LSTB Chapter 7
ketosis
abnormal condition of ketones in the blood and body tissues
nephrolithiasis
abnormal condition of kidney stones
stricture
abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway
albumin/o
albumin (a protein in the blood)
creatinine
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. Creatinine clearance is a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in the removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood.
sodium (Na+)
an electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; needed for proper transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and other metabolic functions
cystostomy
an opening is made into the urinary bladder from the outside of the body. A bladder is placed into the bladder for drainage.
ADH
antidiuretic hormone - vasopressin
diabetes insipidus
antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect
vesicoureteral reflux
backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureters
bacteri/o
bacteria
bacteriuria
bacteria in the urine
enuresis
bedwetting (literally "in urine")
hematuria
blood in the urine
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
renal vein
blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward to the heart
renal artery
blood vessel that carries blood to the kidneys
cali/o calic/o
calyx (calix)
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
CATH
catheter, catheterization
renal pelvis
central collecting region of the kidney
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body
UA - appearance
clear- normal turbid (cloudy) - pus (pyuria) and bacteria leading to UTI
diuresis
condition of complete (excessive) urination
hydronephrosis
condition of excess fluid (water) in the kidney
polydipsia
condition of increased thirst
-tripsy
crushing
C & S
culture and sensitivity testing - to determine antibiotic effectiveness against bacteria grown from a patient's urine specimen
calyx calix
cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
dysuria
difficult, painful urination
renal angioplasty
dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
caliectasis
dilation of the calyx
cystoscopy
direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
nephropathy
disease of the kidney
ureteroneocystostomy
donor ureter connected to the recipient's bladder
nephroptosis
downward displacement of a kidney
glomerular capsule
enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. The glomerular capsule is also known as the bowman's capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus.
polyuria
excessive urination
nocturia
excessive urination at night
glomerul/o
glomerulus
UA - glucose
glycosuria (sugar in urine) indicates diabetes mellitus which is hyperglycemia (excess sugar in the bloodstream)
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
group of clinical signs and symptons caused by excessive protein loss of urine
secondary hypertension
high blood pressure caused by an abnormal condition like glomerulonephritis
hyperkalemia
high levels of potassium in the blood
renal ischemia
holding back of blood flow to the kidney
urinary bladder
hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine
erythropoietin
hormone secreted by the kidney to increase RBC formation in the bone marrow
renin
hormone secreted by the kidneys; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels)
radioisotope scan
image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance (radioisotope) into the blood stream
ultrasonography
imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves
urinary incontinence
inability to hold urine in the bladder
urinary retention
inability to release urine from the bladder
pyelolithotomy
incision of the renal pelvis to remove a stone
nephrolithotomy
incision to remove a kidney stone
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidneys
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
trigonitis
inflammation of the trigone (area in the bladder)
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
medulla
inner region of an organ. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney
diabetes mellitus
insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body.
ketonuria
ketone bodies (acids and acetone) in the urine
ket/o keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
UA - ketone bodies
ketones are acetones that are formed when liver breaks down fatty acids... ketonuria leads to diabetes mellitus
nephr/o
kidney
ren/o
kidney
renal failure
kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration functions
renal colic
kidney pain resulting from a stone in the ureter or kidney
renal calculi
kidney stone
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones (renal calculi)
hyponatremia
low levels of sodium in the blood
urea
major nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine
Wilms tumor
malignant tumor of the kidney occuring in childhood
bladder cancer
malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
creatinine clearance
measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
measurement of urea levels in blood
meat/o
meatus
renal tubules
microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
meatal stenosis
narrowing of the meatus (opening of the urethra to the outside of the body)
urethral stricture
narrowing of the urethra
ureteroileostomy
new opening between the ureter and the ileum (for removal of urine after cystectomy)
cystostomy
new opening of the bladder to the outside of the body
nephrostomy
new opening of the kidney to the outside of the body
noct/o
night
azot/o
nitrogen
azotemia
nitrogen (increased amounts of nitrogen waste) in the blood
anuria
no urine is produced
UA - pH
normal for urine 6.5
kidney
one of two bean-shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; it filters nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine
ureter
one of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
meatus
opening or canal
cortex
outer region of an organ; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney (cortical means pertaining to the cortex)
urinary catheterization
passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder
paranephric
pertaining to near the kidney
caliceal
pertaining to the calyx
glomerular capsule
pertaining to the capsule surrounding each glomerulus; Bowman's capsule
cortical
pertaining to the cortex
medullary
pertaining to the kidney
intravesical
pertaining to within the bladder
UA - Protein
positive means albumin in urine (albuminuria) indicates a leak in the glomerular membrane when microalbuminuria is detected indicates diabetes mellitus
kal/o
potassium
UA - Sediments & casts
presence of abnormal particles in the urine is a pathologic condition
lithotripsy
process of crushing a stone in the urinary tract
dialysis
process of separating nitrogenous wastes materials from the blood
reabsorption
process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the blood stream
filtration
process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter. In the kidney, blood pressure forces material through the filter (glomerulus).
