Logitics
Under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), when a buyer agrees to an offer made by a seller, but indicates a desire for a different schedule of delivery or term of payment, such a response is considered to be a rejection of the offer.
F
Usually a bank guarantee is offered by a single bank, rather than multiple banks
F
What distinguishes a passenger aircraft from an airfreighted is the fact that only the airfreighted carriers freight on the main deck
F
Whether or not a sales contract is international is always self-evident.
F
Countries with an open registry often provide
Flags of convenience
The FOB term not only means "Free On Board," it is also sometimes referred to as
Freight On Board
Capacity of a ship is used to determine taxation of the ship by its country of registry or by port or canal authorities is called
Gross registered tonnage
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) considers a contract to have been accepted
None of the above
The commercial invoice
None of the above
The deck below the main deck, which can accommodate smaller break-bulk cargo, is called the
None of the above
The international airfreight business is regulated by
None of the above
OBC service stands for
Onboard courier
Documentary collections are more cumbersome and expensive than letters of credit
F
In contracts with distributors, there are no restrictions on what the exporter and distributor can agree to add on to the wholesale price of the goods.
F
In general, the choice of law, or the choice of which country's laws will regulate a dispute between international parties, is made by the agent or distributor rather than by the exporter.
F
In intermodal shipping, while the liability depends on the nationality of the carrier, the limits are the same for domestic transport in the exporting country, international transport by ocean, and domestic transport in the importing country
F
The greater the exposure, the more secure terms of payments should be
T
The invoice that corresponds to an actual shipment is called the commercial invoice
T
The largest ships in the world are crude carriers
T
The least customer-friendly of the Incoterms in the EXW (Ex-Works) Incoterm.
T
The scope of appointment clause is usually the first clause of a contract.
T
The main reason some countries use specific statutes to regulate international distribution agreements is that they feel they need to ____________________ agents and distributors.
protect
In a quote which includes multiple Incoterms, so that the customer can choose, the Incoterm that has the highest invoiced amount is
DDP
he Incoterm(s) requiring the exporter to pay import duty is/are
DDP
Among the following, the most customer-friendly Incoterm is
DDU
The total capacity of the ship expressed in long tons is called
Deadweight tonnage
In attempting a credit check of a foreign firm, a basic problem is
Deciphering the business's organization and name
Ships designed to carry one single type of refined petroleum product are sometimes called
Drugstore ships
In 1996, the ___ was revised to a U.S. export policy stating that "everything is authorized unless its specifically prohibited"
EAR
The Paris Convention of 1919
Established the concept of sovereignty of a country over its airspace
A legal dispute in which the loser bears court costs is said to be operating under
European rules.
In terms of cost and responsibility, the easiest Incoterm for the exporter which is, in turn, the most difficult for the importer is
Ex-Works (EXW)
As of the revision in 2000, the only Incoterm which requires the importer to clear the merchandise for export from the country from which it is coming is
Ex-Works.
A government will use a ___ to attempt to control the export of national treasures or antiques
Export license
A certificate of Origin must be signed by the importer's chamber of commerce
F
A date draft goes into effect at the time the draft is endorsed
F
A letter of credit is more secure than cash in advance
F
A manifest is an internal document of the shipping company and is not examined by government entities
F
A payment guarantee is the most commonly used type of guarantee and is used to ensure that the contractor finishes the project
F
A problem with TradeCard is that is an extremely expensive alternative
F
A ship will sit lower in saltwater than it would in fresh water with the same quantity of cargo
F
A specialized commercial invoice is considered a trade barrier
F
A uniform bill of lading is not used for inland transportation
F
According to the Jones Act, the U.S. cabotage prohibits the use of U.S. flagged ships
F
Agents usually feel encouraged if the exporting firm they represent retains for itself a large number of corporate accounts.
F
An "open-skies" agreement is a contract between two airlines, designed to facilitate cargo shipments
F
An advantage of the Free Alongside Ship Incoterm is the thorough documentation of the receipt of goods at a port holding area or to the quay alongside the ship.
F
An agent can negotiate prices, delivery, or other sales terms with the buyer (importer) without direction from the exporter.
