Lifespan Psychology Final
Thinking in adulthood is distinguished from earlier thinking in that it is:
Unlike adolescents, adults combine intuitive and analytic thought.
What type of thought involves the rational analysis of many factors whose interactions must be calculated?
Analytic thought
Most infants begin to crawl between:
8-10 months
Self-criticism and _____ increase as a child ages and by middle childhood children tend to overestimate their abilities.
Self-Consciousness
One of the major differences between implicit and explicit memories is:
An insight regarding infant amnesia begins with the distinction between implicitand explicit memory. Implicit memory is not verbal; it is memory for movement or thoughts that are not put into words. Implicit memory begins by 3 months, is stable by 9 months, continues to improve for the first two years, and varies from one infant to another (Vöhringer et al., 2017). Explicit memory takes longer to emerge, as it depends on language.
One characteristic of both aggressive-rejected and withdrawn-rejected children is that they:
As for the three types of unpopular children, some are neglected, not rejected; they are ignored, but not shunned. The other two types are actively rejected, either aggressive-rejected, disliked because they are antagonistic and confrontational, or withdrawn-rejected, disliked because they are timid and anxious. Children as young as age 6 are aware if they are rejected and are able to decide whether they should try to be more accepted or should seek other friends (Nesdale et al., 2014). Both aggressive-rejected and withdrawn-rejected children often misinterpret social situations, lack emotional regulation, and experience mistreatment at home. Each of these problems not only cause rejection but the rejection itself makes it worse for the child (Stenseng et al., 2015). If they do not learn when to assert themselves and when to be quiet, they may become bullies and victims.
With regard to visual acuity, newborns:
Compared to hearing, vision is immature at birth. Although in mid-pregnancy the eyes open and are sensitive to bright light (if a pregnant woman is sunbathing in a bikini, for instance), the fetus has nothing much to see. Newborns are legally blind; they focus only on things quite close to their eyes, such as the face of their breast-feeding mother. Almost immediately, experience combines with maturation of the visual cortex to improve vision. By 2 months, infants not only stare at faces but also, with perception and the beginning of cognition, smile. (Smiling can occur earlier but not because of perception.)
This is defined as the system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations and symbolic representations that persist over time and prescribe social rules of conduct.
Culture
Which of the following is the BEST description of development
Development over the lifespan is multicultural, multicontextual, multi-directional, and plastic
Letting go of past roles found in social circles is called:
Disengagement
A factor that leads to marriages getting better over time is:
Education
Children who master _____ have learned when and how to express emotions.
Emotional Regulation
A drive that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from the outside of the person is called:
Extrinsic Motivation
The process of _____ helps each part of the body adjust to changes in other parts.
Homeostasis
Shaken baby syndrome:
If a frustrated adult shakes a crying baby, that may stop the crying because ruptured blood vessels in the brain break neural connections — a phenomenon called shaken baby syndrome, or abusive head trauma
The potential to master a skill or learn a body of knowledge is:
Knowledge Base
Frailty may be prevented in the elderly if:
Mobility is crucial for ADLs and IADLs. Yet there are many ways to prevent immobility. Some directly target bones: Drugs; diet; exercise; and replacement of hips, shoulders, knees, and so on are common. However, not every older person chooses such measures. Some fear falling and move less, increasing frailty, a choice sometimes encouraged by family and the community. The social support networks that prevent physical decline also prevent cognitive decline (Boss et al., 2015). With many types of failing physical and mental health, delay, moderation, and sometimes prevention are possible. Often older individuals, and the people who love them, need to put in place all the safeguards and develop all the habits that will prevent frailty.
There has been some improvement in U.S. children's academic performance; however, what stands out when compared to other nations is that:
Obesity
All of these contemporary trends have made a good death more likely EXCEPT:
People everywhere hope for a good death, one that is: At the end of a long life Peaceful Quick In familiar surroundings With family and friends present Without pain, confusion, or discomfort Modern Medicine In other ways, however, medical advances make a bad death more likely. When a cure is impossible, physical and emotional comfort deteriorate (Kastenbaum, 2012). Instead of acceptance, people fight death with medical measures that increase pain. Hospitals may exclude visitors at the most critical point; patients may become delirious or unconscious, unable to die in peace.
