Literacy Grades 4-8 (Cecil) Final

Which of the following is a reading activity in which a more proficient reader reads together with a struggling reader, modeling speed and accuracy?

Choral reading

Some schools try to rectify the problem of low parent attendance at conferences due to work issues by allowing __________ of the conferences.

flexible scheduling

Recent research has stressed the importance of teaching for thorough understanding, or __________.

mastery

Knowledge of reading comprehension strategies is crucial, but readers also must realize when they have or have not understood what they are reading, an ability known as __________.

metacomprehension

It is never a bad idea to read aloud to students to ______ fluent reading.

model

A minimum of _____ minutes per day of reading will increase fluency.

20

The __________ approach to writing provides an easy-to-understand language that helps teachers describe to students what makes good writing effective.

6 + 1 trait

Teachers use book talks to do which of the following? Share books by a particular author Introduce students to books for a book club Introduce students to classroom books All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is true concerning technology and classroom writing? Technology can help in the writing process. Students can explore their ideas while composing without fear of mistakes. The spellchecker and thesaurus built into most word-processing programs can be valuable tools to students, making revising easier All of the above

All of the above

How can students best practice literacy skills in a social setting?

Ask them to talk about what they are reading and writing

Which of the following activities allows students to share what they know about a topic or concept using a writing method in which they explore various aspects of the concept and respond to SIX key questions about it?

CUBING

Indicate where the syllabic divisions occur in the CVCCVC vowel-consonant letter pattern. You may assume that there are no consonant digraphs in the pattern (C = a single consonant letter and V = a single vowel letter).

CVC-CVC

Students in Mr. Fortney's class have authentic written conversations with students from other classrooms about books they are reading using __________.

Electronic dialogues

While literacy covers many areas, what must literacy instruction in grades 4-8 focus on?

Developing motivated readers and writers and establishing lifelong habits of reading and writing

_________ must never be merely tolerated but actively celebrated by the teacher as well as the students.

Diversity

__________ involves a complex set of ongoing attitudes and activities that occur in the classroom environment, leading to the creation of a community of learners.

Engagement

Oral discussions during comprehension activities—accompanied by pictures, objects, or other visuals—are especially beneficial for __________.

English Learners

__________, such as Even Start, are designed both to increase the literacy skills of the parents and to provide strategies for interacting with their child's literacy at home.

Family Literacy Programs

Which of the following is true of students who are linguistically diverse?

For the most part, they speak Spanish.

__________ and __________ are common ancient languages from which many of the words in our language derive.

Greek and Latin

Schools are increasingly creating opportunities for students to have group discussions. Which of the following will NOT promote these discussions?

Having a mini-lesson on skill building

To improve fluency, students should read books at which of the following levels?

Independent levels

Which of the following is NOT a component of FORI?

Individual reading that is then modified to become reading for the whole class

In a reader's theatre activity, which of the following is NOT true?

It can be done as a silent reading activity

Which of the following is not a purpose for listening, as mentioned in this chapter?

Listening to rhyming patterns

__________ refers to the internal structure and forms of words.

Morphology

How do you determine reading rate?

Multiply the words in the passage by 60, and then divide by seconds it takes to read the passage

__________ tests have been administered to a large group of students, representative of those for whom the test is intended.

Norm-referenced tests

n the word transportation, which of the following is the root?

Port

______ involves appropriate pacing, intonation, and expression.

Prosody

A balanced and comprehensive approach to literacy in grades 4-8 includes which of the following?

Quality literature with personal response and analysis Instruction in word identification, vocabulary, and comprehension strategies Development of oral and written language and visual learning All of the above.

After completing informational reading, what should the strategic reader be able to do?

Reflect on the significance of the information and systematically organize what has been learned

__________ is a dramatic oral language activity in which students explore the relationships of human living for the purpose of acquiring interpersonal communication skills.

Role-playing

Research has shown that, for enhancing intrinsic motivation, the use of tangible incentives are __________.

Sometimes effective, under certain conditions

Which of the following statements is most accurate about the writing process?

Students go through writing processes that are similar to those of published authors.

The syllabication rule (VC/CV) should be used to divide which of the following?

Supper

Which stages of spelling development are associated with students in the middle grades?

Syllables and affixes and derivational relations

What would be the most effective usage of the information gathered from a miscue analysis?

The data from the miscue analysis will provide a basis for instructional strategies needed for each student on an individual basis. The data can also be used to provide information for placing students in small reading groups according to need.

Which of the following is a perk for fluent writers over non-fluent writers?

They are able to spend more time practicing their writing.

Which of the following is true of the behaviors and attitudes of a teacher?

They have a pervasive effect on students and instruction.

Why are explanations and examples helpful to students in the middle grades?

They show how proficient readers construct text in order to comprehend written material.

Which of the following is the most common question parents ask teachers?

What can I do to help my child become a better reader?

