LSA 13
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the use of implicit memory?
Daniel, a professional stunt rider, performing bike stunts
When working with a psychotherapy client who is from a different culture, Dr. Johnson uses his knowledge of the person's culture and ethnicity in working with the client but is careful not to overgeneralize and blindly apply his stereotypes. Moreover, he also understands the sociolpolitical influences on the client. Which of the following labels best describes Dr. Johnson?
Dr. Johnson appears to be culturally skilled.
Which of the following statements is true according to activation-synthesis theory?
Dreams result from the brain's attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep.
Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears the sound of a bell. However, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. Which of the following best explains the change in the dog's behavior?
Extinction has occured
Vince suffered serious brain injury to his cerebellum in a motorcycle accident. What effect will this have on Vince's life?
He probably wont remember how to ride his motorcycle
Which of the following situations indicates resilience that characterizes development in adulthood?
Johnathan, who did not get good grades in middle school, studies hard in high school and gets a scholarship at an Ivy League university.
Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Not every individual exposed to the same event develops PTSD
When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of
PTSD
Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behavior?
People are primarily motivated by purposes and goals
Which of the following statements about biological therapies is FALSE?
Psychologists can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders in most states
Which of the following is true of the structures of personality as described by Sigmund Freud?
The ego acts as a mediator between the conflicting demands of the id and superego, as well as the real world
Which of these is an accurate conclusion concerning the relationship of stress to the immune system and cancer?
The physiological effects of stress inhibit immune responses to cancer
A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing
a delusion
Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?
a person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her a member of a group
Which of the following individuals would benefit from systematic desensitization?
a person who has a phobia of closed spaces
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, we seek to fulfill our need for love and belongingness
after our basic physiological and safety needs are met
According to Eysenck's theory, introversion and extraversion are characteristic patterns of behavior that
aim to regulate arousal around baseline
A fundamental premise of the general adaptation syndrome is that
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion are the three stages that constitute common effects of the stressful demands on the body
Amelia is known for helping her family members and friends with the ultimate goal of benefiting them, even if it incurs a cost to herself. In this scenario, Amelia's behavior best illustrates
altruism
From the perspective of self-determination theory,
an essential aspect of healthy functioning is actively engaging in behaviors that are self-directed.
Which of the following is a main characteristic of anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder?
an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss
door-in-the-face technique
asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment
Mazie's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear expectations on Mazie's behavior but allows verbal give-and-take. In terms of parenting styles, Mazie's mon can be described as
authoritative
Marshall's cerebellum was damaged in a car accident. Marshall's is likely to have problems with
balance and muscle coordination
Recognizing problems involves
being aware of and open to experiences
According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, what is the best way to gain insight into a person's core problems?
bringing unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
causes rapid breathing
Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This scenario illustrates the learning process of
classical conditioning
Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the ________ of sports.
concept
The work of Harry Harlow established that
contact comfort is more important than feeding in the attachment process
Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on a computer every day. He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study?
correlational research
Which of the following statements is true of daydreaming?
daydreaming most often occurs in the form of mind wandering
Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of
declarative memory
Tranquilizers, sedatives, and opiates all belong to the category of ________ drugs.
depressant
Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they are grilling, they will throw him a candy. However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to eat candies as it is not good for his health. He does not allow Bubba to eat candies from the neighbors. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. In operant conditioning terminology, Bubba is demonstrating that he can
discriminate
Which of the following statements is true of brain development in humans?
during childhood, synaptic connections in the brain increase dramatically
Andrea was just fired from a job she really loved. You are her best friend, so you try to offer her all the support that she needs. In the context of the benefits of social support, giving Andrea a hug when she is down and telling her that you will "be there for her" is an example of ________, whereas loaning her money and telling her that she can stay with you until she finds another job is an example of
emotional support/tangible assistance.
Recent research on prosocial behavior has found that
empathic parenting is related to more prosocial behavior in children.