F
An experienced exporter knows that the U.S. government almost always checks the paperwork that the exporter provides to the importer
F
An import license is usually provided by an independent laboratory or independent inspection company attesting to composition of certain shipped products
F
An irrevocable letter of credit cannot be cancelled by the issuing bank unless the applicant agrees to it
F
An oil tanker of more than 300,000 deadweight tonnage is called a very large crude carrier
F
Bolero does not use a shared EDI network, but is proprietary
F
Bolero is an international document transmission system that offers payment capability
F
Combination aircrafts are mostly used on heavily traveled routes, and used when urgent freight must take priority over passenger traffic
F
Contracts normally contain a clause that annuls the contract in the event of an overwhelming unforeseen event like a major storm or fire. This is called an evergreen provision.
F
Deadweight tonnage does not include the bunker
F
Displacement tonnage is the weight of the ship, when empty, measured by the weight of the volume of water it displaces
F
Export quotas can be used to control scare resources or prices of products for which an exporting country faces heavy competition
F
In a letter of credit, the creditworthiness of the exporter is substituted for the creditworthiness of the importer
F
In most Middle Eastern countries, agents and distributors are not required to be nationals of the country.
F
In most cases, it is wise to have a letter of credit confirmed by the advising bank
F
In planning their export strategy, companies generally determine which Incoterm they will use on a case-by-case basis.
F
In those few cases in which the letter of credit does not reflect exactly the pro-forma invoice (misspellings for example), it is wiser to obtain an amendment rather than to issue an invoice that matches the letter of credit
F
It is always best to use only one term of trade in a quote to a potential customer so that there is no possible confusion.
F
LASH ships cannot function well in ports that have little lifting equipment
F
LASH ships were initially designed to carry automobiles
F
Most End-Use Certificates are provided by the governments of exporting countries
F
Normally, contracts between parties who speak different languages from each other can be written in both or all of their languages, and the contracts will have equal weight.
F
Quick-change aircraft can be easily transformed from carrying one type of cargo to another
F
The "facilities and activities" clause of a contract between an exporter and an agent/distributor spells out what kind of docking arrangements will be made when the goods arrive by ship into the agent/distributor's country.
F
The American Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading is known as the Hague Rules
F
The Cost, Insurance, and Freight Incoterm is specifically designed for land transportation.
F
The Customer-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism is a program developed by the World Customs Organization for the prevention of terrorism acts against air freighters
F
The DAF Incoterm means "Deliver All Freight."
F
The DES Incoterm is mostly used for bulk shipments of commodities where the parties wish to have the exporter pay for the unloading of the ship.
F
The Incoterm CPT means "Cargo Placed at Terminal."
F
The aircraft that can carry freight and passengers on the main deck are called mixed aircraft
F
The choice of flag has no effect on the safety and reliability of a ship and its crew
F
The exporter that offers "open account" terms is less likely to clinch a sale than one that offers more secure terms, such as "letter of credit" terms
F
The greatest number of ships are container ships
F
The largest cargo air freighter in the world is made by Boeing
F
The largest cargo airport in the world is Miami, Florida
F
The main billing document in a shipment is the pro forma invoice
F
The majority of transactions issued in the European Union are conducted on a "documentary collection" basis
F
The tariff structure f international air cargo is almost as complicated as that of the ocean cargo industry
F
UPS invented "time defined" deliveries in 1981
F
Under Incoterm DEQ, transfer of responsibility for cargo from importer to exporter is at the ship's rail as the cargo is loaded onto the ship
F
Under the Cost, Insurance, and Freight Incoterm, the importer takes responsibility for the goods when they are placed upon the importer's loading dock.
F
Under the DAF Incoterm, the exporter is responsible for the costs of transportation from the border city to the final destination and for the costs of clearing customs.
F
Under the DDP Incoterm, the importer usually takes control of the goods at the city where the exporter is located.
F
Under the FOB Incoterm, in countries where export authorities require a pre-shipment inspection, the importer must pay for it.
F
The Incoterm FCA means
Free Carrier
Agreements between an exporter and an agent and agreements between an exporter and a distributor are called distribution contracts.
