LUSA Midterm
environment files
The files used immediately after login to execute commands; they are typically used to load variables into memory.
root filesystem
The filesystem that contains most files that make up the operating system; it should have enough free space to prevent errors and slow performance.
hashpling
The first line in a shell script, which defines the shell that will be used to interpret the commands in the script file.
UNIX
The first true multitasking, multiuser operating system, developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, from which Linux was originated.
user interface
The interface the user sees and uses to interact with the operating system and application programs.
concatenation
The joining of text to make one larger whole. In Linux, words and strings of text are joined together to form a displayed file.
hard disk quotas
The limits on the number of files, or total storage space on a hard disk drive, available to a user.
quotas
The limits that can be imposed on users and groups for filesystem usage.
/usr/local directory
The location for most additional programs.
What must a user do to run cp or mv interactively and be asked if she wants to overwrite an existing file?
Just type cp or mv, because they run in interactive mode by default.
When the core components of the Linux operating system are packaged together with other Open Source Software, it is called a __________________
Linux Distribution
The _____ is the core component of the Linux operating system
Linux kernel
What are some good reasons for using Linux in a corporate environment? (Choose all that apply.)
Linux software is unlikely to become abandoned by its developers. Linux is secure and has a lower total cost of ownership than other operating systems. Linux is widely available for many platforms and supports many programming languages.
And extended partition can contain many subpartitions called_________.
Logical drives
MINIX
Mini-UNIX created by Andrew Tannenbaum. Instructions on how to code the kernel for this version of the UNIX operating system were publicly available. Using this as a starting point, Linus Torvalds improved this version of UNIX for the Intel platform and created the first version of Linux.
When viewing the version number for a Linux kernel, what number indicates the stability of the kernel?
Minor number
Proxy servers keep track of the information passed to each client by maintaining what type of table?
Network address translation (NAT)
Red Hat
One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux in North America, distributed and supported by Red Hat Inc. Fedora is a Red Hat-based Linux distribution.
GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME)
One of the two competing graphical user interface (GUI) environments for Linux.
K desktop environment (KDE)
One of the two competing graphical user interfaces (GUI) available for Linux.
command mode
One of the two modes in vi; it allows a user to perform any available text editing task that is not related to inserting text into the document.
insert mode
One of the two modes in vi; it allows the user to insert text into the document but does not allow any other functionality.
Many types of software are available today. Which type of software does Linux represent?
Open Source Software
When using command line terminal, specific letters that start with a dash and appear after command names are considered to be:
Options
wildcard metacharacters
The metacharacters used to match certain characters in a file or directory name; they are often used to specify multiple files.
interactive mode
The mode that file management commands use when a file can be overwritten; the system interacts with a user, asking the user to confirm the action.
manual pages
The most common set of local command syntax documentation, available by typing the man command. Also known as man pages.
variable identifier
The name of a variable.
revision number
The number after the second dot in the version number of a Linux kernel, which identifies the certain release number of a kernel.
major number
The number preceding the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernel version. It is used to denote a major change or modification.
major number
The number used by the kernel to identify which device driver to call to interact properly with a given category of hardware; hard disk drives, CD-ROMs, and video cards are all categories of hardware; similar devices share a common major number.
minor number
The number used by the kernel to identify which specific hardware device, within a given category, to use a driver to communicate with; see also major number.
filesystem
The organization imposed on a physical storage medium that is used to manage the storage and retrieval of data.
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
The part of a computer system that contains the programs used to initialize hardware components at boot time.
mode
The part of the inode that stores information on access permissions.
relative pathname
The pathname of a target directory relative to your current directory in the tree.
source file/directory
The portion of a command that refers to the file or directory from which information is taken.
target file/directory
The portion of a command that refers to the file or directory to which information is directed.
The_________ environment variable contains a list of directories to search for executable programs.
PATH
How can you protect a metacharacter (such as the $ character) from shell interpretation?
Precede it with a \.
How can you specify a text pattern that must be at the beginning of a line of text using a regular expression?
Precede the string with a ^.
How can a user switch from insert mode to command mode when using the vi editor? a. Press the CtrlþAltþDel keys simultaneously.
Press the Esc key.
When a user create a file or directory, that users name and ________becomes the owner and group owner of the file, respectively.
Primary group
inode
The portion of a file that stores information on the file's attributes, access permissions, location, ownership, and file type.
superblock
The portion of a filesystem that stores critical information, such as the inode table and block size.
dual booting
The process of installing more than one operating system on a computer. The user can then choose the operating system to load at system startup.
syncing
The process of writing data to the hard disk drive that was stored in RAM.
authentication
The process whereby each user must log in with a valid user name and password before gaining access to the user interface of a system.
shareware
The programs developed and provided at minimal cost to the end user. These programs are initially free but require payment after a period of time or a certain amount of usage.
Open Source Software (OSS)
The programs distributed and licensed so that the source code making up the program is freely available to anyone who wants to examine, utilize, or improve upon it.
software
The programs stored on a storage device in a computer that provide a certain function when executed.
text tools
The programs that allow for the creation, modification, and searching of text files.
primary partitions
The separate divisions into which a hard disk can be divided (up to four are allowed per hard disk).
mail delivery agent (MDA)
The service that downloads e-mail from a mail transfer agent.
server services
The services that are made available for other computers across a network.
workstation services
The services that are used to access shared resources on a network server.
source code
The sets of organized instructions on how to function and perform tasks that define or constitute a program.
logical drives
The smaller partitions contained within an extended partition on a hard disk.
sector
The smallest unit of data storage on a hard disk; sectors are arranged into concentric circles called tracks and can be grouped into blocks for use by the system.
Which of the following are characteristics of Open Source Software? (Choose all that apply.)