Community mental health programs seek to help people who are disenfranchised from society to lead happier, more productive lives through the concept of
empowerment
Denise has just finished a stressful week of final exams and she now feels as though she is coming down with the flu. According to the general adaptation syndrome, Denise's reaction to stress suggests that she is now in the ________ stage.
exhaustion
Pavlov's dog salivates each time he hears the sound of a bell. However, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving any food, the dog stops salivating. Which of the following best explains the change in the dog's behavior?
extinction has occurred
Your grandma initiates regular get-togethers at her neighborhood community hall. She also believes that it's important to experience gratitude and be thankful for the wonderful life she has lived. According to the five-factor five model of personality, your grandma would likely score high on which of the following traits?
extraversion
Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads. Annie does not love reading books, but she reads crazily because she enjoys spending the earned money on candies and toys. In this scenario, Annie is driven by ________ motivation.
extrinsic
Which of the following essential body functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system?
functions of heart rate, breathing and digestion
Malcom has an IQ of 140. He has skipped three grades and is an A+ student with superior verbal and mathematical abilities. Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be
gifted
Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker?
grasping the deeper meaning of ideas
When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing
hallucinations
Robert went to a friend's place last night and had tequila. Unaware, he consumed few shots that contained nausea-inducing substances. He spent the entire night vomiting and had a severe headache when he woke up the next morning. This incidence happened several times in the prior months as well. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how is Robert most likely to react when the same friend invites him again?
he will feel averise and be unwilling to go for the party
Abe and Carl are psychologists who believe that people have free will and can make choices based on higher human values. Abe and Carl's views reflect the ________ approach to psychology.
humanistic
Nelly's friends attempt to convince her to try cocaine at a party. Even though Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her ________. Her decision not to take the drug is most likely dictated by her ________.
id; egp
The elaboration likelihood model
identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route
Which of the following statements is true of meditation?
in meditation, a mediator is mindfully present to his or her thoughts and feelings but is not consumed by them
An encoding failure occurs when
information was never entered into long- term memory
Which of the following is usually a trait of creative thinkers?
inner motivation
Amelia, a 25-year-old software engineer, wants to participate in a charity event. She plans to make and sell greeting cards at the event and subsequently use the money collected to help various social causes. This scenario best illustrates
intrinsic motivation
In the context of the techniques of persuasion, the peripheral route
involves factors such as the attractiveness of the person giving the message
Which of the following is a true statement about an axon?
it is extremely thin and has many branches
Which of the following statements is true of observational learning?
it takes place when a person notices and imitates another behavior
Which of the following statements is true of observational learning?
it takes place when a person notices and imitates another's behavior
Jane is afraid of crowds. If her therapist uses systematic desensitization technique, Jane will be asked to
learn how to relax
According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?
low levels of conscientiousness
When Wendy first tries following a healthy diet, she constantly thinks about how to eat healthy. After several months of successfully opting to eat nutritious food as opposed to her old junk-food favorites, Wendy does not feel like a dieter anymore. She no longer has to consciously think about trying to eat healthy; rather, her new lifestyle has become a part of who she is. Wendy is in which of the following stages of change?
maintenance
Self-efficacy is the belief that you can
master a situation and produce positive outcomes
James is a scientist and his sister, Emily, is an engineer. According to Howard Gardner's nine types of intelligence, both James and Emily are most likely to score high on
mathematical intelligence
Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be
more collaborative
Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is driven by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen and search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of
motivation
intrinsic motivation
motivation based on internal factors such as organismic needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), as well as curiosity, challenge and fun.
Falling asleep all of a sudden while talking to a friend is most likely an example of
narcolepsy
Emma, a psychologist, wants to study the relationship that exists among college girls who stay in hostels. She disguises herself as a college student and shares a dorm with some girls for a month. During her stay, she observes their various behaviors and makes notes when the girls are fast asleep. Which of the following is best exemplified in this scenario?
naturalistic observation
Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After being grounded frequently, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of
negative punishment
Ricardo broke his wrist while rollerblading in the park. Since the accident he has been taking morphine, a powerful pain killer. What type of drug is Ricardo taking?
oplate
After taking her English final, Natalie attempts to relax in her chair by meditating. She is attempting to reduce her heart and respiration rates, as well as her muscular tension. In this scenario, her physiological relaxation can be best attributed to the functioning of her ________ nervous system.
parasympathetic
Todd is scolded each time he bullies his younger brother. His mother notices that the frequency of bullying has decreased. Scolding Todd is an example of
positive punishment
Spanking is a form of ________; time-out is a form of ________.