T
Aircrafts can be classified on a combination of range and capacity
T
Airfreights are equipped with a roller deck
T
Airplanes designed so that freight is carried on the main deck as well as in the belly hold allow for cargo to be secured onto the plane with slings to prevent damage caused by movement within the plane
T
All cargo in trades supported by the Ex-Im Bank must be shipped through European-flagged ships
T
Among other things, tariff rates are determined based on the shipment's weight
T
An "onboard courier" is an individual who travels as a passenger, but relinquishes his or her baggage allocation in order to transport cargo
T
An Incoterm expressed as "CIP Sofia, Bulgaria, Incoterms 2000" means that under Incoterms as of 2000, the goods are "Carriage and Insurance Paid" to Sofia, Bulgaria, where the importer will take control of them.
T
At least 200,000 people are employed in dismantling old ships on the beaches of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India
T
Because some of their cash must be frozen at the issuing bank to guarantee payment, importers often prefer terms other than those of a letter of credit
T
Conceptually, the CPT Incoterm is the same as the CFR Incoterm, except it applies to goods shipped by means other than ocean transport, or shipped by sea without being handed over the ship's rail (roll-on-roll-off cargo or intermodal containers).
T
Containerization is increasing in international shipping
T
Export quotas can be used to control scarce resources or prices of products for which a country has a monopoly
T
If the country in which an arbitration takes place is one of the 130 signatory countries to the New York Convention on the Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, then the ruling can be enforced just about anywhere.
T
International cargo in the belly of passenger airplanes is usually extremely urgent freight
T
It is often a disadvantage to request a letter of credit because of the costs (and the cumbersome process) associated with it
T
It is possible to add a draft to a letter of credit
T
Most tramp ships are designed for one type of cargo exclusively
T
Net registered tonnage is gross registered tonnage minus volume occupied by the engine room, the are, and other space necessary for the good operation of the ship
T
Not all freight that is within the appropriate size and weight constraints of passenger planes is allowed on such planes
T
RORO ships have the advantage of not needing specialized lifting equipment
T
Requirements for an export license can be issued by a country to control the outflow of certain goods
T
Since a draft (or a bill of exchange) is a legal document in the importing country, the courts in the importing country would consider non-payment by an importer as a domestic issue
T
Some airfreights can be loaded through the aircraft's nose
T
The "perfect tender" principle means delivered goods must exactly conform to the goods contracted and delivered within the framework specified in the contract.
T
The CFR Incoterm means "Cost and Freight."
T
The European Union tends not to recognize exclusive territories that limit an agent or distributor to one country.
T
The certified Cargo Screening program mandates that all cargo shipped on passenger aircrafts be 100-percent inspected before being loaded
T
The first air cargo was mail
T
The responsibilities of the presenting bank in the importing country generally stop at notifying the importer that the documents have arrived at requesting that the importer endorse the draft or at requesting payment before releasing the documents. This is called trade acceptance
T
The scope of appointment clause of a contract usually prevents an agent or distributor to "cherry pick" the most profitable products for extra selling effort and to minimize effort toward less profitable products.
T
The shipper's Export Declaration is required for export parcels valued at more than $500 that are sent through the postal system
T
Under Incoterms EXW, FCA, and FAS, the importer is the party responsible for loading the goods onto the carrier.
T
Under the CIF Incoterm, the proof of delivery is an ocean bill of lading or a sea waybill.
T
Under the DDU Incoterm, it is the responsibility of the importer to arrange and pay for the unloading of the goods.
T
Under the Free Carrier Incoterm, the exporter is responsible for clearing the merchandise for export.
T
Under the Uniform Commercial Code, an offer can be withdrawn at any time, without prejudice.
T
United States law prohibits bank guarantees
T
Use of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is still fairly new and limited to developed countries.
T
What used to be exclusively bulk cargo, like forestry products and grain, is now being shipped in containers
T
When loading an airfreighted, crews must be careful not to place too much cargo in the tail of the aircraft before placing some in the front, to prevent "nose up" situations
T
Whenever a contract is established between two parties in the same country, the law governing the execution of this contract is determined by that country's legal system.
T
A bank guarantee that is requested by a beneficiary to ensure that the contractor is bidding in good faith and will enter the contract if awarded is called a
Tender guarantee or bid guarantee
The United States governmental agency that has primary responsibility for security issues in air transportation is
Transportation Security Administration
A termination for "convenience" is
a termination for any reason other than non-performance.
