LSU - psychology 2000 - Tucker
Kat is sleeping. her eyelids are quivering because her eyes are darting around. kat is probably experiencing ________ sleep
REM
Cornea
clear membrane that covers surface of eye and protects it - focuses more light coming into the eye
What is comorbidity?
co-occurrence of two disorders
The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ______________
cognitive behavioral therapy focuses much more on present issues rather than the childhood or past
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called __________ learning
latent
What is classical conditioning?
learning by association
Interpersonal attraction
liking or having the desire for a relationship with that person
Knowing that your having a nightmare - concentrating - and then turning your nightmare from bad to good is an example of _________ dreaming
lucid
Brain hemispheres
makes connections between the hemispheres so that information can travel between them - connected by the corpus callosum
Hippocampus
memory
Schemes
mental concept - expanded as child experiences new situations
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict
more than 2 goals all with positive and negative aspects example: choosing which college to attend
What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
negative
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company's picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Daves boss is using _______________
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning ___________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
negative reinforcement
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ___________ and a ___________
neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus
people with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts
obsessive-compulsive
Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
overgeneralization someones takes a small situation and makes it huge
What is positive reinforcement?
presenting a motivating/ reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future. example: a mother gives her son candy for cleaning up his toys
Reliability
produce similar scores from one test time to the next
What type of behavior does this exemplify: Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries
prosocial behavior
Semantics
rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences
Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thoughts, perception, and behavior?
schizophrenia
Sensory adaptation
sensory receptor cells become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging example:losing your glasses on your head
Electroconpulsive therapy is affective in alleviating symptoms for people with _____________
severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
Schizophrenia
severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality causes: genetics, environment, excessive dopamine
Retrieval
using the information that was stored - getting it out
Independent variable
variable that is manipulated
Occipital lobe
vision
What is negative punishment?
when a certain reinforcing stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less in the future. example: a child fights with her brother, and has her favorite toy taken away
What is negative reinforcement?
when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. example: bob does the dishes (behavior) in order to stop his mothers nagging (aversive stimulus)
What is stimulus generalization?
when an organism responds to a stimulus in the same way that it responds to a similar stimulus - occurs during classical conditioning example: a dog has been conditioned to run to its owner when it hears a whistle
What is body dysmorphia?
when you cant stop thinking about one or more perceived defects or flaws in your appearance
Phonology
the structure of sounds that can be used to produce words in a language
Correlation sizes
-1 perfect negative correlation (negative slope) 0 no correlation 1 perfect negative correlation (positive slope)
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
-100 is the average score -mentally retarted is below 70 -gifted is considered above 130 -not good for testing intelligence because it is based on test taking skills -more than one type of intelligence -developed by binet and simon
Strange situation experiment
-Mary Ainsworth -test how babies/young children respond to the temporary absence of their mothers
Scaffolding
-Vygotsky's theory -the process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner
Early mental health treatments
-asylums -bloodlettings -beatings -ice baths -electroconvulsive therapy
Margaret Washburn
1st woman to earn a PhD in psychology
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
2
Chris is late for dinner with his parents. His parents don't care, but he thinks it is a catastrophe- an inaccurate view of the situation that leads him to feel bad about himself. what represents the cognitive distortion?
Christopher thinking that being late to the dinner is a catastrophe
Dependent variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.
Objective introspection
Wundt examining and measuring ones own conscious psychological reactions first psychology laboratory
What is foot-in-the door persuasion technique?
a compliance tactic that aims at getting a person to agree to a large request by having them agree to a modest request first example: getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
Limbic system
a group of several brain structures located under the cortex
What is operant conditioning?
a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reward or punishment
When is comes to social psychology, a script is a ___________
a persons knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Diffusion of responsibility
a phenomenon where a person is less likely to take responsibility for an action or inaction when others are present
What is an in-group bias?
a tendency people have that favors their own group above others
Avoidance- avoidance conflict
choosing between two undesirable goals - more stressful "between a rock and a hard place"
Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
active listening
STM
active part of memory that relies on a selective attention
The 3 components of attitude
affective cognitive behavioral
What is the cellular clock theory?
aging is a result of cells hitting their programmed reproductive limit- parts of cells just wear out
Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
all-or-nothing thinking everything is black and white - one way or the other
Heuristic
an educated guess based on prior consequences that help narrow down the possible solutions for a problem "rule of thumb"
Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________
antidepressants
A panic disorder is a type of __________
anxiety
________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior
anxiety
prosocial behavior
any action to help others
What is the major flaw in the asch conformity study?
asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity- including race, class, and gender
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ____________ learning
associational
Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?
behavior therapy
John B. Watson
behaviorism; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat
Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.
biomedical
Approach- approach conflict
choosing between two desirable goals example: going on vacation to either the caribbean or mexico
The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on kitty genovese
bystander effect
Correlation does not equal ________
causation
What is the wear-and-tear-theory?
cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out, resulting in aging; like components of an aging car
Anti smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking related causes each year is an example of what type of persuasion?
central route
Epigenetics
changing the widely accepted linear conception of genome function by explaining how environmental and psychological factors regulate the activity of our genome without involving changes in the DNA sequence
Double approach- avoidance conflict
choosing between 2 goals that have both positive and negative aspects example: psyc major vs. bio major
Approach- avoidance conflict
choosing between one goal with positive and negative aspects, very difficult example: moving to your least favorite city for a new job that pays more
In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
cognitive behavioral therapy helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior
A psychological disorder is a ____________
condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Microcrossades
constant tiny vibration of the eye that people do not notice continuously
Encoding
converting sensory info a form that is useable in the brain's storage systems (putting it in)
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events
diathesis-stress
Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?