The immaturity of a young teenage mother will increase the risk of:
Teen sex that led to pregnancy and birth was expected for young wives a century ago, whose husbands and parents welcomed the baby. Now only 9 percent of teen mothers are married, and often the father is not available to help (J. Martin et al., 2018).
Which of these BEST explains why teens engage in behavior that they know puts them at risk?
Perhaps adolescents are rational, but their priorities are not the same as those of their parents. Parents want healthy, long-lived children, so they blame faulty reasoning when adolescents risk their lives or break the law. Adolescents, however, value social warmth and friendship, and their hormones and brains are more attuned to those values than to long-term consequences (Crone & Dahl, 2012). Thus, the reason may not be ignorance; it may be different values (Hartley & Somerville, 2015). For instance, is it important to postpone immediate pleasure in order to gain future rewards? That might mean rewriting an English paper, to hope for a better grade, to then be accepted in a better college, to then study for years to earn a degree, to then find a good job. That is what teachers and parents value. Adolescents may value peer approval more than adult approval. If one's friends think they might die soon, those teenagers who believe that they themselves will survive are likely to take risks or break the law. Without faith in the future, "youth were willing to risk injury or death in pursuit of immediate rewards including, most notably, respect from friends" (Haynie et al., 2014, p. 177).
What form of basic intelligence enables us to adapt and learn new things?
Practical Intelligence
One who takes responsibility for intergenerational caregiving and communication is called a:
Prime caregiver/kinkeeper
Which statement is TRUE of resilience?
Resilience has been defined as "a dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity" (Luthar et al., 2000, p. 543) and "the capacity of a dynamic system to adapt successfully to disturbances that threaten system function, viability, or development" (Masten, 2014, p. 10). Note that both of these leading researchers emphasize three parts of this definition: Resilience is dynamic, not a stable trait. That means a given person may be resilient at some periods but not others, and the effects from one period reverberate as time goes on. Resilience is a positive adaptation to stress. For example, if parental rejection leads a child to a closer relationship with another adult, that is positive resilience, not passive endurance. Adversity must be significant, a threat to development.
The presence of passion, intimacy, and commitment within a relationship is referred to as:
Romantic Love
_____ refers to the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring other stimuli.
Selective Attention
In order to foster balanced bilingualism, what do children need?
Since language is integral to culture, if a child is to become fluently bilingual, everyone who speaks with the child should respect both cultures, in song, books, and conversation. Children learn from listening and talking, so a child needs to hear and speak twice as much to become fluent in two languages (Hoff et al., 2012). If immigrant parents speak only their home language, they should talk often to the child in that language, because fluency in one language makes it easier to learn another (Hoff et al., 2014). Since early childhood is a sensitive time for language, such parents also need to find a social context (school, church, other relatives) where the child will learn the second language. The language shift is less likely if the child already speaks two languages before kindergarten.
Fourteen-month-old Carlos watches his older brother giggle and roll on the floor at SpongeBob on TV. Carlos then laughs And rolls on the floor whenever his brother does. This is an example of:
Social Referencing
Scientists have been gathering data on the numbers of LBW babies in each nation, due to concern about their high-risk status, in hopes of learning more about prevention. Which of the following is one of the factors that scientists have associated with the current trends in low-birthweight?
Some public health experts consider the rate of low birthweight to be indicative of national health, since both are affected by the same causes. If that is true, the world is getting healthier, since the LBW world average was 28 percent in 2009 but 16 percent in 2012. When all nations are included, 47 report LBW at 6 per 100 or lower. (The United States and the United Kingdom are not among them.)
Young children tend to have trouble with words that:
Some words are particularly difficult for every child, such as, in English, who/whom, have been/had been, here/there, yesterday/tomorrow. More than one child has awakened on Christmas morning and asked, "Is it tomorrow yet?" A child told to "stay there" or "come here" may not follow instructions because the terms are confusing. It might be better to say, "Stay there on that bench" or "Come here to hold my hand." Every language has difficult concepts that are expressed in words; children everywhere learn them eventually. Abstractions are particularly difficult; actions are easier to understand. A hole is to dig; love is hugging; hearts beat.
