Linguistics Final - Quizzes and SQs
What is the grammatical function of the proper noun in the following sentence? The professor and her students visited Berlin during the summer.
"Berlin" is the object of the sentence.
How is the following sentence structurally ambiguous? We met an English history teacher.
"English history teacher" could mean that the history teacher was English or that the teacher taught the history of English
How is the following sentence structurally ambiguous? Flying planes can be dangerous.
"Flying" could be an adjective or a verb here; "flying planes" could be a noun phrase that means "planes that fly" or a verb phrase meaning "the act of flying planes"
How do we describe the pragmatic difference between the pair here and now versus there and then?
"Here and now" is close to the speaker, while "there and then" is not close to the speaker.
How is the word "discourse" usually defined?
"Language beyond the sentence"
How is the following sentence structurally ambiguous? How come a bed has four legs but only one foot?
"Legs" and "foot" have multiple meanings.
What phrase is used more often instead of "thematic roles," and what other term is used instead of "theme" in the semantic analysis of noun phrases?
"Semantic roles" and "patient"
What prescriptive rules for the "proper" use of English are not obeyed in the following sentence, and how would it be "corrected"? I can't remember the name of the person I gave the book to.
"You must not end a sentence with a preposition" is the rule it disobeys. Correction: I can't remember the name of the person to whom I gave the book.
What prescriptive rules for the "proper" use of English are not obeyed in the following sentence, and how would it be "corrected"? The old theory consistently failed to fully explain all the data.
"You must not split an infinitive" is the rule it disobeys. Correction: The old theory consistently failed to explain fully all the data.
What was the original literal meaning of syntax in Greek?
"a putting together" or "arrangement"
Which sounds are the most widely attested in the vocalizations made by infants during their first year, no matter which language their parents are using?
"b" and "m" sounds
How is the following sentence structurally ambiguous? These are designed for small boys and girls.
"small boys and girls" could be referring to small boys and small girls or only small boys and non-small girls; it isn't clear what the adjective is modifying
Which part of the following sentence is the VP? None of the people in the building supported the proposed rent increase.
"supported the proposed rent increase"
How is the following sentence structurally ambiguous? The parents of the bride and groom were waiting outside.
"the parents of the bride and groom" could be read as individual sets of parents (the parents of the bride and the parents of the groom) or the same set (the bride and groom have the same parents)
Which of the following pairs contains an example of calque? How would you describe the other(s)? (a) footobooru (Japanese) - football (English) (b) tre´ning (Hungarian) - training (English) (c) luna de miel (Spanish "moon of honey") - honeymoon (English) (d) jardin d'enfants (French "garden of children") - Kindergarten (German "children garden")
(c) and (d) are examples of calque; the other two could be described as borrowing
Insert the word "flap" into the proper spaces (e - h) in the diagram below. syllable ⎛ ⎞ (a) (b) ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ (c) (d) ⎜ ⎢ ⎟ ⎢ (e) (f) (g) (h)
(e) f (f) l (g) a (h) p
What semantic feature must a noun have in order to be used in this sentence? The _______ were discussing what to do.
+human
What are the allomorphs of the morpheme "plural" in the following set of English words? criteria, dogs, oxen, deer, judges, stimuli
-a, -s, -en, zero-morph /Ø/, -es, -i
What are the inflectional morphemes in the following expression? We looked through my grandmother's old photo albums.
-ed (Past Tense), 's (Possessive Singular), -s (Plural)
What are the inflectional morphemes in the following expression? Have you eaten yet?
-en (Past Participle)
List the bound morphemes in the following word. shortening
-en -ing
List the bound morphemes in the following word. happier
-er
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: terrorism
-ism
List the bound morphemes in the following word. fearlessly
-less and -ly
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: carelessness
-less- -ness
What are the inflectional morphemes in the following expression? My parents' parents were all from Scotland.
-s' (Possessive Plural) and -s (Plural)
Which of the following suffixes is NOT an inflectional morpheme? -ing, -'s, -tion, -er
-tion
Which English sound has the features +voice, velar, stop?
/g/
Which English phoneme has the features: -voice, +velar, +stop?
/k/
What percentage of human breathing while speaking normally consists of in-breaths?
10%
What percentage of its eventual weight is a baby's brain at birth?
25%
How many adverbs are there in the following sentence? Really large objects move very slowly.
3
How many morphemes are found in the following word? dogs'
3
How many morphemes are there in the word "terrorists?"
3
How many noun phrases are there in the following sentence? Robert brought a small puppy to the party, and we all wanted to keep it.
5
Approximately how many years ago did written language develop?
5,000 years ago
How many noun phrases are there in the following sentence? George saw a small dog in the park near the fountain, and it followed him when he left the park.
8
How many regular inflectional morphemes are there in English?
8
How many weeks before birth is the human auditory system working?
8 weeks
What percentage of human breathing while speaking involved exhalation?
90%
What is a "filled pause"?
A "filled pause" is marking hesitation and pauses with sounds like "er," "um," "uh," and "ah," so that the turn is held by the speaker.
What kind of word is the word "photo"?
A clipped word
What is the difference between a communication system with productivity and one with fixed reference?
A communication system with productivity has an infinite number of utterances that can be created by the users of that communication system. A fixed reference system has a limited amount of utterances, and more cannot be created.
What is a "schema" in linguistics?
A conventional knowledge structure that exists in memory
The Genetic Source theory is based on what?
A hypothesized "language gene" that only humans possess.
