traits differ across different cultural groups. B. age-graded changes in personality traits do not exist in more individualistic cultures. C. age-related changes in personality traits are consistent across different cultural groups. D. age-graded changes in personality traits do not exist in more collectivistic cultures.

C. age-related changes in personality traits are consistent across different cultural groups.

Spirituality and religiosity A. are the same thing. B. both create a social identity. C. are concerned with the search for the sacred. D. both involve an affiliation with a covenant faith community

C. are concerned with the search for the sacred.

In Erikson's concept of the final stage of life, achievement of integrity can be construed as "a gift of courage and caring for the generations that follow" because A. integrity means making certain that no financial or other burdens are passed on to the next generation. B. integrity means expressing religious commitment at the end of life. C. death comes to be seen as a natural stage of life, not something to be feared. D. integrity includes providing for the financial security of the next generation.

C. death comes to be seen as a natural stage of life, not something to be feared.

Memory is to some degree reconstructed. This accounts for the phenomenon of A. theory of mind. B. production deficiencies. C. false memories. D. preoperational egocentrism

C. false memories.

Several factors at preretirement are strong predictors of positive attitudes toward retirement later, including A. religiosity. B. mandatory retirement age. C. feeling confident in relationships with friends. D. number of close relatives, especially children.

C. feeling confident in relationships with friends.

In adolescence and early adulthood, males and females begin to spend more time in mixed-gender groups. Studies of who has more influence on the outcome of problem solving in mixed-gender groups indicate that A. males have a disadvantage because females are more skilled at expressing agreement. B. females have an advantage because they have learned to negotiate in their single-gender groups. C. females have a disadvantage because males do less turn-taking and are more domineering. D. males have an advantage because they have learned to negotiate in their single-gender groups.

C. females have a disadvantage because males do less turn-taking and are more domineering.

Vygotsky believed that egocentric or private speech (talking aloud to one's self) played an important role in cognitive development by A. enabling young children to express and understand their emotions. B. revealing children's idiosyncratic thinking. C. helping organize young children's thinking, as a precursor to self-regulation. D. scaffolding young children's zone of proximal development.

C. helping organize young children's thinking, as a precursor to self-regulation.

For an adolescent engaging in risky behavior (e.g., alcohol use), one strategy that counselors can use is to introduce dissonance into the discussion. Before a counselor can do so effectively, she must A. establish a reward system for good behavior. B. provide factual lectures on the risks of alcohol use. C. interview the teen about his or her own current beliefs and expectations. D. determine the extent of deviant behavior the adolescent has engaged in.

C. interview the teen about his or her own current beliefs and expectations.

Counselors working with school-age children and adolescents need to recognize that gender identity continues to develop in these years. Among the important findings from recent research is that girls tend to feel A. more content with their gender than boys. B. the same degree of pressure to conform to gender stereotypes as boys. C. less content with their gender than boys. D. more pressure to conform to gender stereotypes than boys.

C. less content with their gender than boys.

Carla, a 10-month-old infant, sees her caregiver enter the room carrying a bottle of milk for another child in the day care center. Carla watches the caregiver give the bottle to the other child, and then extends her hands toward the bottle, making noises that indicate she wants one as well. Her caregiver notices, picks Carla up, and quickly prepares a bottle for her. In this example, Carla is demonstrating A. preoperational thinking. B. decentration. C. means-end behavior. D. knowledge of inferred intention.

C. means-end behavior.

Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently construct a definition for each a word they learn, but rather they learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to each word. This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called A. operational thought. B. scaffolding. C. mediated learning. D. tools and signs.

C. mediated learning.

Caring for others is an example of a ____________, while using a proper form of address, such as Mister or Miss, is an example of a ____________. A. conventional rule / personal rule. B. moral rule / personal rule. C. moral rule / conventional rule. D. conventional rule / moral rule.

C. moral rule / conventional rule.

Counselors must recognize the principle of ___________: Individual pathways of development may result in a wide range of possible outcomes. A. dysfunctionality B. equifinality C. multifinality D. hierarchical integration

C. multifinality

When clients come to counseling for problems such as relationships or children's poor behavior, helpers should be cognizant of the possible contributions of the stresses of the contemporary working world. Currently in the United States, A. women are working more hours than a decade ago, but men are not. B. people are typically working fewer hours in a year than they did a decade ago. C. people are typically working more hours in a year than they did a decade ago. D. men are working more hours than a decade ago, but women are not.

C. people are typically working more hours in a year than they did a decade ago.

A counselor helping a young adult client with procrastination must recognize that this problem can have many sources. In young adulthood, one common developmental source is A. actuarial prediction. B. relativistic thinking. C. poor self-management skills. D. the personal fable.