positive punishment; negative punishment
In the stages of change model, a key factor that differentiates the ________ is awareness that a particular behavior is problematic.
precontemplation stage from the contemplation stage
Belinda and John were best friends through their school years. Belinda now works in a café and has become good friends with her colleague, Jim. However, Belinda often finds herself referring to Jim as John, even though she has not spoken to John for at least four years. Belinda's confusion with these names may be attributed to the occurrence of
proactive interference
John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism called
projection
Patrick has been confused about his sexual orientation for a few years. Even though he has had many girlfriends, he often feels attracted to men. However, in college, he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Patrick's supposed homophobia best illustrates the defense mechanism called
reaction formation
Asking an eyewitness to describe a suspect's physical appearance to a sketch artist would be an example of a ________ task, whereas asking an eyewitness to identify a suspect on the basis of a lineup of five possible assailants is an example of a ________ task.
recall;recognition
automatic processes
require lower levels of attention that controlled processes
Benjamin, a six-year-old, loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides ________ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.
scaffolding
Setting goals, planning for the implementation of goals, and monitoring progress are all aspects of
self-regulation
Although ________ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.
sensory memory
Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is the need for ________, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is the need for ________.
sex; security
A person is most likely to store a seven-digit phone number in his or her ________ memory.
short-term
heuristics
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer
"Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of
social comparison
Eric has an extreme fear of being humiliated in public. As a result, he avoids public gatherings and functions. The thought of speaking in front of the crowd induces panic in him. Which of the following best describes Eric's disorder?
social phobia
Dr. Badal, a psychologist, is studying achievement motivation among groups of African American, Latino, and Asian American people. In this scenario, Dr. Badal is most likely practicing the ________ approach to psychology.
socialcultrual
If you were a psychologist who adopted the structuralism approach, you would be interested in the ________ of the mind, using ________ as your primary research method.
structures;introspection
Frank is seeing a therapist for his spider phobia. The therapist first teaches him muscle relaxation and then they develop a stimulus hierarchy. Frank is seeing a therapist who uses
systematic desensitization
Which of the following techniques should be most likely implemented by a behavioral therapist when a client has a fear of public speaking?
systematic desensitization
According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require interpersonal intelligence?
teachers
The somatic nervous system consists of motor nerves, whose function is to
tell muscles what to do
flat affect
the display of little or no emotion - a common negative symptom of schizophrenia
The campaigning committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to display a big, ugly election sign on their lawn. If people are refusing, the committee is asking them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn. The committee is using
the door-in-the-face technique
The broaden-and-build model begins with
the influence of positive emotions on cognitive processing
In the context of the sociocultural factors in emotion, Paul Ekman's careful observations reveal that
the many faces of emotion do not differ significantly from one culture to another
Juan, a 27-year-old, is a marketing manager. He often complains of tiredness and lethargy. However, his medical reports do not suggest any deficiency or illness. His wife, Emma, is a nurse. She asks him to take a pill every night. The pill is actually a simple candy. After 15 days, Juan says that he feels much better and energetic. This scenario best exemplifies
the placebo effect
Maya burns her fingers while cooking dinner. Which of the following divisions of the nervous system will be primarily responsible for the pain she feels?
the somatic nervous system
Gary, a psychologist, conducts a study to determine the association between beer sales and the number of road accidents. He finds that an increase in beer sales results in an increase in the number of road accidents. However, he realizes that the time of year could also significantly affect the obtained results because there could be an increase in the number of road trips. Which of the following is most likely exemplified in this scenario?
the third variable problem
Which of the following is a true statement about dendrites?
they are treelike fibers projecting from a neuron
According to Carl Rogers, to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires, one should experience a relationship that includes empathy, genuineness, and
unconditional positive regard
The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by
unstable oxygen molecules in the cells that damage DNA and other cellular structures
Martina started her career as a war correspondent for a leading news agency. After 20 years of reporting from war zones around the world, she has decided to write an autobiography. According to Howard Gardner's nine types of intelligence, she would most likely score high on
verbal intelligence
In the context of psychodynamic therapies, which of the following is true of psychoanalytic techniques?
Freud believed that a person's current problems could be traced to childhood exeriences
What is the main difference between the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior?