What kind of generative rule is this: N --> {girl, dog, boy}
A lexical rule
What is wrong with the following rule of English syntactic structure?
A prepositional phrase rewrites as a preposition followed by a noun The rule should read "A prepositional phrase rewrites as a preposition followed by a noun phrase." By saying "noun phrase" instead of just "noun," the rule can have generate an unlimited amount of structures, which will make ungrammatical structures.
What is a closed syllable?
A syllable that has a nucleus (vowel) and a coda (consonants after the vowel); the onset (consonant before the vowel) is optional
What is an open syllable?
A syllable that has an onset and a nucleus but no coda (ex. me, to, no)
Why is it difficult to agree with Psammetichus that Phrygian must have been the original human language?
According to recent evidence, children who grow up without exposure to language do not spontaneously begin to speak at all, unlike what the pharaoh said. Additionally, some critics have said that the word spoken in this situation was an imitation of the goats the children lived with, not an utterance of the original language.
Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing the capitalized word(s). Don't they ever worry that they might get AIDS?
Acronym
"Nestor advised Achilles to take Agamemnon's gifts." The preceding sentence is in the _____ voice.
Active
Paris abducted Helen from the house of Menelaus. The preceding sentence is in the _____ voice.
Active
What is an implicature?
Additional conveyed meaning
What is inference?
Additional information used by the listener to connect speech and meaning.
"According to Christopher Robin, Winnie the Pooh is a silly old bear." "Silly" in the preceding sentence is a(n):
Adjective
"It was a dark and stormy night." "Dark" in the preceding sentences is a:
Adjective
What part of speech is lovely in the following sentence? We saw a lovely rainbow yesterday.
Adjective
"The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain." "Mainly" in the preceding sentences is a/an:
Adverb
"Unfortunately, the rain kept falling." "Unfortunately" in the preceding sentences is a/an:
Adverb
"Yesterday, we went for a walk in the woods." "Yesterday" in the preceding sentences is a/an:
Adverb
"One of the men unlocked all the doors with a paper clip." Identify the semantic role of the noun phrase "one of the men" from the preceding sentence.
Agent
"The children ran from the playground to the wading pool." Identify the semantic role of the noun phrase "the children" from the preceding sentence.
Agent
Which of these words has a bound stem: consist, deceive, introduce, repeat?
All of them (-sist, -ceive, -duce, -peat)
What kind of word is the word "radar"?
An acronym
What is a prefix?
An affix at the beginning of the word
What is a suffix?
An affix at the end of a word
What is an infix?
An affix in the middle of a word.
What is an aspirated sound, and which of the following words would normally be pronounced with one?
An aspirated sound is a phone that is accompanied by a puff of air, such as the [t] in "tar." Kill, pool and top would all normally be pronounced with an aspirated sound.
What is an "insertion sequence"?
An insertion sequence is an adjacency pair that comes between the first and second parts of another adjacency pair.
What is the difference between an open and a closed syllable?
An open syllable has an onset and a nucleus but no coda, and a closed syllable has a nucleus and a coda and may have an onset.
What do we call the process whereby a new word is formed to be similar to an existing word?
Analogy
Why is reflexivity considered to be a special property of human language?
Animals are unable to communicate about their communication. Humans are capable to discuss and reflect on the aspects, uses, and mechanics of language while using language, making them the only ones capable of reflexivity.
What is the technical term for the phrase "an old car" in its relationship with "it" in the following utterance? I have an old car, but it runs great.
Antecedent
What different aspects of language are studied in articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics studies how speech sounds are made. Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air. Auditory phonetics studies the perception of speech sounds via the ear.
In the set below, (1) is in < > and shows standard spelling; (2) is in / / and shows slow or careful speech; (3) is in [ ] and shows fast or normal speech. 1. <unpopular> 2. /ənpapjələr/ 3. [əmpapjələr] What is the phonological process at work in this set?
Assimilation
Identify the word-formation process at work in the following example: 1. Orientation classes are required for all freshmen. 2. Make sure you orientate yourselves thoroughly before we begin.
Backformation
Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing the capitalized word(s). The house next door was BURGLED when I was BABYSITITNG the Smiths' children.
Backformation (burgle) and derivation (babysitting)
In Standardized American English, we use indirect speech acts for making requests in order to do what?
Be polite
Linguists believe that spoken language probably developed when?
Between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago.
Which word formation process is the source of the English modem?
Blending
________ is combining the parts of two words.
Blending
What is the process called when speakers imitate a word from a foreign language and at least partly adapt it in sound or grammar to their native speech patterns?
Borrowing
Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing the capitalized word(s). I like this old SOFA—it's nice and COMFY.
Borrowing (sofa) and clipping (comfy)
Why does the Tool-Making Source theory connects tool manipulation with language?
Both tool making and language require brain lateralization
Derivational and inflectional are made up of __________ morphemes only.
Bound
The "-ceive" in the word "deceive" is a:
Bound lexical morpheme
What does discourse analysis examine?
Broad speech units composed of multiple utterances.
How is an eponym formed?
By creating a word from the name of a person or place
Which of the following words are co-hyponyms? ant, cabbage, insect, plant, turnip, vegetable
Cabbage and turnip (superordinate = vegetable)
"Luna de miel" (Spanish - moon of honey) ---> honeymoon is an example of what?
Calque (loan translation)
The story of the Tower ob Babel is an example of what explanation for human language?