C. poor self-management skills.

In his approach to couples therapy, Gottman encourages couples to recognize relationship problems that are the result of differences in temperament and attitudes (e.g., different approaches to money) as chronic and inevitable, much like chronic physical ailments that come on as we get older. This approach is similar to ____________, one of the adaptive mechanisms described by life span developmental theorists. A. growth B. maintenance or resilience C. regulation of loss D. the steady-state model

C. regulation of loss

Eight-year-old Marquita has spent a great deal of time learning basic addition facts. When she solves a complex addition problem in school, she pulls these facts out of memory. Marquita is using a ____________ strategy to help her solve addition problems. A. production B. reversible C. retrieval D. counting on

C. retrieval

A coping style which has been linked to higher levels of depression among adolescent girls and women is A. support seeking. B. distraction. C. rumination. D. withdrawal.

C. rumination.

According to research on adult partner selection, secure individuals tend to select ____________ individuals as partners. A. anxious-ambivalent B. insecure C. secure D. avoidant

C. secure

The measure of social status that combines aspects of education background, income, and occupation is called A. a cohort. B. social class. C. socioeconomic status. D. social standing.

C. socioeconomic status

Basic emotions such as _____________ can be observed in young infants, but self-conscious emotions such as ____________ only emerge in childhood. A. contentment and pride / anger and shame B. empathy and anger / surprise and fear C. surprise and fear / embarrassment and pride D. fear and shame /anger and empathy

C. surprise and fear / embarrassment and pride

In a classic study of the development of separation distress, Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found A. that there is no evidence of separation distress in normal babies. B. that separation anxiety develops much earlier than stranger anxiety. C. that by 8 months babies usually develop a strong preference for one caregiver. D. that stranger anxiety and separation distress normally develop in the first 2 months after birth

C. that by 8 months babies usually develop a strong preference for one caregiver.

Counselors working with young children should know that children as young as ____________ usually show some knowledge of gender-related preferences and activities. A. 12 years old B. 9 years old C. 6 years old D. 3 years old

D. 3 years old

Research indicates that children's feelings of autonomy from peers are likely to be at their lowest point for which of the following age groups? A. 6th grade B. Autonomy from peers does not change from 5th through 8th grades. C. 5th grade D. 8th grade

D. 8th grade

Imagine that you are counseling a 6th grader on how to improve her study skills so that she will remember more information on tests. Not only do you teach her some memory strategies, you also encourage her to engage in self-testing so that she will begin self- monitoring, that is, keeping track of how well she is remembering new material. What kind of skill is this kind of self-monitoring? A. A preoperational skill. B. A social cognitive skill. C. A declarative memory. D. A metacognitive skill.

D. A metacognitive skill.

Mary, age 82, keeps insisting that someone has been sneaking into her apartment and turning on her stove when she isn't looking. Her family has noticed that Mary has been more and more forgetful lately, and now she has begun rambling in her speech and using many word substitutions, like "horse" for "dog." Mary is likely to be suffering from A. osteoarthritis. B. negative stereotyping. C. diabetes. D. Alzheimer's disease.

D. Alzheimer's disease.

Tessa, a counselor who works with teenagers, meets with Olivia, who attempted suicide after her boyfriend broke up with her. Olivia says she feels that there is no choice but for her to end her life. Ronnie believes that she is destined to die young. This will make her boyfriend mourn for her forever. How would Elkind describe Olivia's view of the world? A. As an invincibility fable. B. As an imaginary audience. C. As a personal audience. D. As a personal fable

D. As a personal fable

When clinicians assess a client's presenting problem(s) in order to plan for treatment, which of the following approaches to diagnosis reflects a developmental viewpoint? A. Assess the person's level of symptomology on a checklist and assign a diagnosis only when a certain percentile has been reached. B. Consider those issues in a client's life which result from multifinality. C. Count the number of symptoms currently manifested in order to reach a specific diagnosis. D. Assess the nature of the problem by considering the person's unique history, interpersonal context, and challenges in the extrapersonal environment.

D. Assess the nature of the problem by considering the person's unique history, interpersonal context, and challenges in the extrapersonal environment

Which of the following is true with regard to the way coping styles relate to depression? A. Distraction serves to block out positive feelings, making the person feel more depressed. B. Self-focusing activates memories of events, allowing the person to resolve problems and feel less depressed. C. Rumination serves to increase the intensity of thoughts about positive experiences and helps to reduce feelings of depression. D. Distraction shortens episodes of depression by shortening the time spent focusing on negative events and thus lessening their intensity.