The software is developed collaboratively. Any bugs are fixed quickly.
application
The software that runs on an operating system and provides the user with specific functionality (such as word processing or financial calculation).
operating system (OS)
The software used to control and directly interact with the computer hardware components.
package manager
The software used to install, maintain, and remove other software programs by storing all relevant software information in a central software database on the computer.
closed source software
The software whose source code is not freely available from the original author; Windows 7, for example.
regular expressions
The special metacharacters used to match patterns of text within text files; they are commonly used by text tool commands, including grep.
options
The specific letters that start with a dash "-" or two and appear after the command name to alter the way the command works.
block devices
The storage devices that transfer data to and from the system in chunks of many data bits by caching the information in RAM; they are represented by block device files.
character devices
The storage devices that transfer data to and from the system one data bit at a time; they are represented by character device files.
programming language
The syntax used for developing a program. Different programming languages use different syntaxes.
hardware
The tangible parts of a computer, such as the network boards, video card, hard disk drives, printers, and keyboards.
shell scripts
The text files that contain a list of commands or constructs for the shell to execute in order.
What to Linux distributions below utilize the Debian package manager by default?
Red hat Linux, Ubuntu Linux
What to special permissions can be applied in order to effectively allow a user to become owner of a file, or become a member of a group, by executing a file?
SUID SGID
Which of the following can be used on Linux to provide file and print services?
Samba
The ability for computer to increase workload as the number of processors increases is known as ________.
Scalability
Each track on a hard disk is divided into__________ of information.
Sectors
Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
See also Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)
See also Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment.
swap memory
See also virtual memory.
man pages
See manual pages.
What does the du /var command do?
Shows the size of all directories within the /var directory
Which of the following is not an example of virtualization software that can be used to install Linux within another operating system?
Spiceworks
Which of the following is not necessarily generated by every command on the system? (Choose all that apply.)
Standard Input
arguments
The text that appears after a command name, does not start with a dash "-" character, and specifies information the command requires to work properly.
The less command offers less functionality than the more command. True or False?
False
The sed and awk commands are filter commands commonly used to format data within a pipe. True or False?
False
There is no real difference between the "S" and "s" special permissions when displayed using the ls -l command. One just means it is on a file, and the other means that it is on a directory. True or False?
False
you are limited to using one pipe | Meta-character on the commandline to pipe information from one command it to another command.
False
On clothes source operating systems, hot fixes for software bugs I deployed very quickly.
Files
Errors on a filesystem are common on most file systems. What do these errors indicate?
Filesystem corruption
Any command that can take standard input and transform it into standard output is called a _____________ command.
Filter
The IP tables software on Linux is an example of what kind of software?
Firewall
The good new general public license (GPL) was developed by which organization?
Free software foundation(FSF)
Which common GUI environments are available in most Linux distributions? (Choose all that apply.)
GNOME KDE
Two main competing GUI environments available in Lenix are:
GNU network object model environment(GNOME) K desktop environment(KDE)
GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)
GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB)
Solid-State Drives (SSDs)
Hard disk devices that use flash memory chips for storage instead of electromagnetic platters.
Prior to performing an installation of Linux, the hardware components of the target system should be checked against what known compatible list below?
Hardware compatibility list(HCL)
Which of the following is the greatest expense for companies using Linux?
Hiring people to maintain a Linux system
What does >> accomplish when entered on the command line after a command?
It appends Standard Output to a file.
After typing the ls -a command, you notice that there is a file whose filename begins with a dot ( . ). What does this mean?
It is a hidden file.
After typing the ls -F command, you notice a filename that ends with an * (asterisk) character. What does this mean?
It is an executable file.
What does the mv command do? (Choose all that apply.)
It moves a directory. It moves a file.
physical extent (PE) size
The block size used by the LVM when storing data on a volume group.
scalability
The capability of computers to increase workload as the number of processors increases.
kernel
The central, core program of the operating system. The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines Linux; the differing OSS applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate Linux distributions.
terminal
The channel that allows a certain user to log in and communicate with the kernel via a user interface.
escape sequences
The character sequences that have special meaning inside the echo command. They are prefixed by the \ character.
inode table
The collection of inodes for all files and directories on a filesystem.
chgrp (change group) command
The command used to change the group owner of a file or directory.
chmod (change mode) command
The command used to change the mode (permissions) of a file or directory.
chown (change owner) command
The command used to change the owner and group owner of a file or directory.
cp (copy) command
The command used to create copies of files and directories.
mkdir (make directory) command
The command used to create directories.
ln (link) command
The command used to create hard and symbolic links.
touch command
The command used to create new files. It was originally used to update the time stamp on a file.
find command
The command used to find files on the filesystem using various criteria.
locate command
The command used to locate files from a file database.
which command
The command used to locate files that exist within directories listed in the PATH variable.
mv (move) command
The command used to move/rename files and directories.
/dev/MAKEDEV command
The command used to re-create a device file if one or more of the following pieces of device information is unknown: major number, minor number, or type (character or block).
rmdir (remove directory) command
The command used to remove empty directories.
rm (remove) command
The command used to remove files and directories.
umask command
The command used to view and change the umask variable.
mount point
The directory in a file structure to which something is mounted.
/dev directory
The directory off the root where device files are typically stored.
/bin directory
The directory that contains binary commands for use by all users.
/dev directory
The directory that contains device files.
/var directory
The directory that contains log files and spools.
/usr directory
The directory that contains most system commands and utilities.
/proc directory
The directory that contains process and kernel information.
/lib directory
The directory that contains shared program libraries (used by the commands in /bin and /sbin) as well as kernel modules.
/sbin directory
The directory that contains system binary commands (used for administration).
/etc directory
The directory that contains system-specific configuration files.
/boot directory
The directory that contains the Linux kernel and files used by the boot loader data block.
/tmp directory
The directory that holds temporary files created by programs.
parent directory
The directory that is one level closer to the root directory in the directory tree relative to your current directory.
/opt directory
The directory that stores additional software programs.
linked file
The files that represent the same data as other files.
owner
The user whose name appears in a long listing of a file or directory and who has the ability to change permissions on that file or directory.
filename
The user-friendly identifier given to a file.
user-defined variables
The variables that are created by the user and are not used by the system. These variables are typically exported to subshells.
environment variables
The variables that store information commonly accessed by the system or programs executing on the system?together, these variables form the user environment.
filesystem
The way in which a hard disk partition is formatted to allow data to reside on the physical media; common Linux filesystems include ext2, ext3, ext4, REISER, and VFAT.