albuminuria
protein in the urine
py/o
pus
pyuria
pus in the urine
UA - specific gravity
reflects the amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in urine... high than normal indicates glycosuria
renal biopsy
removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
cystectomy
removal of the urinary bladder
pyel/o
renal pelvis
uric acid
Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine
5 functions of the kidneys
-removes nitrogenous waste from bloodstream (byproduct waste or protein is ammonia) -maintain proper balance of water, acid, and electrolytes in the body's fluid -secrete erythropoetin (stimulate RBC production) and renin (regulates BP) -secrete an active form of vitamin D -helps breakdown , degrade, and eliminate certain hormones (insulin & parathyroid)
renal transplantation
surgical transfer from a donor to a recipient
edema
swelling caused by fluid tissue spaces
urinalysis
test series on urine
parenchyma
the essential and distinctive tissue of an organ
dips/o
thirst
glomerulus glomeruli (plural)
tiny balls of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidneys
trigone
triangular area in the urinary bladder (3 points are where the ureters and urethra are located)
trigon/o
trigone (region of the bladder)
catheter
tube for injecting or removing fluids
urethra
tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
acetone
type of ketone body
uremia
urea (urine) in the blood; a potentially fatal condition
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
UA
urinalysis (test series) color -- appearance -- pH -- protein -- glucose --specific -- gravity -- ketone bodies -- sediments & casts -- Phenylketonuria -- bilirubin
cyst/o
urinary bladder
vesic/o
urinary bladder
UTI
urinary tract infection
lithotripsy
urinary tract stones are crushed using a extrocorporeal (outside of the body) method using shockwaves
3 names for expelling urine
urination voiding micturition
-uria
urination; urine condition
urin/o
urine
ur/o
urine (urea)
Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluids into the abdominal cavity
Hemodialysis (HD)
uses an artificial kidney machine to filtrate blood
essential hypertension
when the cause of high blood pressure (hypertension) is unknown...causes arterial and arteriolar damage, potentially resulting in stroke, myocardial infarction (heart attack), heart failure, or renal failure.
UA - bilirubin
when the pigment substance in bile is found in urine (bilirubinuria) is a direct indication of hyperbilirubinemia (excess bilirubin in the blood)
renal angiography
x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney
Kidney, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
x-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
CT scan
x-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
x-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder
voiding cystourethrogram (VUCG)
x-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and the urethra obtained while the patient is voiding
UA - color
yellow/straw - normal colorless/pale - a lot of water red/brown - blood
How much fluid is filtered daily?
About 180 quarts of fluid are filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98% to 99% of the water and the salts. Only about 1 1/2 quarts (1500ml) are excreted daily.
Potassium (K+)
An electrolyte regulated by the kidneys so that proper concentration is maintained within the blood. Potassium is essential for allowing muscle contraction and conduction of nervous impulses.
electrolyte
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are necessary with the functioning of muscles and nerves. The kidneys maintain the proper balance of electrolytes and water in the blood. Potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) are electrolytes.
nephron
Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney. It is the function unit of the kidney, each capable of forming urine by itself. There are about 1 million nephrons in the kidney.
hilum
Depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
renal hypertension
High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow. -poietin means a substance that forms
KUB
Kidney, ureter, and bladder
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Mulitple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidneys
olig/o
scanty
oliguria
scanty urination
antidiuretic hormone
secreted by the pituitary gland and helps reabsorb water from the renal tubules
arteriole
small artery
natr/o
sodium
lith/o
stone
nitrogenous waste
substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine
-pioetin
substance that forms
UA - phenylketonuria (pku)
substances that accumulate in urine of infants born lacking the important enzyme phenylalanine hydroylase
glycosuria
sugar in the urine
ureteroplasty
surgical repair of the ureter
urethroplasty
surgical repair of the urethra