Ling exam #2

Suffix

(sometimes termed postfix) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs EX: "ly"

Synthetic language

*Bound morphemes* are attached to other morphemes, so a word may be made up of several meaningful elements. is a language with a high morpheme-per-word ratio, as opposed to a low morpheme-per-word ratio in what is described as analytic language. (inflections and derivations). morphemes combing together (like agglutinating, polysynthetic and synthetic language).

! Determiners (DET) @

A determiner, also called determinative (abbreviated DET), is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. ... For further details of their use inEnglish, see English determiners and English articles.

Fusional language

A language in which one form of a morpheme has several meanings. This language is harder to differentiate, it has a lot of meanings with the same morpheme- a lot of homophones in the same language. Words are formed by adding bound morphemes to stems, however, in this language, the affixes may not be as easy to separate from the stem. Morphemes are integrated in the word. They will change the rest of the sentence or other words EX: Spanish

Agglutinating language

A language in which words are made up of a linear sequence of distinct morphemes and each component of meaning is represented by its own morpheme. Morphemes that are joined together "loosely". One morpheme per one function . The morpheme keeps its shape no matter the location. Bound morphemes usually only have one meaning. The morphemes are easier to tell apart. EX: Swahili language is separated

! Noun phrase (NP) @

A noun phrase ornominal phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase which has a noun (or indefinite pronoun) as its head, or which performs the same grammatical function as such a phrase. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type

! Adjectival phrase (ADJ) @

An adjective phrase (or adjectival phrase) is a phrasewhose head word is an adjective, e.g. fond of steak, very happy, quite upset about it, etc. ... For example, inthe sentence The shoes look expensive, the expensiveadjective modifies the subject the shoes through the use of the linking verb look

! Prepositional phrase (PREP) @

An adpositional phrase, in linguistics, is a syntactic category that includes prepositional phrases, postpositional phrases, and circumpositional phrases. Adpositional phrases contain an adposition (preposition, postposition, or circumposition) as head and usually a complement such as a noun phrase.

! Auxiliary verbs (AUX) @

An auxiliary verb (abbreviated aux) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause inwhich it appears, such as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany a main verb. ... Some sentences contain a chain of two or more auxiliary verbs

! Conjunctions (CONJ) @

In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjoining construction. ... The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function, e.g. "as well as", "provided that".

! Pronouns (PRO) @

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated PRO) is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase. It is a particular case of a pro-form. ... The use ofpronouns often involves anaphora, where the meaning of the pronoun is dependent on an antecedent.

! Adverbial phrase (ADV) @

In linguistics, an adverbial phrase ("AdvP") is a multi-word expression operating adverbially: its syntactic function is to modify other expressions, including verbs, adjectives, adverbs, adverbials, and sentences

Prefix

In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or word form. ... They are bound morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes. Part of affixation. EX: pre

! Phrase (constituent) @

In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The analysis of constituent structure is associated mainly with phrase structure grammars, although dependency grammars also allow sentence structure to be broken down into constituent parts

Functional Ambiguity (lexical/functional)

Lexical ambiguity is the presence of two or more possible meanings within a single word. Also called semantic ambiguity or homonym. Compare to syntactic ambiguity. It is sometimes used deliberately to create puns and other types of wordplay. EX: fly (insect) or fly (zipper)

Analytic (isolating) language

Puts forms together in 7 different ways and made up of root words analytic languages are so called because they are made up of sequences of *free morphemes*. Each word consists of a single morpheme, used by itself with the one meaning and function intact. Purely analytic languages, (isolating) do not use affixes to compose words. Puts forms together in separate ways, they are made up of individual words and not linked to anything else.

Recursion DONT NEED TO KNOW

Recursion is a property of language. From a Linguistics viewpoint, recursion can also be called nesting. As I've stated in this answer to what defines a language (third-last bullet point), recursion "is a phenomenon where a linguistic rule can be applied to the result of the application of the same rule.