A for construct is a loop construct that processes a specified list of objects. As a result, it is executed as long as there are remaining objects to process. True or False?
True
Any command I can be executed on the commandline can also be placed inside any environment file.
True
At minimum, Linux typically requires only two partitions to be created: a partition that is mounted to the root directory, and a partition that is used for virtual memory.
True
Each computer on a network requires a unique way to identify itself and refer to other computers. This is accomplished by using IP address is.
True
Hard links need to reside on the same filesystem as the target, whereas symbolic links need not be on the same filesystem as the target. True or False?
True
Linux has only one root directory per directory tree. True or False?
True
Many programming function libraries and UNIX-like a commands appeared in the 1980s as a result of the work of on the GNU project.
True
Open source software (OSS) is free we developed and continuously improved by a large community of software developers.
True
The alias command can be used to make a shortcut to a single command. True or False?
True
The lvextend command can be used to add additional unused space within a volume group to an existing logical volume. True or False?
True
The more file systems that are used on a system, the less likely a corrupt file system will interfere with normal system operations.
True
The operating system software is necessary for a computer to function. True or False?
True
To install Linux within a virtual machine, you can specify the path to an ISO image that contains the Linux installation media within virtualization software without having to first write the ISO image to a DVD or USB flash drive. True or False?
True
User enters commands directly to the kernel of the Linux operating system. True or False?
True
When you insert a DVD while in a GUI environment, it is automatically mounted by the system to a directory underneath the /media directory that is named for the label on the DVD.
True
You can use a wildcard meta-character with the find command.
True
You can use that sed command to remove unwanted lines of text.
True
A user mounts a device to a mount point directory and realizes afterward there are files previously found within the mount point directory that are needed. What should this user do?
Unmount the device from the directory.
Jim has just purchased two new SCSI hard disk drives and a controller card for them. He properly installs the hardware in his machine. Before he can use them for data storage and retrieval, what must he do? (Choose all that apply.)
Use the fdisk command to create one or more partitions on each of the hard disk drives. mount any partitions created on the two hard drives so that they are accessible by the operating system. Format any partitions created with a valid filesystem recognized by Linux.
After typing the ls -F command, you see the following line in the output: -rw-r-xr-- 1 user1 root 0 Apr 29 15:40 file1 What does this mean?
User1 has read and write permission, members of the root group have read and execute permissions, and all others have read permissions to the file.
The command chmod 317 file1 would produce which of the following lines in the ls command?
b. --wx--xrwx 1 user1 root 0 Apr 29 15:40 file1
If a user's current directory is /home/mary/project1, which command could she use to move to the etc directory directly under the root?
cd /etc
Which of the following will display the message welcome home if the cd /home/user1 command is successfully executed?
cd /home/user1 && echo "welcome home"
A file has the following permissions: r----x-w-. The command chmod 143 would have the same effect as the command _______________. (Choose all that apply.)
chmod u=x,g=r,o=wx file1
Which of the following commands will change the user ownership and group ownership of file1 to user1 and root, respectively?
chown user1:root file1
Which command blanks the terminal screen, erasing previously displayed output?
clear
The vi editor can function in which two of the following modes? (Choose both that apply.)
command insert
What does the command dumpe2fs -h do?
displays the number of inodes used and available in an ext2 filesystem
The current value for the HOME variable is displayed by which of the following commands? (Choose all that apply.)
echo ~ echo $HOME
The quote is for certain users can be edited by using which command?
edquota
In and if construct, what statements are optional?
elif else
Before a user-defined variable can be used by processes that run in subshells, that variable must be .
exported
In the past, SATA hard disks were referred to as integrated drive electronics (IDE).
false
The command strings /bin/echo displays the raw binary characters inside the /bin/echo binary executable program.
false
The rmdir command automatically removes the directory and all of its subdirectories and files.
false
The swap partition contains a file system.
false
To prevent a file from being cleared by the BASH shell and append output to the existing output, you can specify > Metacharacters along side the file descriptor.
false
Every if construct begins with if and must be terminated with .
fi
What command can be used to check different kinds of filesystems on Linux for errors?
fsck
Which of the following commands can be used to create partitions on either a MBR or GPT hard disk?
gdisk
What to commands below can be used to edit a GPT hard based disks partitions?
gdisk parted
What command can you use to safely shut down the Linux system immediately?
halt
A device file __________________ . (Choose all that apply.)
has no data section displays a major and minor number in place of a file size
A production kernel refers to a kernel whose ____________________.
minor number is even.
Which command is used to format a partition on a hard disk drive with the ext4 filesystem?
mke2fs -t ext4 device
When displaying a large text file, what 2 commands provide the ability to show text in a page by page fashion?
more less
To mount or file systems in the /etc/fstab file that are intended to mount at a time, what command can be used?
mount -a
Linux is a _________ and ____________ operating system.
multiuser, multitasking
Which command do you use to rename files and directories?
mv
In what filesystem on most of the operating system files contained?
root
In the event that you wish to disable I swap partition, what command must be used?
swapoff
When you change the data in a file that is hard-linked to three others, _____________.
the data in the file you modified as well as the data in all hard-linked files are modified,
Which culture embraced the term "GNU" (GNU's Not UNIX) and laid the free software groundwork for Linux?
the hacker culture
In order to quickly create an empty file, what command can be used?
touch file1
Given the following output from the ls command, how many files are linked with file1? drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 8 07:12 Desktop -rw-r--r-- 3 root root 282 Apr 29 22:06 file1 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 282 Apr 29 22:06 file2 -rw-r--r-- 4 root root 282 Apr 29 22:06 file3 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 282 Apr 29 22:06 file4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 282 Apr 29 22:06 file5 -rw-r--r-- 1 user1 sys 282 Apr 29 22:06 file6
two
Select the commands they can be used to extend a volume group and logical volume respectively:
vgextend lvextend
The Linux kernel exists as a file named:
vmlinuz
A special device file is used to _____________________________.
represent hardware devices such as hard disk drives and ports
If "resume" is the name of a file in the home directory off the root of the filesystem and your present working directory is home, what is the relative name for the file named resume?
resume
What command below takes a list of arguments specifying the absolute irrelative pathnames of files to remove?
rm
In the fdisk interactive mode, what letter can be used to save changes to the partition table and exit?
w
Which command can be used to count the number of lines, words, and characters in a file?
wc
In Linux, the command ______ Display is currently logged in users.
who
Which command displays the users who are currently logged in to the Linux system?
who
Which one XCMD can be utilized to display your current login name?
whoami
What permission (when assigned to a file) grants a user the ability to open, read, and edit the contents of a file?
write
What permission granted a user the ability to open, read, and edit contents of a file?
write
Which prompt does the root user receive when logged in to the system?
