LIN 001 Morphology & Syntax

Explain the constraint making the derivation red-redden possible and (*) green-greenen impossible.

-en can only be combined with monosylalbic base that ends in an obstruent (see lecture slides wk 3 pg 21) Red is monosyllabic and ends in obstruent Green is monosyllabic /n/ is not obstruent (nasal)

Say whether the following are examples of category change only, meaning change only or both category and meaning change: Amaze-amazement; Pleased-displeased; Size-sizeable; Patron-patronage.

Amaze-amazement; (category change) Pleased-displeased; (meaning change) Size-sizeable; (category and meaning change) Patron-patronage. (meaning change)

DERIVATION

Change in category and/or type of meaning when creating new word ex. active --> activation happy --> unhappiness

What type of morphological process is illustrated in the following examples: butter (n) - butter (v) gaslight (n) - gaslight (v)

Conversion (zero derivation)

root

Core part; carries of main meaning, not analyzable further, usually lexical categories such as nouns, verbs, adjectives

affixes

Do not belong to a lexical category (n v adj), usually bound morphemes

Define and illustrate the difference between derivational and inflectional morphology.

Inflection is when words are modified to carry grammatical info w/o change in meaning? -Make changes in grammatical subclasses w/o changing grammatical/lexical categories Derivational morphology is the combination of existing morphemes to get new words? -Make new words from existing word form

INFLECTION

Inflectional morphology includes the processes used to indicate grammatical subclasses to which the word form belongs -Doesn't change grammatical category or type of meaning -Inflectional affixes follow derivational affixes -Highly productive: in contrast to derivational affixes which are a highly restricted class -s (3rd person), -ed, -ing, -en, -s (pl), -'s, -er, -est

stem

Is any form to which affixed (extra non-free elements) are added it consists minimally of a root, but may be analyzable into a root plus other morphemes

Syntax

Part of the language that comprises a set of grammatical structure and rules that guide the combination of words into phrases and sentences

explanation of English past tense allomorphs

Played /-d/ Voiced consonant follows a voiced final syllable Tapped /-t/ follows unvoiced final syllable Started /-id/ Ends with t or d, add /i/ to make pronunciation clear (epenthesis)

incomplete morphological analysis of "practicality"

Root : practic- But when you add -al Practical Stem : practic- Affix : -al Practicality Stem : practical Affix -ity So... 1 root 2 stems 2 affixes

What is the rule and the reasons for the allomorphs in the plural endings illustrated below: Dogs - Bits- Masses

The allomorphs match the voicings. /g/ is voiced, so /z/ follows. /t/ is unvoiced so /s/ follows. It would be hard to say mass-s so a spacer is added to make it /-es/ /s/ means epenthesis of /ɪ/ sound

words

The smallest free form that can occur in isolation and whose position with respect to neighboring categories is not completely fixed

Morphology

The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation Studies internal structures of words and rules of their formation

Allomorphs

Variant forms (phonetic realizations) of a morpheme Bc they occur in different phonetic environments

(1) Taroo ga Tokyo kara ryokoosita. Taroo SU Tokyo from travelled 'Taroo travelled from Tokyo' (2) Marie voyage à Paris. Marie travels to Paris 'Marie travels to Paris' One of these languages is "prepositional', the other "postpositional". Which is which?

Where the preposition is in relation to noun. Japanese is postpositional, and French is prepositional

Reduplication

a syllable structure phonological process that involves the repetition of a syllable of a word ex. (not real word) lusaba lulusaba

Conversion (zero derivation)

change in grammatical category, w/o change in form ex. butter (n), butter (v)

prepositions (bc i keep forgetting them :C )

direction, time, location, space aboard along amid as beneath beyond but concerning considering despite except following like minus next onto opposite outside past per plus regarding round save since than till underneath unlike until upon versus via within without

recursion

hey i thought i left you behind in compsci The ability for a phrasal constituent to embed another phrasal constituent of the same type within it Ex. the book in the box on the table by the window in the corner next to the door

bound morpheme

one occurs w/ a buddy (-ed)

Blends

or portmanteaus create new word by blending (ha-ha) parts of existing ones ex. motel, brunch, frenemy

Morpheme

smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function that cannot be further analyzed

Free morpheme

stands on its own!! (play)

Compounding

word formation process that combines two existing stems (words) superpower French fry