Members of our social convoy who provide the more reciprocally balanced relationships are:
Sometimes a friend needs care and cannot reciprocate at the time, but it is understood that later the roles may be reversed. Friends provide practical help and useful advice when serious problems—death of a family member, personal illness, job loss—arise. They also add companionship, information, and laughter to daily life. Friends are a crucial part of the social convoy; they are chosen for the traits that make them reliable fellow travelers. Mutual loyalty and aid characterize friendship: An unbalanced friendship (one giving and the other taking) often ends because both parties are uncomfortable. Friendships tend to improve over the decades of adulthood. As adults grow older, they tend to have fewer friends overall, but they keep their close friends and nurture those relationships (English & Carstensen, 2014). One of the benefits of friendship is that a person has someone to talk with about problems and joys. That itself increases happiness, especially when a friend celebrates accomplishments (Demir et al., 2017).
Thinking about suicide is called _____, and a failed suicide is called _____.
Suicidal Idealation, Parasuicide
Which of the following develops during the fetal period?
The organism is called a fetus from the ninth week after conception until birth. The fetal period encompasses dramatic change, from a tiny creature smaller than the final joint of your thumb to a newborn about 20 inches (51 centimeters) long.
The genes on the chromosomes of each cell instruct the cell to manufacture _____ to sustain life and development.
The proteins needed
Fifteen-year-old Greta's parents are active in the Republican Party. Greta's political beliefs will MOST likely:
The same as her parents
Applied to adolescent peer relationships, facilitation refers to the way that peers:
Then, friends facilitate destructive or constructive behaviors. It is easier to do wrong ("Let's all skip school on Friday") or right ("Let's study together for the chem exam") with friends. Peer facilitation helps adolescents do things they are unlikely to do alone.
Which is NOT an agreed upon conclusion by developmentalists regarding child care?
These are the agreed upon ones- Attachment to one or several familiar caregivers is essential. That could be mothers, other close relatives, or regular day-care providers. Frequent changes and instability are problematic. If an infant is cared for by a neighbor, a grandmother, a day-care center, and then another grandmother, each for only a month or two, or if an infant is with the biological mother, then a foster mother, then back with the biological mother, that is harmful. By age 3, children with unstable care histories are likely to be more aggressive than those with stable care (Pilarz & Hill, 2014). Babies benefit from a strong relationship with their parents. Accordingly, most nations provide some paid leave for mothers who are in the workforce, with variations of a few days to 15 months (see Figure 4.4). Increasingly, paid leave is allowed for fathers, or family leave can be taken by either parent. In most nations, a mother's job is legally required to be available when her leave is over.
Wisdom seems to reflect:
These researchers posed life dilemmas to adults of various ages and asked others (who had no clue as to how old the participants were) to judge whether the responses were wise. They found that wisdom is rare at any age, but, unlike physical strength and cognitive quickness, wisdom does not fade with maturity. Thus, some people of every age were judged as wise. A review of personality development over adulthood found that some people become wiser, but not everyone (Reitz & Staudinger, 2017). This returns us to a theme often seen in this chapter—late adulthood is a time of marked variation, a theme continued in Chapter 15. You need to define wisdom and decide who has it. An underlying quandary is that a universal definition of wisdom is elusive: Each culture and each cohort has its own concept, with fools sometimes seeming wise (as happens in Shakespearean drama) and those who are supposed to be wise sometimes acting foolishly (provide your own examples). Older and younger adults differ in how they make decisions; one interpretation of these differences is that the older adults are wiser, but not every younger adult would agree (Worthy et al., 2011).
When researchers used the "grounded theory" method to study sexual activity in the elder population, they found that:
They found 34 people (17 couples, aged 50 to 86, married an average of 34 years), interviewing each privately and extensively. They read and reread all of the transcripts, tallying responses and topics by age and gender (that was the grounded part). Then they analyzed common topics, interpreting trends (that was theory). They concluded that sexual activity is more a social construction than a biological event (Lodge & Umberson, 2012). All of their cases said that intercourse was less frequent with age, including four couples for whom intercourse stopped completely because of the husband's health. Nonetheless, more respondents said that their sex life had improved than said it deteriorated (44 percent compared to 30 percent).