#
What character combination at the start of a shell script are referred to as a hashpling, and allow for the specification of the shell that interprets the contents of the script?
#!
What option, when added to the rm command, is commonly referred to as the -resume option?
-r
What character device file represents the second serial port on a system (COM2)?
/dev/ttyS1
Which of the following files is always executed immediately after any user logs in to a Linux system and receives a BASH shell?
/etc/profile
The filesystem Hierarchy standard specifies that directory as the route users home directory?
/root
Under the root directory in Linux, which directory contains system commands and Utilities?
/usr
What directory under /contains the log files and spools for a Linux system?
/var
What number represents the stdin File descriptor?
0
Which of the following file descriptor numbers represents stdout?
1
In what year was the source code for the Linux kernel released?
1991
hard link
A file joined to other files on the same filesystem that shares the same inode.
What is the minimum number of user accounts that must be created at install time?
2
Which of the following kernels are developmental kernels? (Choose all that apply.)
3.3.4 3.5.5
A hard drive or SSD can be divided into partitions. What is the maximum number of primary partitions that can be used on these devices?
4
What character is used to delimit most Linux configuration files?
:
In order to redirect a file to the standard input of the command, what meta-character should be used?
<
tac command
A Linux command that displays a file on the screen, beginning with the last line of the file and ending with the first line of the file.
file command
A Linux command that displays the file type of a specified filename. filename The user-friendly identifier given to a file.
head command
A Linux command that displays the first set of lines of a text file; by default, the head command displays the first 10 lines.
od command
A Linux command used to display the contents of a file in octal format.
memtest86
A common RAM-checking utility.
home directory
A directory on the filesystem set aside for users to store personal files and information.
subdirectory
A directory that resides within another directory in the directory tree.
/media directory
A directory typically used for mounting removable media devices.
Tab-completion feature
A feature of the BASH shell that fills in the remaining characters of a unique filename or directory name when the user presses Tab.
executable program
A file that can be executed by the Linux operating system to run in memory as a process and perform a useful function.
volume group (VG)
A group of physical volumes that are used by the LVM.
cluster
A grouping of several smaller computers that function as one large supercomputer.
extended partition
A partition on a hard disk that can be further subdivided into components called logical drives.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
A protocol that is used by services to query directory databases for purposes of authentication.
cylinder
A series of tracks on a hard disk that are written to simultaneously by the magnetic heads in a hard disk drive.
proxy server
A server or hardware device that requests Internet resources on behalf of other computers.
info pages
A set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentation available by typing the info command.
decision construct
A special construct used in a shell script to alter the flow of the program based on the outcome of a command or contents of a variable. Common decision constructs include if, case, &&, and ||.
multitasking
A type of operating system that has the capability to manage multiple tasks simultaneously.
mail transfer agent (MTA)
An e-mail server.
database
An organized set of data.
Each device attached to a system can be represented by multiple device files.
False
What is the most common open source Web server available for Linux?
Apache.
A(n) ______ specifies the parameters that Taylor a command to the particular needs of the user.
Argument
What is the default shell in Linux called?
BASH
How do you indicate a comment line in a shell script?
Begin the line with #.
When sitting at the computer running Linux, what key combination is pressed to open the graphical terminal?
Ctrl+Alt+F1
Which of the following key combinations, commonly used in the VI editor command mode, display current line statistics?
Ctrl+g
And alternative to the VI editor that offers an equal set of functionality is the GNU______.
Emacs editor
What was created to define a standard directory structure and common file location for Linux?
FHS
What permission (when applied to a directory) Allows the user to enter the directory and work with directory contents?
Execute
___________defines a standard set of directories for use by all Linux and UNIX systems, as well as the file and subdirectory contents of each directory.
FHS
The term had to refers to someone who illegally uses computers for personal benefit or to cause damage.
False
Volumes contain a file system but they cannot be mounted to directories within the Linux filesystem hierarchy.
False
To which license does Linux adhere?
GNU General Public License
Which of the following are common methods for gaining support for Linux?
HOWTO documents at www.linuxdoc.org a local Linux User Group Internet newsgroups
File names that start with a Period, such as .file, are referred to as______ files.
Hidden
Linux was developed by ______________, to resemble the _____ operating system.
Linus Torvalds, MINIX
The Linux kernel was developed in 1991 by:
Linus Tovalds
What do options below examples of common UNIX flavors?
Mackintosh OS X HP-UX
A user runs the fsck command with the -a option on a filesystem that is showing signs of corruption. How would that user locate any files the system was unable to repair?
Mount the filesystem and check the lost+found directory underneath the mount point
What is wrong with the following command string: ls /etc/hosts >listofhostfile ?
Nothing is wrong with the command.
SuSE
One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux in Europe.
In a file listing, the nine characters following the file type, refer to the File's________.
Permission bits
The___________ of AVG decides the block size for saving data since it cannot be safely change later.
Physical extent
Which of the following statements are true? (Choose all that apply.)
Quotas can limit both user space and the number of files a user can own. Hard limits can never be exceeded. Soft limits allow a user to exceed them for a certain period of time.
If a files permissions are set 2760, what permissions are available to the group assigned to the file?
Read write
Who formed the Free Software Foundation to promote open development?
Richard Stallman
White Linux distribution is the most commonly used distribution within organizations today?
Red hat
The root user utilizes the chgrp command to give ownership of a file to another user. What must the root user do to regain ownership of the file?