How trade secrets and other strategic advantages are to be handled is included in a _____________________ clause of a contract
confidentiality
Accounts that the exporter will keep to itself and will not allow the agent/distributor or any other local representative to sell to are called ____________________accounts.
corporate
Normally, an exporter pays the agent's commission when the ___________________ pays the exporter.
customer
The choice of an Incoterm, as well as the choice of the method of payment and of other related transaction alternatives, constitute an exporter's ____________________ service strategy.
customer
Large amount of ___ enter the United States through the Miami airport
cut flowers
Under the CFR Incoterm, if the pre-paid contract of carriage does not include the unloading of the ship, then the ____________________ must pay for it.
importer
Under the CPT Incoterm, the ____________________ is responsible for unloading the goods from the carrier's truck, clearing customs, and paying for any inland transportation beyond the city of destination.
importer
While on the surface Incoterms determine who pays what when, ultimately the _____ directly or indirectly pay(s) the costs of transportation and international shipping.
importer
Under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), when an offer is made
it cannot be withdrawn by the buyer or seller before its expiration date.
Under the CPT Incoterm, the bill of ____________________ can act as a proof of delivery from the carrier.
lading
Delivered at Frontier is an Incoterm designed specifically for
land transportation
Under the Incoterm FOB, responsibility for the cargo
shifts from exporter to importer at the d. ship's rail.
The most sensitive issue in an international distribution contract between an exporter and an agent/distributor is
termination
When a party to a contract is continually looking for loopholes to avoid living up to the obligations of that contract, it can be said that
that party is not acting in good faith.
In judging whether or not a contract has been breached, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) applies the principle of "perfect tender." This means that
the goods and their delivery must exactly conform to what was written in the contract.
LNG and LPG ships
Often operate on long term contracts
A contract is entered in good faith when neither of the parties has any other ulterior motive about the agreement.
T
The Incoterm DDU means "Delivered _____________________ Unpaid."
Duty
An agreement between an exporter and an agent/distributor may state that the laws of the exporter's country apply to governing of the contract. This can be complicated by
the government of the country where the agent/distributor is located, as it may say it has jurisdiction over the contract.
Under the ancient maritime custom regarding Free On Board, if a piece of cargo breaks loose while crossing the ship's rail and lands on the ship, it becomes the responsibility of
the importer
TheonlydifferencebetweentheDeliveredExShipIncotermandtheDeliveredExQuay Incoterm is
the unloading costs of the ship at the port d. of destination are borne by the exporter in the Delivered Ex Quay transaction.
Lex Mercatoria is
trade law made up of a multitude of different sources of law and jurisprudence.
Incoterms determine
which tasks will be performed by the exporter
Contracts contain a force majeure clause which dissolves the contract in the event of a major unforeseen event, like a ship sinking in a storm. Loosely translated, force majeure means
"overwhelming power."
Post-Panamax ships have capacities that can reach
12,000 TEU's
On international airfreight shipments, the volume-weightconversion uses
166 cubic inches per pound
An arbitration panel is usually made up of ____________________ arbitrators.
3
Standardization units of cargo on a LASH ship have a capacity of
385 metric tons of deadweight tonnage
Besides a contract and a receipt for goods, an ocean bill of lading is
A certificate of title
The bill of lading serves as
A certificate of title to transported goods
A Certificate of Certification
All of the Above
Even when the validated export licenses are not required, exporters are responsible for determining if there are "red flags" in a transaction, such as
All of the Above
A standby letter of credit is similar to a "simple" letter of credit except for
All of the above
Aircraft designed so that freight is carried on the main deck as well as in the belly hold tend to be
All of the above
Among the main types of aviation service are
All of the above
Among the reasons for import documents are
All of the above
EDI is
All of the above
Gross registered tonnage is
All of the above
International commercial risk can be evaluated by
All of the above
International factoring
All of the above
Which of the following pieces of information does an international commerce invoice contain?
All of the above
An exporter can conduct its international business in a manner similar to the way it and most companies conduct domestic business by using
An open account
Break-Bulk ships
Can call at just about any port to pick up different kinds of cargo loads
The Incoterm CPT means "____________________ Paid To."