Catastrophe
Why do you think that young deaf children who become fluent in sign language would be cited in support of the innateness hypothesis?
Children who are deaf do not develop speech because of their disability. However, they still have language-learning capabilities, as shown through their ability to learn sign language. This leads to the conclusion that language-learning is not solely based on being able to hear spoken words. It suggests that the human brain is genetically hard-wired to learn language, no matter if it is spoken or signed.
Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing the capitalized word(s). When I'm ill, I want to see a DOC, not a VET.
Clipping (both)
Identify the multiple processes involved in the word formation. I had to TEMP for a while before I got a real job.
Clipping and conversion
Which process is clearly involved in creating the new term selfie?
Clipping; specifically, hypocorism
The space labeled (d) in the diagram below is the ________. syllable ⎛ ⎞ (a) (b) ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ (c) (d) ⎜ ⎢ ⎟ ⎢ (e) (f) (g) (h)
Coda
What is the basic difference between cohesion and coherence?
Cohesion is the formal ties and connections that exist within texts, while coherence does not exist in the words and structures within a text; instead, it exists in people.
Which two processes were involved in the creation of the verb google, as in "have you ever googled yourself?"?
Coinage and conversion
What is the difference between communicative signals and informative signals?
Communicative signals are intentional, while informative signals are unintentional.
The two inflectional morphemes that attach to adjectives are called _____ and _____.
Comparative and superlative
Identify the word-formation process at work in the following example: 1. Please hand me that black board. 2. I wish someone would clean the blackboard
Compounding
When two or more whole, already existing, words are put together to form a new word, we call this process:
Compounding
Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing the capitalized word(s). These new SKATEBOARDS from Zee Designs are KICKASS.
Compounding (both)
What physiological adaptations make speech possible for humans?
Configuration of the teeth (upright, even in height, small) flexibility of the lips, small and quickly-moving mouth, extended L-shaped vocal tract, shorter/thicker/more muscular tongue, ability to close the airway through the nose to create more air pressure in the mouth, longer pharynx and lower larynx
"Achilles, because he was a whiny pup, asked his mother to help him get even with Agamemnon." "Because" in the preceding sentences is a:/an
Conjunction
Discourse analysis is the process of discovering the rules that govern a series of connected utterances such as what?
Conversations and stories
Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing the capitalized word(s). You don't need to BUTTON it because it's got VELCRO inside.
Conversion (button) and blending (Velcro)
That Kanzi spontaneously began using Yerkish just by being exposed to it suggests which property of human language was at work?
Cultural transmission
What is the property that explains why a language must be acquired or learned by each new generation?
Cultural transmission
With respect to structure, syntactically ambiguous sentences are different in their ______ structure.
Deep
Identify the word-formation process at work in the following example: 1. You need to orient yourself when you start college. 2. Orientation classes are required for all freshmen.
Derivation
The "un-" in "unimportant" is a:
Derivational Bound Grammatical Morpheme
What kind of morpheme is the suffix in slowly?
Derivational Bound Grammatical Morpheme
The rule "'the' is a definite article" is an example of _____ grammar.
Descriptive
The rule "subjects and verbs must agree in number" is an example of _____ grammar.
Descriptive
In Linguistics, articles (a/an, the) are put into which category?
Determiners
Someone stands between you and the TV set you're watching, so you decide to say one of the following. Identify which would be direct or indirect speech acts: Move! You're in the way. Could you please sit down? Please get out of the way.
Direct, indirect, indirect, direct
What language property allows us to lie, talk about the past or future, and write fiction?
Displacement
What is displacement?
Displacement is the ability to refer to events and objects that are not currently present. Human language is not rooted in the "here and now;" it is able to refer to any known subject from any time.
In the set below, (1) is in < > and shows standard spelling; (2) is in / / and shows slow or careful speech; (3) is in [ ] and shows fast or normal speech. 1. <diphthong> 2. /dIfθɔŋ/ 3. [dIpθɔŋ] What is the phonological process at work in this set?
Dissimilation
Identify the multiple processes involved in the word formation. Jeeves, could you tell the maid to be sure to HOOVER the bedroom carpet?
Eponym and conversion
True or False: "The boy was bitten by the dog" is an active voice sentence.
False
True or False: A phrase must be made up of at least two words.
False
True or False: All sentences have two major constituents, a subject and an article.
False
True or False: Avoiding saying that which you haven't adequate evidence for it an example of Grice's maxim of relevance.
False
True or False: The following sentence is an indirect speech act: "Did you see the movie last night?
False
True or False: The phrase "a bright color" can be rewritten in symbols as NP→num adv N.
False
True or False: The scientific name for a dog, Canis lupus familiaris, is a less marked term than the word dog.
False
In Korean [nar] and [nal] both mean "day." True or false: [nar] and [nal] constitute a minimal pair in Korean.
False, because they mean the same thing
The pronoun "we" is _____ person.
First
What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: The king of France is bald.
France has a king.
"The boy was a bitten by the dog." In the preceding sentence, "boy" is a:
Free Lexical morpheme
"To" is what kind of morpheme?
Free grammatical morpheme
"Boy" is what kind of morpheme?
Free lexical morpheme
The "-er" in "taller" is a:
Functional bound inflectional morpheme
"The children ran from the playground to the wading pool." Identify the semantic role of the noun phrase "the wading pool" from the preceding sentence.