D. Distraction shortens episodes of depression by shortening the time spent focusing on negative events and thus lessening their intensity

In one study, young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety. Their mothers, alerted to this distress, responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the development of the hippocampus. Which of the following processes or principles does this example demonstrate? A. The role of regulator genes in behavior genetics. B. Dominant-recessive gene relationships. C. Active gene effects. D. Epigenesis.

D. Epigenesis.

For helping professionals who assume an attachment perspective in their therapeutic approach to clients, what is expected to be the primary mechanism of change? A. Confronting emotional memories. B. Teaching clients to think differently about their early attachments experience. C. Challenging the client's assumptions about attachment. D. Establishing a therapeutic bond that functions as a secure base.

D. Establishing a therapeutic bond that functions as a secure base.

Which of the following has not been proposed as a reason why people seek meaning in their lives? A. Establishing meaning helps people define their values, morals, and ethics. B. Establishing meaning helps people feel self-worth. C. Establishing meaning helps people feel like they have control. D. Establishing meaning helps people feel like they are better than other people.

D. Establishing meaning helps people feel like they are better than other people.

Seven-month-old Juan and his mother live in a small rented apartment in a large city. Affordable, high quality child care centers are very hard to find in her neighborhood. Which level of the environment, according to Bronfenbrenner's model, is limiting her access to high quality day care in her community? A. Microsystem B. Mesosystem C. Macrosystem D. Exosystem

D. Exosystem

According to Erikson, what are the processes involved in the development of identity? A. Foreclosure and achievement. B. Exploration and moratorium. C. Diffusion and commitment. D. Exploration and commitment.

D. Exploration and commitment.

Which of the following emotions develops only after a child has a mental representation of him or herself as a separate person? A. Fear. B. Disgust. C. Anger. D. Guilt.

D. Guilt.

Which of the following research techniques is an appropriate method for studying cognitive development of individuals during the sensorimotor period? A. Survey method. B. Semi-structured interview. C. Conservation of matter tasks. D. Habituation paradigm.

D. Habituation paradigm.

Parents who give reasons for the rules they set in ways that their children can understand are using what disciplinary method? A. Withdrawal of love. B. Power assertion. C. Permissiveness. D. Induction.

D. Induction.

As a toddler, Joey loved to "dance" with his mother and his sisters, twirling around the house to music. By age 5, Joey refused to dance anymore, saying that dancing was for girls. His mother felt that he really wanted to dance but that he just wouldn't. How would a cognitive theorist explain Joey's attitude toward dancing? A. Joey was forced to stop dancing by the taunting of his male friends. B. Joey now identifies with his father, and will only do things he sees his father do. C. Joey secretly hates his mother and wishes to punish her. D. Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender.

D. Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender.

Before using cognitive therapies with children, which of the following is an important area of cognitive skill that clinicians should assess in their young clients? A. Episodic memory. B. Nondeclarative knowledge. C. Long-term memory. D. Metacognitive skill.

D. Metacognitive skill.

Based upon research about marital relationships conducted by Gottman, what feature of a relationship best predicts the demise of a relationship? A. Childlessness. B. Disillusionment. C. Homeostatic steady state. D. Negative affect reciprocity

D. Negative affect reciprocity

Sasha, a 3-year-old girl, was having difficulty settling down at bedtime. She ran around her house, trying to make her parents catch her before getting into bed. Sasha's behavior awakened her baby sister, asleep in the next room. John, Sasha's father, felt pushed to his limit and he screamed at Sasha to stop and threatened her with a spanking. Which type of discipline did Sasha's father use? A. Induction. B. Rule-giving. C. Withdrawal of love. D. Power assertion.

D. Power assertion.

Some research shows that cultural values and goals shape the kinds of discipline that parents use with their children. Which of the following statements is true in this regard? A. Puerto Rican mothers showed more warmth toward their children than European American mothers. B. European American mothers showed more warmth toward their children than Puerto Rican mothers. C. European American mothers were more likely than Puerto Rican mothers to use directives and commands with their children. D. Puerto Rican mothers were more likely than European American mothers to use directives and issue commands with their children.

D. Puerto Rican mothers were more likely than European American mothers to use directives and issue commands with their children.

What does Savin-Williams (2005) argue about the nature of sexual orientation? A. Sexual orientation is determined earlier for boys than for girls. B. Homosexuality might be fostered if children have homosexual teachers. C. Sexual orientation is determined in utero. D. Sexual orientation is a fluid concept for up to 20% of teens.