Carriage
End-Use Certificates
Certify that the product is going to be used for a legitimate purpose
A cargo service that allows an exporter to ship a large quantity of goods to a location not normally serviced by cargo airlines would be
Charter airfreight service
Certified Cargo Screening Facilities are charged with
Conducting one hundred percent inspections of all shipments that will eventually travel on passenger aircraft
Among freight often carried in the belly of scheduled international passenger airplanes are
Critical machine or computer parts and fresh produce like fish
Ships dedicated to the transport of petroleum products are called
Crude carriers
An exporter's termination of a relationship with an agent/distributor on the basis of "convenience" is
None of the above (look up if you want to be annoying)
The instruction letter is part of the documentary collection
In which the exporter, through the remitting bank, tells the presenting bank what is expected to accomplish
The customer-focused exporter gives the importer a quote in which the importer can determine which ____________________ should govern the transaction.
Incoterm
Credit terms can be considerably lengthened through
International forfaiting
In most cases, an intermodal bill of lading
Is a straight bill of lading
An air waybill
Is always straight
Deadweight tonnage
Is the maximum weight of the cargo that a vessel can cary
The importer's bank is called the
Issuing bank
The risk that an exporter takes in requesting cash in advance as a means of payment are
It puts the exporter at a competitive disadvantage
Among country risks in international trade are labor issues. For instance, ____ have a strike almost every at their ports
Japan
The U.S. export policy is mostly concerned about
Keeping some military technologies away from some countries
A characterization of break-bulk ships is that they are
Labor-intensive
Variants to the CFR Incoterm were created to reflect which of the trade partners was responsible for unloading costs. When the exporter bears the costs, the term "CFR ____________________" is used.
Landed
The most commonly used terms of payment for a customer located in the Middle East are
Letters of credit
A complex multitude of international agreements and international trade laws which complement domestic laws is a form of trade law called ____________________.
LexMercatoria
For an American Exporter, one way to avoid delay in the port of departure in the United States is to
Make sure that the Shipper's Export Declaration has been filed on time
An aval
Makes the presenting bank a co-signer of a draft
Export Taxes
May be used when the shipped goods are minerals in short supply, or when the product has been heavily subsidized by the government
The pro forma invoice
Must be written with extreme care to avoid discrepancies between the letter of credit and the commercial invoice
A product not on the Commerce Control List, or whose Export Control Classification Number does not call for an export license, is classified as
None of the Above
An SED is
None of the above
FTK stands for
None of the above
Following negotiations on a transaction which result in use of a letter of credit for payment, the next step is for the exporter to
None of the above
In containerized shipping, the term TEU stands for
None of the above
Incoterms stands for
None of the above
NVOCC's are
None of the above
SWIFT stands for
None of the above
Sometimes a third bank, in addition to the issuing bank and the advising bank, becomes involved with a letter of credit. This bank is called a
None of the above
The sentence "This merchandise licensed by U.S. for ultimate destination. Diversion contrary to U.S. Law prohibited" is
None of the above
While an exporter and distributor can agree on what the distributor can add for margin on the wholesale price of goods, in agency contracts
None of the above
Among the following terms of payment, which is the one which is the most customer-friendly and still protects the exporter from the risk of non-payment
Open account with credit insurance
In the European Union, it has become difficult to conduct business on any payment terms other than
Open accounts
Ships too large to pass through the Panama Canal are called
Post-Panamax ships
For an exporter, one way to avoid having to pay for amendments to a letter of credit is to
Prepare the pro forma invoice particularly carefully
Airfreights are fitted with a tail stand during loading operations in order to
Prevent "nose up" mishaps during loading
The type of ship that coal is usually carried in is a
RORO
Which of the following sustainability initiatives have not been adopted or tested by airlines and/or airports?
Reduced air speed to reduce carbon emissions
Refrigerated ships are slowly being replaced by
Refrigerated containers
A contract with no determined duration and which can no longer be terminated for non- performance (since termination did not take place earlier, even though there was evidence of non- performance), is called an evergreen contract.
T
A country may use import documents to enact a protectionist policy
T
A date draft transaction solves one of the problems of documentary collection in general: the date at which the importer will endorse the draft
T
A packing list always accompanies a shipment
T
A procurement card is conceptually similar to a consumer credit card
T
A Certificate of Manufacture is similar to a Certificate of Origin
T
A PCC is a pure car-career ship
T
A bank guarantee payable at first request is one in which the beneficiary does not have to provide any evidence that the terms of the underlying contract between the contractor and the beneficiary have not been met
T
A bill of lading or equivalent document (air waybill, sea waybill, multi-modal bill of lading) acts as proof of delivery under the CIP Incoterm.