Which of the following is the best definition of portfolio, as used by teachers in middle grades?

a collection of artifacts accompanied about why the piece was selected

What is a summary?

a concise review of the most important information presented by the author

A __________ offers specific compliments to and asks specific questions of the writer concerning the effectiveness of a piece of writing.

a response guide

An anticipation guide is helpful in building students' background knowledge and predictions for reading by providing which of the following?

a series of agree/disagree statements developing from upcoming

ll classrooms are __________ diverse, but there are other ways in which classrooms are diverse.

academically

Which of the following strategies would best indicate students' prior knowledge of a subject?

anticipation guides

__________ are getting better each year, with digital technologies that can help those students who are disabled. Some use text-reader software and some use tools that capture sound.

assistive technologies

In addition to developing positive attitudes and interests for reading and writing, literacy instruction in grades 4-8 also focuses on recognizing the value of literacy in our daily lives; in other words, __________ literacy experiences.

authentic

A structured way to activate learners' prior knowledge about a topic and create interest in the topic is through __________

brainstorming

In the word transportation, what does the root mean?

carry

Of the following, which one does NOT describe assessment?

collecting information solely from standardized tests

Venn diagrams are particularly useful for helping students understand which of the following?

comparison

Real objects, pictures, sketches, gestures, body language, demonstrations, and dramatic enactments all provide second language learners with __________ __________.

comprehensible input

Which of the following is the best brief definition of comprehension?

constructing the meaning of the text

A belief that students must actively build their own understandings of all reading, writing, listening, and speaking activities is at the heart of the __________.

constructivist model of learning

__________ refers to the use of reading, writing, speaking, listening, viewing, and visually representing as tools for learning subject matter.

content area literacy

A clustering technique can be useful for which of the following?

creating a graphic outline of ideas before drafting

Teachers can begin to expand their concept of "text" to include not only print material, but also which of the following? a. Graphic novels b. Electronic messaging c. Television shows, films, and songs d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What can a response guide be used for? To show students how to offer feedback regarding their peers' writing To show students examples of bland or ineffective writing To show students examples of effective writing All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following factors usually precipitates changes in a teacher's curriculum? a. Ongoing assessment of learners indicates change is needed. b. The teacher has read about or observed an activity that may help him meet his instructional goals. c. Compelling research from a professional journal convinces him that a certain literacy practice should be tried. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above

Which of the following is true of a minilesson? It is a focused lesson done with the whole class Minilessons often require teaching of a skill and reteaching it or practicing using it, demonstrated most authentically in writing. It is focused on a writing need that the teacher has observed to be pertinent to most members of the class All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following factors usually precipitates changes in a teacher's curriculum? a. Ongoing assessment of learners indicates change is needed. b. The teacher has read about or observed an activity that may help him meet his instructional goals. c. Compelling research from a professional journal convinces him that a certain literacy practice should be tried. d. All of the above.

d. all of the above

Why should instructional materials for literacy be carefully evaluated? a. To see if they are appropriate for the selected literacy objective. b. To see if they can be adapted to complement the instructional approach being used. c. To see if they correspond to the students' identified needs. d. All of the above.

d. all of the above

A __________ serves as an organizational structure for keeping track of research questions, notes, and information from several sources.

data chart

Drama offers students in grades 4 through 8 many benefits EXCEPT which of the following?

decoding practice

In an oral recitation lesson, the teacher models reading aloud, calling attention to _____.

different features of fluent oral reading

Unlike most linear texts, _______ may be interactive and can be socially constructed.

digital texts

Mr. Fortney and his colleagues are aware of the importance of __________ instruction in reading and study strategies.

direct

A combination of __________ and teacher modeling, or "thinking out loud," can work well as a form of explicit teaching for comprehension strategies.

direct explanation

With a focus on questioning and predicting to aid comprehension, the __________ is one of the most commonly used approaches for enhancing comprehension with both narrative and expository materials.

direct reading-thinking activity

Exploring the histories or derivations of words is called __________.

etymology

It is the lack of familiarity with __________ text structure that is generally the reason that some students experience difficulty with content area reading.

expository

When a student writes nonstop, without worrying about writing conventions, it is often referred to as _____.

free writing

__________ ___ _________ refers to facilitating students' ability to take over the use of strategies to increase their own learning. The process usually includes the "I do", "we do", "you do" sequence, in which the student learns to read independently.

gradual release of responsibility

What would be the most effective strategy for assisting students in expository writing?

graphic organizer

When struggling with too many details and dates, which tool would be most beneficial for a student needing help with chronology?

graphic organizer

__________ is an instructional framework that provides direct teacher support for developing effective strategies for comprehending text independently at increasingly difficult levels.

guided reading

A structured outlining technique called the __________ helps students who struggle to organize the most important information from expository material.

herringbone strategy

Students are using a __________ when they put all their global decoding and comprehension skills together to think about a text.