D. Sexual orientation is a fluid concept for up to 20% of teens.

Andrea is an adult with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style. Consistent with her attachment style, what is most likely to be true of Andrea's romantic relationship? A. She is likely to report greater trust in her partner than women with other kinds of attachment styles. B. She is likely to feel less dependent on her relationship than women with other kinds of attachment styles. C. Her relationships are likely to be less stable than those of women with other kinds of attachment styles. D. She is likely to report a lack of trust in her relationship.

D. She is likely to report a lack of trust in her relationship.

Becoming aware of the "Me" self, the self that recognizes one's gender and age, occurs roughly around what age? A. By 5 to 6 years. B. Not until 7 years of age. C. At 1 year. D. Shortly after 2 years.

D. Shortly after 2 years.

Donna runs a day care center. After many years of hard work, the business has grown and provides a steady income. Donna's daughter, Elaine, has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own. In order to provide this loan, Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center, including reducing staff by at least two employees. Based on what you know about Donna, what is her stage of cognitive development according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment? A. The achieving stage. B. The acquisition stage C. The fifth stage of cognitive development. D. The executive stage.

D. The executive stage.

Juan, a 7-month-old infant, lives in a city where the availability of high quality child care is very limited. His mother is forced to leave Juan in the care of a young woman who also cares for five other infants and toddlers in her small apartment. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, which of the following influences on Juan's development represents an example of a proximal process? A. Juan's cultural and economic background. B. State legislation regarding licensing of day care providers. C. Juan's genetic inheritance. D. The quality of care-giving Juan receives in day care.

D. The quality of care-giving Juan receives in day care

Which of the following is not true with regard to the definition of reactive attachment disorder? A. These children often show indiscriminant friendliness toward strangers instead of more typical caution. B. These children may develop later attachments, given their exposure to nurturant caregivers, but the process is more difficult and not assured in every case. C. These children have experienced grossly inadequate care in the early years. D. These children behave indifferently, like avoidantly attached youngsters.

D. These children behave indifferently, like avoidantly attached youngsters.

With regard to differences between males and females in math skills, which of the following is correct? A. Girls are on the average better than boys on math problem solving after puberty. B. Males on the average do somewhat better than females in all areas of math skill testing. C. Boys are on the average better than girls on math computations in elementary school and early adolescence. D. These differences have changed historically, and there is now little difference before Grade 12.

D. These differences have changed historically, and there is now little difference before Grade 12.

In several studies of the benefits of searching for meaning in the loss of a loved one, which of the following individuals were likely to show the most distress in the long run? A. Those who did not initiate a search for meaning. B. Those who began with no religious faith. C. Those who were able to find some meaning in the loss without the benefit of religion. D. Those who tried but failed to find meaning in their loss.

D. Those who tried but failed to find meaning in their loss.

Research on mate selection indicates that people choose mates on the basis of all of the following characteristics, except for A. compatibility. B. physical attractiveness. C. homogomy. D. agency.

D. agency.

The general consensus is that disorders of the autism spectrum A. are not related to any detectable brain growth abnormalities. B. are directly caused by pediatric vaccines containing thimerosal. C. cannot be reliably diagnosed because there is too much variation. D. are neurobiological in nature and have high family concordance rates.

D. are neurobiological in nature and have high family concordance rates.

In Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, the fundamental psychological needs they described include A. adequate shelter. B. freedom from fear. C. generativity. D. autonomy.

D. autonomy.

When a parent is classified as "dismissive" on the basis of an attachment interview assessing the parent's attachment to early caregivers, that parent's baby is most likely to have an attachment to the parent that is classified as A. disorganized/disoriented. B. anxious-ambivalent. C. secure. D. avoidant.

D. avoidant.

Research using habituation and preferential response paradigms has provided us with much of what we know about the infant's perceptual abilities. The habituation paradigm takes advantage of A. the absence of an orientation response in infants B. baby's ability to report their own reactions C. baby's ability to form habits D. baby's tendency to orient to new stimulation

D. baby's tendency to orient to new stimulation

NeoPiagetians are A. cognitive developmental theorists who dismiss the ideas of information processing approaches and argue for a return to Piaget's original theoretical work. B. psychologists who abandoned Piaget's model in favor of information processing theories. C. applying Piaget's concepts to therapeutic interventions. D. cognitive developmental theorists who incorporate ideas from Piaget and from information processing approaches into their theories.

D. cognitive developmental theorists who incorporate ideas from Piaget and from information processing approaches into their theories.

The internalization of rules and standards of behavior is most closely associated with the development of A. intelligence. B. attachment. C. self-concept. D. conscience.