Run chown and list the root user as the new owner.
What to disk systems allow for the use of more than four hard drives are SSDs in a single system?
SATA SCSI
After logging into a terminal, user will receive an interface known as which option below?
Shower
freeware
Software distributed by the developer at no cost to the user.
disk-burning software
Software that can be used to record data to CD-RW or DVD-RW media.
database management system (DBMS)
Software that manages databases.
If you know if you need characters in a directory have been typed, what key can be pressed to activate the bash shells completion feature?
Tab
BASH shell
The Bourne Again Shell; it is the default command-line interface in Linux.
clustering
The act of making a cluster; see also cluster.
system service
The additional functionality provided by a program that has been incorporated into and started as part of the operating system.
Consider the following shell script: echo -e "What is your favorite color?--> \c" read REPLY if ["$REPLY" = "red" -o "$REPLY" = "blue"] then echo "The answer is red or blue." else echo "The answer is not red nor blue." fi What would be displayed if a user executes the program in question 20 and answered Blue when prompted?
The answer is not red nor blue
GUID Partition Table (GPT)
The area of a large hard disk (> 2TB) outside a partition that stores partition information and boot loaders.
Master Boot Record (MBR)
The area of a typical hard disk (< 2TB) outside a partition that stores partition information and boot loaders.
track
The area on a hard disk that forms a concentric circle of sectors.
bad blocks
The areas of a storage medium unable to store data properly.
graphical user interface (GUI)
The component of an operating system that provides a userfriendly interface comprising graphics or icons to represent desired tasks. Users can point and click to execute a command rather than having to know and use proper command-line syntax
X Windows
The core component of the GUI in Linux.
primary group
The default group to which a user belongs.
/home directory
The default location for user home directories.
The first floppy drive on the system is not responding. You enter the file /dev/fd0 command and receive the following output. What is the problem? [root@server1 root]# file /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0: ASCII text [root@server1 root]#
The device file has become corrupt.
filesystem corruption
The errors in a filesystem structure that prevent the retrieval of stored data.
absolute pathname
The full pathname to a certain file or directory, starting from the root directory.
total cost of ownership (TCO)
The full sum of all accumulated costs, over and above the simple purchase price of utilizing a product. Includes training, maintenance, additional hardware, and downtime.
metacharacters
The key combinations that have special meaning in the Linux operating system.
minor number
The number following the first dot in the number used to identify a Linux kernel version, denoting a minor modification. If odd, it is a version under development and not yet fully tested. See also developmental kernel and production kernel.
file descriptors
The numeric labels used to define command input and command output.
formatting
The process in which a filesystem is placed on a disk device.
redirection
The process of changing the default locations of stdin, stdout, and stderr.
/root directory
The root user's home directory.
block
The unit of data commonly used by filesystem commands; a block can contain several sectors.
A directory is a type of file. True or False?
True
What must you do to successfully run the fsck command on a filesystem?
Umount the filesystem.
Which of the following statements regarding LVM structure is correct?
VGs are composed of one or more PVs
other
When used in the mode of a certain file or directory, refers to all users on the Linux system.
group
When used in the mode of a certain file or directory, the collection of users who have ownership of that file or directory.
user
When used in the mode of a certain file or directory, the owner of that file or directory.
What would be the effect of using the alias command to make an alias for the date command named cat in honor of your favorite pet?
When you use the cat command at the command prompt with the intention of viewing a text file, the date appears instead.
Due to the fact that the * character can be used to match all characters in a file name, we're all files in a directory, is referred to as a____________.
Wildcard
Select the two escape sequences that represent a horizontal tab and a vertical tab, respectively:
\t \v
You have redirected Standard Error to a file called Errors. You view the contents of this file afterward and notice that there are six error messages. After repeating the procedure, you notice that there are only two error messages in this file. Why?
You did not append the Standard Error to the Error file and as a result, it was overwritten when the command was run a second time.
Using wildcard metacharacters, how can you indicate a character that is NOT a or b or c or d?
[!a-d]
Using wildcard meta characters, how can one indicate in number is either 1,2,3, or 4?
[1-4]
Select escape sequence that starts a new line when used with echo:
\n
What to regular expression characters can be used to match the characters of the beginning or end of the line, respectively?
^ $
What command is equivalent to the 'man -k "keyword"' command?
apropos keyword
You want to see the filesystems that are presently in use on the system. What command could you use?
cat /etc/mtab
Display the contents of a text file called data, what command should be used?
cat data
When applied to a directory, the SGID special permission _______________.
causes all new files created in the directory to have the same group membership as the directory, and not the entity that created them
A user typed in the command pwd and saw the output: /home/jim/sales/pending. How could that user navigate to the /home/jim directory?
cd ../..
What to commands below will grant all permissions to a user name Bob on file1, assuming about is the Files owner?
chmod 777 file1 chmod a+rwx
What command can be used to copy files?
cp
What to commands below will work recursively specified with the -R option?
cp rm
In VI, using command mode, what series of keypresses below will cause the line on which the cursor is on to be deleted?
dd
The tac command __________________.
displays the contents of a file in reverse order, last line first and first line last
Which command is used to display the amount of free space that exists on a filesystem?
df
A list of all exported environment and user-defined variables in a shell can be viewed with what command below?
env
What are the three standard Linux permissions?
execute, read, write
When a user interaction with his computer, interact directly with the panel of the computers operating system.
false
What will the following wildcard regular expression return: file[a-c]?
filea, fileb, filec
ISO images
files that contain an ISO 9660 filesystem within.
Which of the following is not a piece of information that the Fedora installation program prompts you for?
firewall settings
What construct is intended for use in processing a list of objects, such as files, directories, users, printers, and so on?
for
What equivalent to the 'man' command generally provides an easier-to-read description of the queried command and also contains links to other related information?
info
In order to create a hard link, what command must be used?
ln
Select the command below that can be used to provide a long listing for each file in a directory:
ls -F
You know a Linux command will perform a desired function for you, but you cannot remember the full name of the command. You do remember it will flush a variable from your system. Which command typed at a command prompt displays a list of commands that would likely contain the command you desire?
man -k flush
Which command mounts all existing filesystems in /etc/fstab?
mount -a
Which of the following are factors that determine which Linux distribution a user will use? (Choose all that apply.)
package manager support, hardware platform kernel features, and language support.