holistic process

Students need to understand that the __________ they come up with are the most important element of their writing.

ideas

What is the major way a balanced and comprehensive approach to literacy differs from a more traditional approach?

in its view of who holds the responsibility for the meaning-making of a text

The __________ can be a fruitful time for the teacher to explain the literacy program and how a student is progressing within the program.

parent-teacher conference

Students suffering from __________ feel anxious and less than competent and need special accommodations for completing tasks; for example, being offered a choice of tasks, freedom to move in order to complete a task, or use of hands-on activities.

perceived helplessness

_________ writing has the purpose of presenting a proposal that is explained and supported with examples or evidence.

persuasive writing

A graphic organizer would NOT be a suitable support strategy for which literacy purpose?

phonemic awareness

Words that are blended together to create a new word are called __________ words.

portmanteau

Differentiating the __________ refers to differentiating the activities students will engage in to understand key ideas and use essential skills.

process

A teacher's direct observations of the student's actual reading and writing abilities for the purpose of noting which specific behaviors or strategies a student uses is known as __________

process-oriented assessment

The following types of student reading assessments would be helpful to parents or caregivers when they accompany the review of reading scores from a standardized test, EXCEPT:

ranking of students in class

A special literacy event planned to bring parents and community members together to share favorite books and stories is called a __________.

reading festival

What does the definition of fluency include?

reading rate, accuracy, and prosody

Students are taught to summarize text, anticipate questions, clarify unclear text, and make predictions about upcoming text when they engage in the __________ strategy.

reciprocal teaching

The stage when a writer reexamines content, word choice, and paragraph organization is called __________.

revising

Presenting a root written within a circle on a large piece of poster paper without revealing its meaning is part of the activity called __________.

roots and branches

All assessment tools have a key focus. Which of the following is an assessment tool that records coding of a student's oral reading behaviors and gauges the student's errors in the context of the language cue systems?

running records

A __________ describes the levels of performance that a student must demonstrate relative to a particular achievement goal, whether the performance is written or oral.

scoring rubric

One portion of an oral reading from an informal reading inventory (IRI) passage revealed the following miscue: TEXT: "Perhaps your mother is right, Margaret," her father said. STUDENT: "Probably your mother is right, Margaret," her father said. Which of the following language cue systems are being used by the student?

semantic and syntactic

Which of the following is included in effective readers' metacomprehension in reading?

setting goals, planning their approach, monitoring their reading and checking their understanding, and reflecting on what they have said

Which of the following are the important elements of narrative text?

setting, characters, problem, solution

Which of the following is true of a student who recognizes about 95% of the words in a passage and understands 75%?

she is reading at instructional level

Artifacts in the __________ are few in number but represent a student's best efforts and are accompanied by a reflective statement that explains the importance or value of the artifact to the owner.

showcase portfolio

While the amount of words a reader reads per minute varies among readers of all ages, the truth is that a reader, when reading _____, should read faster.

silently

A preplanned activity in which students can vicariously play out an important concept or idea is called a __________.

simulation

By analyzing what learners do when they __________, teachers can determine each learner's conceptual understandings of our English word system.

spell

_________ are scores that have been converted into nine equally spaced units, with 1 being low and 9 being high.

stanine scores

Recognizing the root, prefix, and suffix is an example of which of the following?

structural analysis

Literature circles build comprehension through which of the following?

student leadership and participation

A reading attitude survey would provide a teacher with the following information about a student, EXCEPT:

student's comprehension level of books read at home

Establishing whether or not a text is at the appropriate instructional level for a student using a cloze test is referred to as establishing __________.

suitability

n a retelling, the student is trying to include as much information as possible, but in a __________ there is quite a different expectation—that is, to be concise.

summary

In book clubs, students take on which of the following?

take on different roles that reflect the thinking process of good readers

Many teachers use onsets and rimes to improve the word identification skills of their students. Why is this?

the most common rimes appear repeatedly in English words

How can a retelling be beneficial to assessing reading comprehension?

the student's recall of a passage is made apparent

Which of the following is true of editing during the writing process?

the writer "cleans up"

The __________ is the place where students keep all their rough drafts in various stages of the writing process and other daily compositions or reports, topics for future pieces they might like to write, and notes from minilessons.

the writing folder

A focus on negotiating with students about their individual thoughts and ideas about what they are reading and writing is called the __________.

transactional model

A test that actually measures what it claims to be measuring is said to have __________.

validity

It is critical for teachers to keep in mind that most parents and caregivers (regardless of income level or ethnic background) __________ education for their children.

value

The most important traits of writing concern which of the following?

what the writer has to say

Real world classroom activities help student to demonstrate what people in the ____________ really do. They practice acting as these professionals do.

work force

Students and teachers use word walls to do which of the following?

write words being studied, specific words for writing, or important words from texts

A series of experiences, or stages, that a writer engages in to solve writing problems is called the __________.

writing process