Structural ambiguity (syntactic)

Syntactic ambiguity arises not from the range of meanings of single words, but from the relationship between the words and clauses of a sentence, and the sentence structure underlying the word order therein. In other words, a sentence is syntactically ambiguous when a reader or listener can interpret a sentence in more than one way. It is how you combine a phrase group. Grammer as opposed to meaning/sound. Also deals with where you place lexical categories EX: guy (who?) shot woman with a gun

Stem

The thing/word that an affix attaches to

Polysynthetic language

Under synthetic. languages in which words are composed of many morphemes (word parts that have independent meaning but may or may not be able to stand alone. Allows the incorporation of objects into verbs. multi functions, most extreme degree of mutation of morphemes

Hypernym

a more *general* word whose meaning includes the meanings of other words. ... The semantic relationship between each of the more specific words (e.g., daisy and rose) and the more general term (flower) is called hyponymy or inclusion HYPER BEFORE HYPO

! Verb phrase (VP) @

a verb phrase (VP) is a syntactic unit composed of at least one verb and its dependents—objects, complements and other modifiers—but not always including the subject

Morphophoneme

an abstract phonological unit representing corresponding phonemes in different allomorphs of one morpheme. In English the symbol F may be used to represent a morphophoneme occurring in two related allomorphs, as f inleaf, but v in the plural leaves.

Allomorph

any of the versions of a morpheme, such as the plural endings s (as in bats), z (as in bugs ), and iz (as in buses) for the plural morpheme Ex: bats, bugs, buses

Bound Morpheme

class of free morpheme. They are affixes that cannot stand alone Ex: on page 159

Derivational

content morphemes, will often change the lexical category (meaning it will be derivational) EX: trust (content verb), entrust (verb), happy (adj), happiness (noun), illegal- the illegal (legal standard)

Antonym

different

Reduplication (probs not gonna see on exam)

doesn't exist? is a word-formation process in which meaning is expressed by repeating all or part of a word. ... As for form, the term "reduplicant" has been widely used to refer to the repeated portion of a word, while "base" is used to refer to the portion of the word that provides the source material for repetition (ex: do you like him as a friend, or do you like-like him? oorrr lalat-fly- to lalatlalat- flies-)

Inflective

function morphemes, no change EX: cat --> cats, or a car --> cats

Suppletion (irregularity)

irregularity and suppletion. An *irregular* paradigm is one in which the derived forms of a word cannot be deduced by simple rules from the base form. an irregular situation where a root will have one or more inflected forms phonetically unrelated to the shape of the root

Compounding

is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem. Creates compound lexemes. It is a process that forms new words when two or more words are joined to make one longer word. The words are derived by affixation. This can be done with free morphemes, affixed words and compounded words. EX: Free Morpheme- girlfriend, blackbird, textbook. Affixed words- ironing board, air-conditioner, watch-maker. Compound with compounded words- lifeguard chair, aircraft carrier, life-insurance salesman

Word order (syntax)

is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order. The term syntax is also used to refer to the study of such principles and processes

Free Morpheme

issa a morpheme (or word element) that can stand alone as a word. Also, its called an unbound morpheme or a free-standing morpheme. Two basic kinds of free morphemes: content words and function words. Ex: Dog & Dogs or Massachusetts or Catsup --> Ketchup

Infix

it is an affix inserted inside a word stem (an existing word). It contrasts with adfix, a rare term for an affix attached to the outside of a stem, such as a prefix or suffix (in mathematics, the terms prefix ("Polish Notation") and postfix are used). Part of affixation. EX: fan-bloody-tastic (not seen in english)

Alternation

it is possible to make morpheme- internal modifications. While they have to do with some sounds in a particular word pair or larger word set, these alternations make morphological distinctions (ring, rang, rung OR break (root), broke (alternation), broken (alternation and affixation)

Hyponym ***

shows the relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym). It is more *specific* than a hypernym.

Synonym

similar/same

Affix

the added pieces of words are called this

Inflection

the creation of different grammatical forms of words-- like adding an s, ed, ing, en or est

Affixation

this is the process of adding a morpheme — or affix— to a word to create either a different form of that word or a new word with a different meaning; affixation is the most common way of making new words in English. Contains prefix, suffix and infix. Ex: "to" fix

Morpheme

this is when words contain two parts (root & affix) like catty and caats. Roots and affixes help define what this is. A meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g., in, come, -ing, forming incoming). Ex: forming

Form

what a word sounds like when spoken

Lexical category

words belong to these categories . It is also sometimes called parts of speech. These categories are classes of words that differ in how other words can be constructed out of them. There are verbs, nouns and adjectives (with the inclusion of adverbs, there are open lexical categories) EX: verb --> ing, able, adj --> ness, est, noun --> s

Homophones

words that sound alike, but have different meanings. The two words may be spelled the same, such as rose (flower) and rose (past tense of "rise"), or differently, such as carat, caret, and carrot, or to, two, and too. Lexical and Functional ambiguity