What command can be used to confirm what directory you are in at a command line prompt?
pwd
Which command would a user type on the command line to find out which directory in the directory tree he is currently located in?
pwd
What will typing q! at the : prompt in command mode do when using the vi editor?
quit without saving any changes
The_____________ command it takes user input from stdin and places it in a variable specified by an argument.
read
Which construct can be used in a shell script to read Standard Input and place it in a variable?
read
The default permissions given by the system prior to analyzing the umask are _________ for directories and _____________ for files.
rwxrwxrwx and rw-rw-rwe.
Which of the following refers to the third primary partition on the second SCSI hard disk within Linux?
sdb3
The which command _______________.
searches for a file only in directories that are in the PATH variable
Which command could you use to see a list of all environment and user-defined shell variables as well as their current values?
set
After you log in to a terminal, you receive a user interface called a _____.
shell
Every computer consists of physical components and nonphysical components. The nonphysical components of a computer that understand how to work with the physical components are referred to as________.
software.
What does the /var directory contain?
spools and log files
Which command searches for and displays any text contents of a binary file?
strings
A user types in the command head /poems/mary. What will be displayed on the terminal screen?
the first 10 lines of the file mary
The core component of the Linux operating system is the Linux kernel. If you were a Linux systems administrator for a company, when would you need to upgrade your Linux kernel? (Choose all that apply.)
when you need to have support in Linux for new hardware when you need to increase the stability of Linux.
The________ command only search is directory is there a listed and a special variable call Dad PATH variable in the current BASH shell.
which
Which characters below represent extended regular expression Metacharecters
{}
ll command
An alias for the ls -l command; it gives a long file listing.
variable
An area of memory used to store information. Variables are created from entries in environment files when the shell is first created after login, and are destroyed when the shell is destroyed upon logout.
frequently asked questions (FAQs)
An area on a Web site where answers to commonly posed questions can be found.
virtual memory
An area on a hard disk, known as a swap partition, that can be used to store information that normally resides in physical memory (RAM), if the physical memory is being used excessively.
/mnt directory
An empty directory used for temporarily mounting media.
ext4
An improved version of the ext3 filesystem with an extended feature set and better performance.
Linux User Group (LUG)
An open forum of Linux users who discuss and assist each other in using and modifying the Linux operating system and the OSS run on it. There are LUGs worldwide.
artistic license
An open source license that allows source code to be distributed freely but changed only at the discretion of the original author.
Free Software Foundation (FSF)
An organization, started by Richard Stallman, that promotes and encourages the collaboration of software developers worldwide to allow the free sharing of source code and software programs.
Which type of open source license ensures that the source code of the program is freely available while also allowing the original author of the source code some control over the changes made to it?
Artistic
filename extension
At the end of a filename, a dot followed by a series of identifiers that denotes the file type; the filename extension .txt denotes a text file.
What operator below is known as the not operator?
!
Which of the following operators reverses the meaning of a test statement?
!
The contents of a certain variable a memory can be viewed using which Meta-character below in combination with the echo command?
$
Which prompt do regular users receive when logged in to the system?
$
What two characters below should not be used in file names?
$ *
Select the regular expression meta character that matches zero or more occurrences of the previous character.
*
After typing the command umask 731, the permissions on all subsequently created files and directories will be affected. In this case, what will be the permissions on all new files?
- - -r--rw
The mkfs command can be issued with what switch in order to specify a filesystem type?
-t
Which two partitions do you typically create at minimum during a Fedora Linux installation?
/ swap
Given the following output from /etc/fstab, which filesystems will be automatically checked on boot by the fsck command? /dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults 1 1 none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 1 0 none /proc proc defaults 0 1 none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 1 0 /dev/sdc2 swap swap defaults 0 1 /dev/dvd /media/dvd iso9660 noauto,ro 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy auto noauto 0 0
/, /proc, and swap
You plug a USB flash memory drive into a system that has two SATA hard disks. How will the partition on this USB flash memory drive be identified by Linux?
/dev/sdc1
filter command
A command that can take from stdin and send to stdout. In other words, a filter is a command that can exist in the middle of a pipe.
du (directory usage) command
A command that displays directory usage.
df (disk free space) command
A command that displays disk free space by filesystem.
quotaon command
A command used to activate disk quotas.
vgextend command
A command used to add additional physical volumes to an LVM volume group.
lvextend command
A command used to add additional space from volume groups to existing LVM logical volumes.
umount command
A command used to break the association between a device and a directory in the logical directory tree.
fsck (filesystem check) command
A command used to check the integrity of a filesystem and repair damaged files.
lvcreate command
A command used to create LVM logical volumes.
pvcreate command
A command used to create LVM physical volumes.
vgcreate command
A command used to create LVM volume groups.
mkisofs command
A command used to create an ISO image from one or more files on the filesystem.
alias command
A command used to create special variables that are shortcuts to longer command strings.
fdisk command
A command used to create, delete, and manipulate partitions on hard disks.
quotaoff command
A command used to deactivate disk quotas.
swapoff command
A command used to disable a partition for use as virtual memory on the Linux system.
env command
A command used to display a list of exported variables present in the current shell, except special variables.
echo command
A command used to display or echo output to the terminal screen. It might utilize escape sequences.
swapon command
A command used to enable a partition for use as virtual memory on the Linux system.
mkfs (make filesystem) command
A command used to format or create filesystems.
fuser command
A command used to identify any users or processes using a particular file or directory.
tune2fs command
A command used to modify ext2 and ext3 filesystem parameters.
mount command
A command used to mount filesystems on devices to mount point directories.
cfdisk command
A command used to partition hard disks; it displays a graphical interface in which the user can select partitioning options.
mkswap command
A command used to prepare newly created swap partitions for use by the Linux system.
repquota command
A command used to produce a report on quotas for a particular filesystem.
mknod command
A command used to re-create a device file, provided the major number, minor number, and type (character or block) are known.