D. conscience.

High concentrations of ______________ secreted by cells of the immune system are related to maladaptive inflammation. A. diatheses. B. neurotransmitters. C. endorphins. D. cytokines

D. cytokines

The still-face paradigm has been used primarily to study A. the effects of disciplinary style on self-control. B. mother-infant attachment. C. temperament. D. emotion regulation in infants.

D. emotion regulation in infants.

Our knowledge of an event in our own lives, such as a family vacation, is a type of A. nondeclarative knowledge. B. procedural knowledge. C. semantic knowledge. D. episodic knowledge.

D. episodic knowledge.

A person who perceives neutral events as containing aggressive or threatening meaning is said to possess a A. social information processing tendency. B. coercive family interaction style. C. hypervigilant attentional process. D. hostile attributional bias.

D. hostile attributional bias.

Erikson believed that a sense of industry, believing in and taking pleasure in one's ability to be productive, first emerges A. in infancy. B. in the preschool years. C. in adulthood. D. in the elementary school years.

D. in the elementary school years.

Assimilation can be described as ____________ and accommodation can be described as ____________. A. quantifying information / restructuring information. B. restructuring information / incorporating information. C. incorporating information / quantifying information. D. incorporating information / restructuring information.

D. incorporating information / restructuring information.

Globalization has begun to affect the young adult period in developing nations by A. decreasing the number of families who can education their children. B. decreasing young adults' exposure to a diversity of beliefs and values. C. limiting the occupational and lifestyle options available. D. increasing the length of time individuals spend in self-exploration before taking on adult responsibilities.

D. increasing the length of time individuals spend in self-exploration before taking on adult responsibilities.

Psychological stressors operate on the immune system in much the same way as A. sleep. B. cytokines. C. endorphins. D. infectious agents.

D. infectious agents.

Intentionally paying attention to one's present experience without judgment is a definition for A. stress management. B. relaxation. C. coping. D. mindfulness.

D. mindfulness.

The maturing of the corpus callosum by middle childhood is especially important for A. planning. B. logical thinking. C. perspective taking D. motor coordination.

D. motor coordination.

In Bronfenbrenner's model, proximal processes refer to A. independent changes in mental processes. B. indirect influences on an organism. C. favorable developmental conditions that are more likely to exist in one particular stage of development than in another. D. reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment.

D. reciprocal interactions between an organism and its immediate environment

When elementary school children are free to choose whomever they wish to play with, the most consistent finding is that they will choose A. whatever playmates they believe their teachers or parents wish for them to play with. B. opposite sex playmates. C. either same sex or opposite sex playmates equally often. D. same sex playmates.

D. same sex playmates.

When Jeanine, a successful surgeon, began to suffer from arthritis in her hands, she stopped doing surgery, continuing only the consulting portion of her medical practice, and accepted a position as Dean of the medical school at the university hospital where she had her practice. Narrowing her medical practice to consulting work represents an example of A. optimization. B. giving up. C. compensation. D. selection.

D. selection.

Beginning in the first hours after birth, caregivers interaction with infants in ways that enhance positive affect and attention, such as A. keeping a still face to sooth the baby. B. responding promptly to the baby's cries. C. Playing peek-a-boo with the baby. D. smiling, affectionate touching, and high-pitched vocalizations.

D. smiling, affectionate touching, and high-pitched vocalizations.

When Marla, age 14, decides that she is a good writer because she gets better grades than her friend Jenna on stories she writes for English, she is demonstrating the use of ____________ as part of identity formation. A. emotional autonomy from peers B. normative crisis management with peers C. attribute substitution with peers D. social comparison with peers

D. social comparison with peers

Based upon research on Perry's theory, helping professionals should provide ____________ for dualists and ____________ for multiplists. A. support / absolute truth B. challenge / experiential learning C. absolute truth / support D. support / challenge

D. support / challenge

Experimentation with deviant or risky behaviors (drug use, vandalism, sex, truancy, etc.) in adolescence is A. equally likely for boys and for girls today. B. clearly on the decline in today's culture. C. not typical of this age group and can be considered a clear sign of mental health problems. D. typical of this age group and can be considered statistically normative.

D. typical of this age group and can be considered statistically normative.

The process of myelination is not completed until A. middle childhood. B. around age 5 or 6. C. the end of infancy. D. well into adulthood.

D. well into adulthood.

Negative reinforcement is best described as A. a punishment that serves to reduce a problematic behavior. B. a negative consequence that follows a behavior. C. a consequence that reinforces negative behavior. D. when some unpleasant stimulus is avoided or removed, strengthening the behavior that allows escape from the unpleasantness.

D. when some unpleasant stimulus is avoided or removed, strengthening the behavior that allows escape from the unpleasantness.