The rapid spread of STIs is a result of:
This lack of prevention, diagnosis, and early treatment for STIs is tragic. Sexual infections spread when their carriers are unaware of them. In this case, ignorance is dangerous. STIs increase infertility, disease, and death later in life, including from diseases that may seem unrelated, such as cancer and tuberculosis. During the same years that contraception improved and became more widely available, travel became far easier and cheaper, enabling an STI caught in one place to spread quickly. Most emerging adults engage in sex voluntarily, which makes them unlike victims of sex-trafficking, who suffer in many ways (Russell, 2018). However, one similarity is devastating: The more sexual partners people have, the more STIs spread.
Which statement is TRUE about parental discipline?
Time-out is favored by many experts. For example, in the large, longitudinal evaluation of the Head Start program highlighted in Chapter 5, an increase in time-outs and a decrease in spankings were considered signs of improved parental discipline (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). However, the same team who criticized the correlation between spanking and misbehavior also criticized the research favoring time-out. They added, "misbehavior is motivated by wanting to escape from the situation . . . time-out reinforces the misbehavior" (Larzelere & Cox, 2013, p. 289). Often combined with the time-out is another alternative to physical punishment and psychological control— induction, in which the parents discuss the infraction with their child, hoping the children themselves will realize why their behavior was wrong. Ideally, a strong and affectionate parent-child relationship allows children to express their emotions and parents to listen. Induction takes time and patience. Children confuse causes with consequences and tend to think they behaved properly, given the situation. Simple induction ("Why did he cry?") may be appropriate, but even that is hard before a child develops theory of mind. Nonetheless, induction may pay off over time. Children whose parents used induction when they were 3-year-olds became children with fewer externalizing problems in elementary school (Choe et al., 2013b). What do parents actually do? A survey of discipline in early childhood found that most parents use more than one method (Thompson et al., 2017). In the United States, time-out is the most common punishment, and about half of the parents sometimes spank. The survey found that other methods—induction, counting, distraction, hand-smacking, removal of a toy or activity—were also used. Specifics of parenting style and punishment seem less crucial than whether or not children know that they are loved, guided, and appreciated (Grusec et al., 2017). Many parents may seem to be authoritarian, but the crucial variable is how loving and warm they are: If that love is evident, their children may have higher achievement and pride than their peers (Pinquart & Kauser, 2018). Every parent needs to figure out the best way to love and guide their children.
The importance of synchrony is that infants learn to:
To be specific, long before they can reach out and grab, infants respond excitedly to caregiver attention by waving their arms. Adults with animated expressions move close so that a waving arm can touch a face or, even better, a hand can grab hair. This is the eagerness to "make interesting events last" that was described in Chapter 3. Synchronizing adults open their eyes wide, raise their eyebrows, smack their lips, and emit nonsense sounds. Hair-grabbing might make adults bob their heads back and forth, in a playful attempt to shake off the grab, to the infants' joy. Over time, an adult and an infant might develop a routine of hair-grabbing in synchrony. Another adult and infant might develop another routine, perhaps with hand-clapping, or lip-smacking, or head-turning. Synchrony may begin haphazardly and become a mutual dance, with both knowing the steps.
When children develop folk psychology, they are trying to respond to questions that revolve around:
To know what goes on in another person's mind, people develop a folk psychology, which includes ideas about other people's thinking, called theory of mind. Theory of mind is "essential in communities that rely heavily on the exchange of information, ideas, and points of view" (Lillard & Kavanaugh, 2014, p. 1535). Longitudinal research finds that 2-year-olds do not know that other people think differently than they do, but 6-year-olds know this very well (Wellman et al., 2011). Part of theory of mind is realizing that someone else might have a mistaken belief. In a classic experiment, children watch a puppet named Max put a toy dog into a red box. Then Max leaves and the child sees the dog taken out of the red box and put in a blue box.
The primary goal of the study of human development is:
To seek and understand how and why people change over time
When a child loses a family member or a pet, it is best:
To tell them the truth about what happened