read command
A command used to read stdin from a user into a variable.
export command
A command used to send variables to subshells.
sort command
A command used to sort lines in a file.
edquota command
A command used to specify quota limits for users and groups.
tee command
A command used to take from stdin and send to both stdout and a specified file.
tr command
A command used to transform or change characters received from stdin.
lvdisplay command
A command used to view LVM logical volumes.
lvscan command
A command used to view LVM logical volumes.
pvdisplay command
A command used to view LVM physical volumes.
pvscan command
A command used to view LVM physical volumes.
vgdisplay command
A command used to view LVM volume groups.
vgscan command
A command used to view LVM volume groups.
set command
A command used to view all variables in the shell, except special variables.
quota command
A command used to view disk quotas imposed on a user.
gedit editor
A common text editor used within GUI environments
distribution
A complete set of operating system software, including the Linux kernel, supporting function libraries and a variety of OSS packages that can be downloaded from the Internet free of charge. These OSS packages are what differentiate the various distributions of Linux.
tarball
A compressed archive of files containing scripts that install Linux software to the correct locations on a computer system.
server
A computer configured to allow other computers to connect to it from across a network.
router
A computer running routing software, or a special-function hardware device providing interconnection between networks; it contains information regarding the structure of the networks and sends information from one component network to another.
workstation
A computer used to connect to services on a server.
firstboot wizard
A configuration utility that is run at system startup immediately following a Fedora Linux installation.
System Rescue
A feature that allows you to boot a small Linux system from DVD to repair a Linux system that resides on the hard disk.
standard error (stderr)
A file descriptor that represents any error messages generated by a command.
standard input (stdin)
A file descriptor that represents information input to a command during execution.
standard output (stdout)
A file descriptor that represents the desired output from a command.
/proc/devices
A file that contains currently used device information.
binary data file
A file that contains machine language (binary 1s and 0s) and stores information (such as common functions and graphics) used by binary compiled programs.
/etc/mtab
A file that stores a list of currently mounted filesystems.
text file
A file that stores information in a readable text format.
device file
A file used by Linux commands that represents a specific device on the system; these files do not have a data section and use major and minor numbers to reference the proper driver and specific device on the system, respectively.
special device file
A file used to identify hardware devices such as hard disks and serial ports.
/etc/fstab
A file used to specify which filesystems to mount automatically at boot time and queried by the mount command if an insufficient number of arguments is specified.
data blocks
A filesystem allocation unit in which the data that makes up the contents of the file as well as the filename are stored.
journaling
A filesystem function that keeps a journal of the information that needs to be written to the hard disk; common Linux journaling filesystems include ext3, ext4, and REISER.
awk command
A filter command used to search for and display text.
sed command
A filter command used to search for and manipulate text.
Linus Torvalds
A finnish graduate student who coded and created the first version of Linux and subsequently distributed it under the GNU Public License.
GNU Project
A free operating system project started by Richard Stallman.
physical volume (PV)
A hard disk partition that is used by the LVM.
soft limit
A hard disk quota that the user can exceed for a certain period of time.
hard limit
A hard disk quota that the user cannot exceed.
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)
A hard disk technology that allows for fast data transfer along a serial cable. It is commonly used in newer workstation and serverclass computers.
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)
A high-performance hard disk technology that is commonly used in server-class computers.
ext3
A journaling Linux filesystem.
REISER
A journaling filesystem used in Linux.
Linux Documentation Project (LDP)
A large collection of Linux resources, information, and help files supplied free of charge and maintained by the Linux community.
Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
A legacy hard disk technology that uses ribbon cables to typically attach up to four hard disk devices to a single computer.
Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)
A list of hardware components that have been tested and deemed compatible with a given operating system.
permissions
A list that identifies who can access a file or folder and their level of access.
~ metacharacter
A metacharacter used to represent a user's home directory.
socket file
A named pipe connecting processes on two different computers; it can also be represented by a file on the filesystem.
ext2
A nonjournaling Linux filesystem.
VFAT (Virtual file Allocation Table)
A nonjournaling filesystem that might be used in Linux.
hardware platform
A particular configuration and grouping of computer hardware, normally centered on and determined by processor type and architecture.
hacker
A person who explores computer science to gain knowledge. It should not be confused with the term cracker.
user
A person who uses a computer.
cracker
A person who uses computer software maliciously for personal profit.
partition
A physical division of a hard disk drive.
device driver
A piece of software containing instructions that the kernel of an operating system uses to control and interact with a specific type of computer hardware.
symbolic link
A pointer to another file on the same or another filesystem; commonly referred to as a shortcut.
Beowulf clustering
A popular and widespread method of clustering computers together to perform useful tasks using Linux.
Emacs (Editor MACroS) editor
A popular and widespread text editor more conducive to word processing than vi. It was originally developed by Richard Stallman.
vi editor
A powerful command-line text editor available on most UNIX and Linux systems.
mounting
A process used to associate a device with a directory in the logical directory tree such that users can store data on that device.
process
A program loaded into memory and running on the processor, performing a specific task.
mail user agent (MUA)
A program that allows e-mail to be read by a user.
grep (Global Regular Expression Print) command
A program used to search one or more text files for a desired string of characters.
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
A protocol that is used to synchronize the time on a computer from across a network such as the Internet.
Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (MULTICS)
A prototype time-sharing operating system that was developed in the late-1960s by AT&T Bell Laboratories.
program
A set of instructions that knows how to interact with the operating system and computer hardware to perform a specific task; stored as a file on some media (for example, a hard disk drive).
Free Identity, Policy, and Audit (FreeIPA)
A set of security software that provides secure authentication across a network using several technologies that work together, including LDAP, Kerberos, NTP, and DNS.
Logical Volume Manager (LVM)
A set of services that is used to manage logical volumes stored on one or more hard disks.
Network Information Service (NIS)
A set of services that is used to standardize the configuration and centralize the authentication of UNIX and Linux-based systems across a network.
Winbind
A set of software components that allows Linux computers to authenticate against a Microsoft Active Directory database.