Goal
Is the pair of opposites gradable, non-gradable, or reversive? fair/unfair
Gradable
Is the pair of opposites gradable, non-gradable, or reversive? high/low
Gradable
What is the basic lexical relation between the pair of words listed? deep/shallow
Gradable antonyms
What is the difference between grammatical gender and natural gender?
Grammatical gender is based on the type of noun (masculine or feminine) and is not tied to a person's biological sex or gender. Natural gender is a biological distinction between male and female sexes, or the lack of sex for an object.
What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: Where did he find the money?
He found money.
What are hedges in discourse?
Hedges are words or phrases used to indicate that we are not really sure that what e are saying is sufficiently correct or complete.
If Sarah could use a gray plastic shape to convey the meaning of the word red, which property does her "language" seem to have?
Her "language" seems to have arbitrariness, since there is no connection between a grey plastic tube and the color red.
What property did Washoe's language seem to have when she used an expression such as "water bird" to refer to a swan?
Her language appeared to show productivity, as she was creating a new utterance.
What is the basic lexical relation between the pair of words listed? pen/pen
Homonyms
What is the basic lexical relation between the pair of words listed? peace/piece
Homophones
Which of the type of animal seems to possess some version of displacement?
Honeybees
What is the semantic feature or property that the words in the following set have in common? {cat, dog, goldfish, parakeet, hamster}
House pet
What is the basic idea behind the "bow-wow" theory of language origin?
Humans attempted to name objects by mimicking the sounds they made.
Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing the capitalized word(s). I think Robyn said she'd like a TOASTIE for BREKKIE.
Hypocoristic clipping (both)
What is the basic lexical relation between the pair of words listed? dog/schnauzer
Hyponyms
What is the basic lexical relation between the pair of words listed? furniture/table
Hyponyms
What is the basic lexical relation between the pair of words listed? move/run
Hyponyms
What kinds of deictic expressions are used here (e.g., we = person deixis)? I'm busy now, so you can't stay here. Come back later.
I = person deixis, now = temporal deixis, you = person deixis, here = spatial deixis, later = temporal deixis
Which of the following is NOT a performative sentence? I bought a new house. I'm asking your advice. I refuse to help you. I dare you to do it.
I bought a new house.
The difference between "imply" and "infer" is that speakers _____ and hearers ______.
Imply; infer
What is the difference between the position of the larynx in humans and other primates?
In humans, the larynx is positioned lower in the throat than other primates' larynxes.
When can we say the human auditory system has begun working?
In the womb, at seven months of development
What does bi-pedal locomotion have to do with speech?
In two-legged creatures, the rhythm of breathing is not tied to the rhythm of walking.
Identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing the capitalized word(s). That's really FANDAMNTASTIC!
Infix (derivation)
What term refers to the idea that humans are genetically equipped to acquire language?
Innateness hypothesis
"One of the men unlocked all the doors with a paper clip." Identify the semantic role of the noun phrase "a paper clip" from the preceding sentence.
Instrument
"The chef cut the steak with a knife." What is the thematic role of the noun phrase "a knife"?
Instrument
What kind of evidence is used to support the idea that language is culturally transmitted?
International adoption is used as evidence to support the idea that language is culturally transmitted. Children who are internationally adopted will inherit the physical features of their birth parents, but will speak the language that their adoptive parents teach them.
What is a "script" in linguistics?
It contains a series of conventional actions that take place, instead of a single-action or object schema
Does this phrase (big black bag) contain a minimal pair, a minimal set, or neither?
It contains neither a minimal set nor a minimal pair.
How is the term "prototype" used in semantics?
It is used to described the idea of "the characteristic instance" of a category. It helps explain the meanings of certain words in terms of resemblance to the clearest example.
Which of the following statements does not apply to a generative grammar: It will generate all the well-formed sentences in a language It will have an infinite number of rules It will produce an infinite number of sentences It will not generate any ill-formed sentences
It will have an infinite number of rules
What was the name of the "language" that Lana learned?
Lana learned a language called Yerkish.
Which two parts of the human vocal tract are in different positions compared to other primates?
Larynx and pharynx
Which group of words represents a minimal set? maim main name, sip ship shop, jam James jams, fear free reef, big bag back, laugh life loaf
Laugh, life, loaf
In the set below, (1) is in < > and shows standard spelling; (2) is in / / and shows slow or careful speech; (3) is in [ ] and shows fast or normal speech. 1. <nuclear> 2. /nuklijər/ 3. [nukjələr] What is the phonological process at work in this set?
Metathesis
Is the capitalized word in the sentence best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy? I'm going to sue your ass!
Metonymy
Is the capitalized word in the sentence best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy? The bookstore has some new TITLES in lingustics.
Metonymy
Is the capitalized word in the sentence best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy? The pen is mightier than the SWORD.
Metonymy
Is the capitalized word in the sentence best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy? Yes, I love those. I ate a whole BOX on Sunday!
Metonymy
What is the phrase structure rule that fits this verbal description? A noun phrase may consist of a determiner followed by a noun followed by a prepositional phrase.
NP --> Det N PP
In some languages, such as Persian (also called Farsi), the same nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are used for males, females, and objects. We would say, therefore, that Persian lacks both ________ and ________.
Natural gender; grammatical gender
In this example, is the speaker appealing to positive or negative face? If you're free, there's going to be a party at Yuri's place on Saturday.