foot-in-the-door
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around, it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. this is an example of ______________
diffusion of responsibility
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called ____________
discrimination
Anxiety disorders
disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness
Jigsaw classroom
each individual is given only part of the info needed to solve a problem, forcing individuals to work together
Who brought structuralism to America?
edward titchener (wundt's student)
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.
generalized anxiety disorder
Temporal lobe
hearing, meaningful speech
Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. what kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
psychodynamic psychotherapy
What is psychodynamic Psychotherapy?
psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth
Frontal lobe
reasoning, decision making, fluent speech, personality - motor cortex
What is a variable ratio schedule?
reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses example: gambling
William James
"the study of the mind should focus on how it functions in everyday life"
IQ formula
(mental age/ chronological age)*100
Sensorimotor stage
- 0-2 years -experiencing the world through senses and actions -object permanence
Formal operation stage
- 12+ years -abstract reasoning/ logic -potential for mature moral reasoning
Pre-operational stage
- 2-7 years - representing things with words and images -use intuition rather than logical reasoning
Concrete operation stage
- 7-11 years -thinking logically about concrete events -grasping concrete analogies
Zone of proximal development
- Vygotsky's theory -the difference between what a child can do alone vs. with the help of a teacher
Statistics show that _____ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness
26%
True or false: having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task would effectively reduce prejudice between groups
True
Amygdala
emotions
Cingulate cortex
emotions and cognition- selective attention, working memory, implicated in major depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, ADHD
Availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
William Wundt
father of psychology
Autonomic nervous system- sympathetic
fight or flight - responds to stress
Kara gets a F on her psychology exam, then she goes home and get into an argument with her roommate, lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________________
fundamental attribution error
Functionalism
how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
Validity
how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure
Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?
humanistic therapy to help people become more self aware and accepting of themselves
How is behavior therapy different from psychoanalysis?
in behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into ones unconscious
Phobia
irrational persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
What is anti-social personality disorder?
lack of regard for others rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
What do psychologist call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
What hormone does the pineal gland release?
melatonin
Free radical theory
oxidative damage to the cells and tissues of the body that arises primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism
Bipolar disorder
periods of mood that may range from normal to manic
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights, Yuri suffers from a _________
phobia
What is positive punishment?
presenting an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited. example: a child touches a hot stove (behavior) and feels pain (aversive stimulus)
What is cognitive dissonance?
refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors example: when people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition) , they are in a state of cognitive
What is a fixed ratio schedule?
reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses example: piecework factory worker getting paid for every x number of items manufactured
What is a variable interval schedule?
reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals example: checking facebook
What is a fixed interval schedule?
reinforcement is predicted at predictable time intervals example: hospital patient uses patient controlled, doctor-timed pain relief every 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes
LTM
relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Thalamus
relay station between lower part of the brain and the cortex - directing all of the info coming into the brain to the correct part of the brain
Maintenance rehearsal
repeating info over and over
Hypothalamus
responsible for all your "drives" - sleep, hunger, thirst, sex
Autonomic nervous system- parasympathetic
rest and digest - body returns to normal after stress
Acute stress disorder
resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of dissociation, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to relive the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as one moth following the event
Who was Stanley Milgram?
social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
What is general adaptation syndrome? (GAS)
stages of how the body changes during stress
The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache
stimulants used to treat ADHD and improve ability to focus
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent _____________
stimulus discrimination
For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this?
stimulus hierarchy
Sigmund Frued (psychoanalysis)
studied patients that suffered from nervous disorders with no apparent physical cause and thought early childhood experiences lead to repressed urges that persist until they are discussed and brought to the surface
Wertheimer
studied perception and sensation gestalt
Case study
study of one individual in great detail
Activity theory
successful aging- occurs when older adults stay active and maintain social interactions
Insight
sudden perception of a solution to a problem
On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?
systematic desensitization desensitization-make less sensitive form of exposure therapy to treat phobias and anxiety disorders by exposing a person to the feared object or situation
Representativeness hueristic
tendency to judge an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case
Pragmatics
the "social niceties" of language example: taking turns in conversation
Phonemes
the basic building blocks of speech sounds- born with the ability to produce all speech sounds in all languages (but this diminishes over time
Habituation
the brain stops attending to constant, unchanging information example: sound of loud AC
What is an attitude?
the evaluation of or feeling towards a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative
Structuralism
the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into basic conscious elements
What is the Asch effect?
the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
Free association
the patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to his/her mind
Absolute threshold
the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50% of the time if it is present
Syntax
the structure of language - how words are arranged in sentence according to the grammar of the language
What is the fundamental attribution error?
the tendency to explain someone's behavior based on internal factors, such as personality or disposition, and to underestimate the influence that external factors, such as situational influences, have on another person's behavior
Gestalt psychology
the whole is more than the sum of parts
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.
the word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure"
Psychoanalysis
theory and therapy to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association
Involuntary therapy
therapy that is not an individuals choice example: court ordered
Functional fixedness
thinking of objects only in terms of their typical functions
What principle underlines cognitive behavioral therapy?
thoughts affect behavior
Parietal lobe
touch, taste, temperature- somatosensory cortex
Elaborative rehearsal
transferring info from STM into LTM by making the info meaningful in some way
Assimilation
trying to understand new items in terms of old schemes
Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
unconditional positive regard refers to the fact that the therapist accepts their client for who they are
What is the unconditioned stimulus?
unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response example: when you smell your favorite food, you may start to feel hungry
What is aversive conditioning?
use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior often used to combat addictions such as smoking or alcoholism
What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?
zimbardo did not use a control group