The theory of planned behavior includes the idea that perceptions of control over the outcome are important for effective
Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for their own personal gain
Dr. Simpson found a +.50 correlation between ice cream cone sales and violent crimes in a community. Which of the following represents the best interpretation of this result?
a third variable, such as heat, may account for the association between ice cream sales and violet crime
A person who regularly experiences motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts is likely to suffer from
anxiety disorder
Yuna, a toddler, undergoes toilet training. After a week of staying dry overnight, she experiences self-control and feels confident. In the context of Erikson's psychosocial development stages, Yuna is in the "________" stage.
autonomy versus shame and guilt
According to Thorndike's law of effect,
behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by frustrating outcomes are weakened.
Evan received an ugly pair of pajamas for his birthday. Even though he did not like the gift, he smiled and thanked his grandmother for the present. Evan's behavior is likely to be explained in terms of
display rules
James is a scientist and his sister, Emily, is an engineer. According to Howard Gardner's nine types of intelligence, both James and Emily are most likely to score high on
do not guarantee an answer
Margaret is appointed as a research director at a well-known pharmaceutical company. She is asked to design a set of research studies that will test the effectiveness of the drugs that are being manufactured by the company. To ensure that experimenter bias and research participant bias do not influence the results, Margaret should design a set of
double-blind experiments
When you go to check on your sleeping child, you observe that his eyes are moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. It is likely that he is
dreaming
Self-fulfilling prophecy
effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behabior
Gabriela's mother practices the authoritative style of parenting. This suggests that Gabriela's mother
encourages her to be independent but still places limits and controls on behavior
All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT
flat affect
Which of the following is the brain's largest division?
forebrain
Zeus was injured in a mining accident and suffered severe brain damage. In time, his brain healed, and he was back to working in the mines. The only change was in his personality. From being a highly aggressive and temperamental individual, he became mild-mannered and calm, almost to the extent of being placid. In this scenario, the region of the cerebral cortex that was most likely damaged in the accident was the ________ lobe.
frontal
Which of the following statements correctly differentiates between structuralism and functionalism in early psychology?
functionalism focused on the purposes of the mind; structuralism focued on the elemental parts of mental processes
Robert went to a friend's place last night and had tequila. Unaware, he consumed few shots that contained nausea-inducing substances. He spent the entire night vomiting and had a severe headache when he woke up the next morning. This incidence happened several times in the prior months as well. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how is Robert most likely to react when the same friend invites him again?
he will feel aversive and be unwilling to go for the party
Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the ________ of personality.
humanistic perspective
Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she was selfish and unhappy, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment at the moment. Jack is making a(n) ________ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) ________.
internal attribution external attribution
Which of the following statements is true of caffeine?
it is derived from natural components of plants
Which of the following statements is true of the concept of risky shift?
it is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group that when they are alone
Ever since Kerry lost her job, she has been feeling worthless. It's been more than two weeks now since she slept well. She has lost a lot of weight and keeps thinking about committing suicide. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Kerry is most likely suffering from
major depressive disorder
Extrinsic Motivation
motivation that involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments
Retrieval is the memory process that
occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
Which of the following are correctly matched?
parietal lobes—spatial location, attention, and motor control
Individuals who have high self-efficacy are least likely to do which of the following?
perceive that they have little control over challenging situations
An example of schemas
perceived social roles, stereotypes
Which of the following statements is true of relapse during the maintenance stage of the stages of change model?
relapse is considered normal by individuals who are experts in changing health behavior.
If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple repetitions but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is ________ but not ________.
reliable;valid
Kate, a longtime coffee drinker, complains of pounding headaches and lowered mood when she skips her coffee in the morning. What is the likely cause of these complaints?
removal of a psychoactive drug from diet
In the context of long-term memory, which of the following refers to preexisting mental concepts or frameworks that help people to organize and interpret information?
schemas
Dr. Susan is your family therapist. She believes that to adequately understand psychological problems, she must understand the role that you play in the family system. Which of these statements supports that underlying belief?
the psychological symptoms of a person are a function of the family relationship
Professor Izadi is interested in determining the association between sleep and cognitive performance. He surveyed his students about the number of hours they slept the night before an exam and then correlated these scores with their test grades. He found a +.81 correlation between these two variables. What does this result mean?
there is a high positive correlation between hours of sleep and exam performance