Negative
Is the pair of opposites gradable, non-gradable, or reversive? absent/present
Non-gradable
Is the pair of opposites gradable, non-gradable, or reversive? fail/pass
Non-gradable
What is the basic lexical relation between the pair of words listed? married/single
Non-gradable antonyms
What kind of opposites can be identified via the "negative test"?
Non-gradable antonyms
Which of these words contains an allomorph of the morpheme "past tense": are, have, must, sitting, waits?
None of them
"Telemachus was offered hospitality." The preceding sentence is in the _____ voice.
Passive
What is the tense and voice of the verb in the following sentence? My parents were married in Rome.
Past tense passive voice
What are some examples of completion points?
Pausing at the end of a syntactic structure, asking a question, increasing eye blink rate
What kind of inference is involved in interpreting each of this utterance? Teacher: You can borrow my Shakespeare.
People referring to things; "Shakespeare" refers to a book of work(s) by Shakespeare
What is meant by the phonotactics of a language?
Phonotactics are the permitted arrangements of sounds in a language.
Rules used to generate structures in a grammar are called what?
Phrase structure rules
Someone stands between you and the television set you are watching. Which of the following utterances is a direct speech act? Please get out of the way. Could you please sit down? You make a better door than a window. You're in the way.
Please get out of the way.
Is the capitalized word in the sentence best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy? Computer CHIPS created an important new technology.
Polysemy
Is the capitalized word in the sentence best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy? I had to park on the SHOULDER of the road.
Polysemy
Is the capitalized word in the sentence best described as examples of polysemy or metonymy? I think that kind of music was called new WAVE.
Polysemy
In this example, is the speaker appealing to positive or negative face? Let's go to the party at Yuri's place on Saturday. Everyone's invited.
Positive
What was wrong with the older Latin-influenced definition of English pronouns?
Pronouns were described as "words in place of nouns." However, this does not always apply. For example, "it" does not always make sense in a sentence when just replacing a noun. It is better to say that pronouns are used in place of noun phrases.
Not telling the truth violates Grice's maxim of what?
Quality
Saying "Correct me if I'm wrong, but..." means the speaker is adhering to Grice's maxim of what?
Quality
What are the maxims in Grice's Cooperative Principal?
Quality, Relation (relevance), Quantity, Manner
Speaker A: "How do I get to Satterfield Hall from the Business Building? Speaker B: "Well, first you have to go out of this door on the right. Then look across the street. Then walk down the sidewalk to the street. Look both ways, and then cross the street. Once across the street, you can go in the side door, which is the one facing the Business Building." Speaker B is violating which of Grice's maxims?
Quantity
Performative sentences not only convey information, they perform such acts as what?
Quitting, sentencing, betting, promising, daring, asking refusing
In Indonesian, the singular form translating "child" is anak, and the plural form ("children") is anakanak. What is the technical term used to describe this relationship?
Reduplication
Is the pair of opposites gradable, non-gradable, or reversive? fill it/empty it
Reversive
Is the pair of opposites gradable, non-gradable, or reversive? appear/disappear
Reversives
What is the basic lexical relation between the pair of words listed? assemble/disassemble
Reversives
The space labeled (b) in the diagram below is the __________. syllable ⎛ ⎞ (a) (b) ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ (c) (d) ⎜ ⎢ ⎟ ⎢ (e) (f) (g) (h)
Rhyme
When did written language develop?
Roughly 5,000 years ago
Which of the chimpanzees learned to communicate using plastic shapes?
Sarah
In the study of discourse understanding, what are scripts?
Scripts are dynamic schemas, meaning that a series of conventional actions take place within the script instead of the set of typical fixed features in a schema.
What semantic feature or property differentiates the following sets of nouns? A. {table, chair, pencil} B. {love, thought, idea}
Set A has the semantic feature +concrete object
What semantic feature or property differentiates the following sets of nouns? A. {table, stone, pencil, house} B. {milk, alcohol, soup, mud}
Set A has the semantic feature +count noun
What semantic feature or property differentiates the following sets of nouns? A. {niece, daughter, sisters} B. {nun, woman, girl}
Set A has the semantic feature +family relations
What semantic feature or property differentiates the following sets of adjectives? A. {absent-present, alive-dead, asleep-awake} B. {big-small, cold-hot, sad-happy}
Set A has the semantic feature +non-gradable antonym
Which phrase would typically be pronounced with elision of part of a consonant cluster? I have to, you can go, we ask you, they want it, she must be, we are here
She must be
In number, the pronoun "he" is _____.
Singular
In number, the word "elephant" is a _____ noun.
Singular
Which theory of the origins of language places its development in a social context?
Social Interaction Source theory
"The children ran from the playground to the wading pool." Identify the semantic role of the noun phrase "the playground" from the preceding sentence.
Source
How do speakers mark completion points at the end of a turn?
Speakers can mark completion points by asking a question or by pausing at the end of a completed syntactic structure.
Utterances accomplish things such as asserting, promising, pleading, and greeting. Actions accomplished through language are called what?
Speech acts
If said out of context, the sentence "Jan saw the people with binoculars" could serve as an example of what kind of ambiguity?
Structural/syntactic ambiguity
Do phrase structure rules represent deep structure or surface structure?
Surface
With respect to structure, syntactically ambiguous sentences are similar in their _______ structure.
Surface
What is the basic lexical relation between the pair of words listed? damp/moist
Synonyms
Using semantic features, how would you explain the oddness of these sentences? The television drank my water. His dog writes poetry.
Televisions are -animate, so they cannot drink water. Dogs are -human, meaning that they cannot write.