T
A careful preparation of all the documents by the exporter helps the importer tremendously when it is time to clear customs
T
A consular invoice can be considered a trade barrier
T
A consular invoice is a regular commercial invoice printed on stationary provided by a country and visa-ed by its consulate in the exporter's country
T
Which of the following regulate shipments of dangerous goods?
The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
The UPC 600 is
The Universal Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit, 2007 revision, Publication 600 International Chamber of Commerce
In calculating airfreight rates, airlines figure the volume-weight of the shipment based on the volume yielding a certain weight value. As a result,
The airline will charge the higher of the volume-weight or the actual weight of the cargo
The increasing size in containerships may eventually result in
The development of a "hub" system
In a letter of credit, the most important aspect is
The documentation of the transaction
Which of the following international liability conventions allow carriers to argue that their liability is limited by "17 defenses," such as navigational errors?
The hague-Visy Rules
Incoterms determine if a Certificate of Insurance is
The responsibility of the exporter or the importer
FOB is
a. Free On Board. b. an Incoterm that can be used for any merchandise. c. an Incoterm specifically designed for ocean transportation. ANS: D All of the above
The document that corresponds clearly to the transfer of responsibility for a Free Carrier shipment is the receipt given by the carrier to the exporter. This receipt can be
a. a sea waybill. b. an air waybill. c. a multi-modal bill of lading. ANS: D All of the above
The choice of a proper Incoterm is a critical decision because
a. it can be an integral part of export d. strategy. b. it is linked to the level of customer service e. the firm is attempting to provide. c. it can be a competitive advantage. ANS: D All of the above
Under the Cost, Insurance, and Freight Incoterm,
a. the exporter must pre-pay the insurance. b. the insurance must total at least 110 percent of the value of the goods. c. the exporter pays all shipping costs, except for inland freight. ANS: D All of the above
A facilities and ____________________ clause in a contract spells out what the exporter and the agent/distributor have agreed upon with respect to the type of establishment the agent/distributor will maintain.
activities
The advertising clause of a contract between an exporter and an agent/distributor spells out the obligations of both parties in the areas of
advertising, trade show attendance, ownership of ideas. (answer is all of the above)
When an international distribution contract between an exporter and an agent/distributor is terminated for "just cause," in most cases the termination is made by the
agent/distributor
Among other reasons, international transactions are perceived to have more risk of non-payment because of
all of the above
Instead of using courts to settle disputes, an increasing number of contracts call for disputes to be settled by
an arbitration panel.
If an international agreement between an exporter and an agent/distributor grants a monopoly to the agent/distributor, that agent/distributor is considered to be
an exclusive representative.
An increasingly popular way of settling disputes between international exporter-agent/distributor partners is
arbitration
Unless otherwise specified, contracts between an exporter and an agent and contracts between an exporter and a distributor are called
distribution contracts.
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has changed what issue in Incoterms?
documentation of delivery
As far as the importer is concerned, under the DDP Incoterm, receiving an international shipment is no different that receiving a(n) _____________________ shipment.
domestic
Courts generally look at two criteria to determine if a contract is international. Those criteria are
economic and judicial criteria.
A termination of an international contract between an exporter and an agent/distributor can be made by
either of the parties.
The choice of the Incoterm is almost always the decision of the
exporter
Under the FAS Incoterm, in countries where export authorities require a pre-shipment inspection, the ____________________ has to pay for it.
exporter
When a territory clause in an international distribution contract makes an agent/distributor an exclusive representative, it essentially grants a ____________________ to the representative.
monopoly
The Incoterm EXW specifies what regarding delivery?
none of the above
Under the Delivered Duty Unpaid Incoterm, unloading costs are borne by the
none of the above
Under the DES Incoterm, the exporter is responsible for the goods until they are placed at the disposal of the importer at the ____________________ of destination.
port
A ____________________ notice spells out how many days the exporter must give the agent/distributor before their termination becomes effective.
pre-termination
Under the CFR Incoterm, until the merchandise has cleared the ship's ____________________, it is the responsibility of the exporter, after that, of the importer.
rail
The contract clause that spells out if a representative will be an agent or distributor is usually the first clause of the contract and is called the _____________________ of appointment clause.
scope