Identify all the parts of speech used in this sentence (e.g., woman = noun): The woman kept a large snake in a cage, but it escaped recently.
The = article woman = noun kept = verb a = article large = adjective in = preposition cage = noun but = conjunction it = pronoun escaped = verb recently = adverb
How did the Gardners try to show that Washoe was not simply repeating signs made by interacting humans?
The Gardeners designed experiments to show that Washoe could sign correctly when looking at pictures; in these experiments, there were no humans to provide her with visual cues to repeat.
Discourse analysis is the process of examining connected utterances in order to discover rules such as what?
The Maxims of Conversation
With which of the six "sources" would you associate this quotation? Chewing, licking and sucking are extremely widespread mammalian activities, which, in terms of casual observation, have obvious similarities with speech.
The Physical Adaptation Source
Which maxim involves not saying things you believe to be false?
The Quality maxim
Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about? I won't bore you with all the details, but it wasn't a pleasant experience.
The Quantity maxim
The NP functioning as the Direct Object is immediately dominated by what?
The VP
What is presupposition?
The implicit assumption, in a sentence, that something about the real world is already true, then adding to it.
What was considered to be the key element in Kanzi's language learning?
The key element in Kanzi's language learning was his exposure to it at an early age. Since he observed his mother's training sessions, he was able to develop a large vocabulary very quickly.
What is conceptual meaning?
The literal meaning of a word
In casual speech, what is the most common vowel sound?
The most common vowel sound in casual speech is called the schwa.
Is the nasal in the everyday pronunciation of I can go alveolar or velar?
The nasal in this pronunciation velar.
Where is the pharynx and how did it become an important part of human sound production?
The pharynx is in the throat, above the vocal folds and the larynx. It became important to human sound production because it provided more range to the larynx's sounds and it made them clearer.
The word into in the sentence "The big dog jumped into the bushes" is the head of what?
The prepositional phrase
How is the following sentence structurally ambiguous? The students complained to everyone that they couldn't understand.
The student could be generally complaining to a group that they cannot understand or they could be complaining to the individuals who they could not understand
What is pragmatics?
The study of intended speaker meaning.
In terms of speech acts, how would you explain the unusual nature of this interaction between a visitor to a city, with luggage, looking lost, and a man in the street outside the railway station? Visitor: Excuse me. Do you know where the Ambassador Hotel is? Resident: Oh sure, I know where it is. (and walks away)
The visitor uses an indirect speech act, phrasing a request of "Tell me where the Ambassador Hotel is" into a question, but the resident interprets this as a direct speech act, in which case the visitor is using the form and function of questioning whether or not the resident knows where the hotel is.
What is linguistic context?
The words surrounding the word in question.
"One of the men unlocked all the doors with a paper clip." Identify the semantic role of the noun phrase "all the doors" from the preceding sentence.
Theme
How many fricatives are in the pronunciation of the word mechanic?
There aren't any fricatives in the pronunciation of "mechanic."
Why are interjections such as "Ouch" considered to be unlikely sources of human speech sounds?
These interjections are said while the speaker is inhaling. Normal speech occurs while the speaker is exhaling, so it would be unlikely that humans developed speech in the opposite way that speech is regularly conducted.
In French, the words /bo/ for beau ("handsome") and /bо̃/ for bon ("good") seem to have different vowels. Are these two vowels allophones or phonemes in French?
They are both phonemes in French, since they seem to be different vowels and make different meanings.
What kind of inference is involved in interpreting each of this utterance? Dentist: My eleven-thirty canceled, so I had an early lunch.
Things referring to people; "My eleven-thirty" refers to the person who was scheduled to have an appointment at 11:30
What kind of inference is involved in interpreting each of this utterance? Waiter: The ham sandwich left without paying.
Things referring to people; "The ham sandwich" refers to a person who ordered a ham sandwich
What kind of inference is involved in interpreting each of this utterance? Nurse: The hernia in room 5 wants to talk to the doctor.
Things referring to people; "The hernia in room 5" refers to the patient in room 5 who has a hernia
True or False: A noun phrase can function in a sentence as the subject, direct object, indirect object, and object of a preposition.
True
True or False: An article is a type of determiner.
True
True or False: Avoiding obscurity of expression is an example of Grice's maxim of manner.
True
True or False: For some performative speech acts to be successful, the speaker must be licensed.
True
True or False: Linguistic context can be used to determine what the speaker's intended meaning is.
True
True or False: Sense allows us to understand the distinction between two phrases that have the same concrete referent.
True
True or False: Syntax is a level of language that specifically refers to the arrangement of words in the construction of sentences.
True
True or False: The form and function of an utterance are the same in a direct speech act.
True
True or False: The phrase structure rule S --> NP VP means that: All sentences must have a NP, the NP and VP must be in that order, and a sentence consists of a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase.
True
True or False: The surface structure of a sentence is what is actually spoken or written.
True
True or False: Tree diagrams reveal the hierarchical organization of a sentence.
True
True or False: We can properly interpret the sign "Baby Sale" because of physical context.
True
True or False: When anomalous utterances are used symbolically, they are called metaphors.
True
True or false: If said out of context, the sentence "Bring me the ruler" could serve as an example of structural ambiguity.
True
How would you describe Grice's four maxims?
Truthful and sincere contributions, the provision of sufficient information, making contributions brief clear and orderly, and making contributions relevant
What is the phrase structure rule that fits this verbal description? A verb phrase may consist of a verb followed by a noun phrase followed by a prepositional phrase.
VP --> V NP PP
"Beowulf is my name." "Is" in the preceding sentences is a/an:
Verb
Which English words was Viki reported to be able to say?
Viki was reportedly able to say "mama," "papa," and "cup," though she did not sound very articulate when she said them.
"The professor of linguistics and the students of music walked down the road." What is the VP?
Walked down the road
What kinds of deictic expressions are used here (e.g., we = person deixis)? We went there last summer.
We = person deixis, there = spatial deixis, last summer = temporal deixis
What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: We regret buying that car.
We bought a car.
What do we call the space between the vocal folds?
We call that space the glottis.
How do we describe these regular conversational patterns? Hi ~ Hello and Bye ~ See you later
We describe these as adjacency pairs.
Which of the following sentences is syntactically ambiguous? Brenda decided in her room. We have a new British history teacher. The cart was drawn by Hugo. The old dog died.
We have a new British history teacher.
How do we describe the vowel in the normal pronunciation of the word hot?
We would describe it as a low back vowel.
What is reference?
What the sentence or word refers to in the real world.
What is a completion point?
When a speaker signals her turn is finished
When is an eponym a neologism?
When the eponym is brought into the language an used as a new word.
What is deixis?
When understanding the reference of an utterance requires knowledge of the physical context.
Why were the experiments with Gua and Viki ultimately unsuccesful?
While chimps can communicate with a range of vocalizations, they cannot make human speech sounds.
Identify the roles of the seven noun phrases in this sentence: With her new golf club, Anne Marshall whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole, and she suddenly felt invincible.
With her new golf club = instrument Anne Marshall = agent the ball = theme from the woods = source to the grassy area = goal near the hole = location she = experiencer
The term "onomatopoeia" refers to what?
Words containing sounds similar to the noises they describe (e.g. bang, cuckoo)
What is a "hedge" in linguistics?
Words or phrases that indicate we are unsure of the correctness and/or completeness of what we are saying
Can free morphemes stand alone as words?
Yes
What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: Your clock isn't working.
You have a clock.
What are the major diphthongs in English?
[aI] (eye), [aU] (ow), and [open oI] (oy)
Which segments in the pronunciation of the following word are most likely to be affected by elision? sandwich
[d] in the first syllable's coda
Which segments in the pronunciation of the following word are most likely to be affected by elision? government
[n] in the second syllable's coda and [t] in the last syllable's coda
Which segments in the pronunciation of the following word are most likely to be affected by elision? victory
[o] in the second syllable's nucleus
Which segments in the pronunciation of the following word are most likely to be affected by elision? pumpkin
[p] in the first syllable's coda
Which segments in the pronunciation of the following word are most likely to be affected by elision? postman
[t] in the first syllable's coda
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following word (stop, fricative, etc.). cheery
affricate
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following word (stop, fricative, etc.). jolly
affricate
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). knee
alveolar
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). stomach
alveolar
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). toe
alveolar
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? bædʒ
badge
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? baIk
bike
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). mouth
bilabial
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). pelvis
bilabial
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: biodegradable
bio- -de- -able
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? tʃeɪndʒ
change
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? kloʊk
clock
Using symbols introduced in this chapter, write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation of the following word. doubt
daʊt
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: decentralization
de- -al- -iz -ation
What are the prefixes and suffixes in the word "decentralization"?
de-, -ize-, -ation
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: disagreement
dis- -ment
Using symbols introduced in this chapter, write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation of the following word. gem
dʒEm
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? ənʤɔɪ
enjoy
What are the inflectional morphemes in the following expression? She's younger than me and always dresses in the latest style.
er (Comparative), -es (Third Person Present Tense Singular), and -est (Superlative)
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? feɪs
face
Using symbols introduced in this chapter, write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation of the following word. phone
fon
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following word (stop, fricative, etc.). funny
fricative
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following word (stop, fricative, etc.). silly
fricative
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following word (stop, fricative, etc.). wimpy
glide
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). hand
glottal
What are the anaphoric expressions in the following sentence? Dr. Foster gave Andy some medicine after he told her about his headaches, and she advised him to take the pills three times a day until the pain went away.
he, her, his, she, him, the pills, the pain
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? hoʊpɪŋ
hoping
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? haʊl
howl
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: ineffective
in- -ive
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). thigh
inter-dental
Using symbols introduced in this chapter, write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation of the following word. catch
kætʃ
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). foot
labio-dental
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following word (stop, fricative, etc.). loony
liquid
Using symbols introduced in this chapter, write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation of the following word. measure
mEʒər
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? maɪn
mine
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: misfortune
mis-
List the bound morphemes in the following word. misleads
mis- -s
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following word (stop, fricative, etc.). merry
nasal
Using symbols introduced in this chapter, write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation of the following word. noise
nɔɪz
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). chin
palatal
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). shoulder
palatal
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? pis
peace
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: prepackaged
pre- -age -ed
List the bound morphemes in the following word. previewer
pre- -er
Which word(s) in the following sentence would you put in an open class? I put it on the shelf near you and him.
put, shelf
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: reincarnation
re- -in- -ation
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? ʃip
ship
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following word (stop, fricative, etc.). crazy
stop
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following word (stop, fricative, etc.). dizzy
stop
Which word(s) in the following sentence would you put in a closed class? Bob brought hot donuts to class.
to
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in the following word: unfaithful
un- -ful
List the bound morphemes in the following word. unreconstructed
un- -re - ed
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). calf
velar
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following word and identify its place of articulation (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). groin
velar
Does the following word typically end with a voiced sound or a voiceless sound? ding
voiced
Does the following word typically end with a voiced sound or a voiceless sound? fizz
voiced
Does the following word typically end with a voiced sound or a voiceless sound? thud
voiced
Does the following word typically end with a voiced sound or a voiceless sound? wham
voiced
Does the following word typically end with a voiced sound or a voiceless sound? crash
voiceless
Does the following word typically end with a voiced sound or a voiceless sound? rap
voiceless
Does the following word typically end with a voiced sound or a voiceless sound? smack
voiceless
Does the following word typically end with a voiced sound or a voiceless sound? splat
voiceless
What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence? When she walked into the room, the doctor asked me if I had a sore throat or an annoying cough.
when, she, into, the (x2), me, I, a, or, an
Which written English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? hu
who
Using symbols introduced in this chapter, write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation of the following word. would
wʊd
In the pronunciation of "track," which sound(s) would be the nucleus?
æ
Using symbols introduced in this chapter, write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation of the following word. shy
ʃaɪ
The space labeled (a) in the diagram below is the _________. syllable ⎛ ⎞ (a) (b) ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ (c) (d) ⎜ ⎢ ⎟ ⎢ (e) (f) (g) (h)
Onset
Can a bound morpheme stand alone as a word?
No
A prefix is _______ morpheme attached to the ______ of a word.
Bound; beginning
A suffix is a ________ morpheme attached to the ________ of a word
Bound; end
What term refers to the idea that early human speech developed from imitations of natural sounds in the environment?
Bow-wow theory
What property describes the fact that, in a natural human language, we can have different meanings for the three words "tack," "act," and "cat," yet, in each case, use the same basic set of sounds?
Duality
Which property of human language enables us to take one word (ex. ten) apart and create another word (ex. net)?
Duality
What are the properties that are unique to human language?
Duality, productivity, displacement, arbitrariness, and cultural transmission (possibly reflexivity could count in this group as well)
In the set below, (1) is in < > and shows standard spelling; (2) is in / / and shows slow or careful speech; (3) is in [ ] and shows fast or normal speech. 1. <infrared> 2. /Infrərɛd/ 3. [Infərɛd] What is the phonological process at work in this set?
Elision
In the set below, (1) is in < > and shows standard spelling; (2) is in / / and shows slow or careful speech; (3) is in [ ] and shows fast or normal speech. 1. <family> 2. /fæmIli/ 3. [fæmbIli] What is the phonological process at work in this set?
Epenthesis
What was the key element in Kanzi's learning?
Exposure to language in use
Which theory of language origins is associated with onomatopoeia?
Natural Sound Source
"The Eiffel Tower is in Paris." "Paris" in the preceding sentences is a:
Noun
The space labeled (c) in the diagram below is the __________. syllable ⎛ ⎞ (a) (b) ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ (c) (d) ⎜ ⎢ ⎟ ⎢ (e) (f) (g) (h)
Nucleus
"Achilles was advised to take Agamemnon's gifts." The preceding sentence is in the _____ voice.
Passive
What term refers to the idea that early human speech developed from the instinctive sounds people make in emotional circumstances?
Pooh-pooh theory
What is Lewis Carroll's name for the blended words he made up, such as "chortle"?
Portmanteau
"Thor is the Norse God of Thunder." "Of" in the preceding sentences is a/an:
Preposition
The rule "do not begin a paragraph with ' however'" is an example of _____ grammar.
Prescriptive
Animal communication signals are limited by "fixed reference." "Fixed reference" is distinctly contrasted to which feature of human language?
Productivity
By creating the novel combination of signs " water bird" for a swan, the Gardiners would argue that Washoe possessed which property of human language?
Productivity
Which property of human language is evidenced in Washoe's use of the signs in "water bird" to refer to a swan?
Productivity
When we observe that non-human animals cannot communicate about communication, we are observing their lack of:
Reflexivity
Which property of human language allows us to use language to talk about language?
Reflexivity
The innateness hypothesis claims what?
That Human offspring are born with a special capacity for language.
What does "arbitrariness" in linguistic studies mean?
That there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.
Herbert Terrace had high hopes at the beginning of his study of Nim Chimpsky; what was his conclusion at the end of it?
The chimps were engaged in sophisticated stimulus-response behaviors.
What does "productivity" in linguistic studies mean?
The potential number of utterances in any human language is infinite.
What is conversion?
The process of changing the function of a word, such as a noun to a verb, as a way of forming new words.
What is derivation?
The process of forming new words by adding affixes.
What is clipping?
The process of reducing a word of more than one syllable to a shorter form.
What is backformation?
The process of removing what appears to be an affix to create a new word.
Both Washoe and Kanzi could interact with humans using a symbol system, and they each achieved mastery of 350 and 250 different symbols, respectively. A normally developing two-year-old human child will interact with other humans using a vocabulary of 200 - 400 words. What is the difference between Washoe's and Kanzi's interactions with humans and a two-year-old human child's interactions with other humans?
The two-year-old is near the beginning of her development of a highly complex system; Washoe and Kanzi have achieved their developmental peak.
Why is it difficult to believe in the results of the "experiments" run by Psammatichus and King James IV?
Very young children living without access to human language grow up with no language at all - not the original human language.