Logical Volume Manager (LVM)
A set of software components within Linux that can be used to manage the storage of information across several different hard disks on a Linux system.
;
A shell metacharacter used to chain multiple commands together for execution.
<
A shell metacharacter used to obtain stdin from a file.
|
A shell metacharacter used to pipe the stdout from one command to the stdin of another command.
>
A shell metacharacter used to redirect stdout and stderr to a file.
subshell
A shell started by the current shell.
boot loader
A small program started by BIOS that executes the Linux kernel in memory. command A program that exists on the hard disk and is executed when typed on the command line.
partitions
A small section of an entire hard disk created to make the hard disk easier to use. Partitions can be primary or extended.
GNU General Public License (GPL)
A software license ensuring that the source code for any OSS will remain freely available to anyone who wants to examine, build on, or improve upon it.
Linux
A software operating system originated by Linus Torvalds. The common core, or kernel, continues to evolve and be revised. Differing OSS bundled with the Linux kernel is what defines the wide variety of distributions now available.
hot fix
A solution made by a closed source vendor that fixes a software bug.
loop construct
A special construct used in a shell script to execute commands repetitively. Common loop constructs include for and while.
directory
A special file on the filesystem used to organize other files into a logical tree structure.
umask
A special variable used to alter the permissions on all new files and directories by taking away select default file and directory permissions.
flavor
A specific type of UNIX operating system. For example, Solaris and BSD are two flavors of UNIX.
filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
A standard outlining the location of set files and directories on a Linux system.
test statement
A statement used to test a certain condition and generate a True/False value.
pipe
A string of commands connected by | shell metacharacters.
fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
A string of words identifying a server on the Internet.
HOWTO
A task-specific instruction guide to performing any of a wide variety of tasks; freely available from the Linux Documentation Project at http://tldp.org/.
named pipe file
A temporary connection that sends information from one command or process in memory to another; it can also be represented by a file on the filesystem.
recursive
A term referring to itself and its own contents; a recursive search includes all subdirectories in a directory and their contents.
multiuser
A type of operating system that has the capability to provide access to multiple users simultaneously.
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
A type of storage that can be used to combine hard disks together for performance and/or fault tolerance.
Internet Protocol (IP) address
A unique string of numbers assigned to a computer to uniquely identify it on the Internet.
shell
A user interface that accepts input from the user and passes the input to the kernel for processing.
nano editor
A user-friendly terminal text editor that uses Ctrl key combinations to perform basic functions.
counter variable
A variable that is altered by loop constructs to ensure that commands are not executed indefinitely.
PATH variable
A variable that stores a list of directories that will be searched in order when commands are executed without an absolute or relative pathname.
fgrep command
A variant of the grep command that does not allow the use of regular expressions.
egrep command
A variant of the grep command, used to search files for patterns using extended regular expressions.
HP-UX
A version of UNIX developed by Hewlett-Packard.
AIX
A version of UNIX developed by IBM.
Solaris
A version of UNIX developed by Sun Microsystems from AT&T source code.
BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)
A version of UNIX developed out of the original UNIX source code and given free to the University of California at Berkeley by AT&T.
logical volume (LV)
A volume that is managed by the LVM and composed of free space within a VG.
You noticed a file in your home directory that has a + symbol appended to the mode. What does this indicate?
Additional entries exist within the ACL of the file that can be viewed using the getfacl command.
search engine
An Internet Web site, such as www.google.com, where you simply enter a phrase representing your search item and receive a list of Web sites that contain relevant material.
newsgroup
An Internet protocol service accessed via an application program called a newsreader. This service allows access to postings (e-mails in a central place accessible by all newsgroup users) normally organized along specific themes. Users with questions on specific topics can post messages, which can be answered by other users.
GNU
An acronym that stands for "GNU's not UNIX."
In what mode is the VI editor open by default?
Command mode
more command
A Linux command used to display a text file page-by-page and line-by-line on the terminal screen.
less command
A Linux command used to display a text file page-by-page on the terminal screen; users can then use the cursor keys to navigate the file.
tail command
A Linux command used to display lines of text at the end of a file; by default, the tail command displays the last 10 lines of the file.
pwd (print working directory) command
A Linux command used to display the current directory in the directory tree.
strings command
A Linux command used to search for and display text characters in a binary file.
production kernel
A Linux kernel whose minor number (the number after the dot in the version number) is even and which is, therefore, deemed stable for use after widespread testing.
developmental kernel
A Linux kernel whose minor number is odd and has been recently developed yet not thoroughly tested.
grep command
A Linux command that searches files for patterns of characters using regular expression metacharacters. The command name is short for "global regular expression print."
cd (change directory) command
A Linux command used to change the current directory in the directory tree.
cat command
A Linux command used to display (or concatenate) the entire contents of a text file to the screen.
GUI environment
A GUI core component such as X Windows, combined with a window manager and desktop environment that provides the look and feel of the GUI. Although functionality might be similar among GUI environments, users might prefer one environment to another due to its ease of use.
Which of the following is an absolute pathname? (Choose all that apply.)
C:\myfolder\resume
Which two people are accredited with creating the UNIX operating system? (Choose two answers.)
Dennis Ritchie Ken Thompson.
After a shell is no longer needed, what command can be given to exit the shell?
Exit
A symbolic link is also known as a soft link and is depicted by an @ symbol appearing at the beginning of the filename when viewed using the ls -l command. True or False?
False
After a partition on a hard disk drive is formatted with a filesystem, all partitions on that hard disk drive must use the same filesystem. True or False?
False
Because Standard Error and Standard Output represent the results of a command and Standard Input represents the input required for a command, only Standard Error and Standard Output can be redirected to/from a file. True or False?
False
By default, fedora 20 allows the root user to log into the GNOME desktop.
False
Character devices typically transfer data more quickly than block devices. True or False?
False
Given the syntax command && command, The command on the left of the && construct is executed only if the right of the && contract completed successfully.
False
If you boot your computer from Linux live media, you will be able to use a fully functional Linux system prior to installing Linux on permanent storage. True or False?
False
In Linux, you are restricted to using only one type of file system on a system.
False
Is it acceptable to you shell metacharacters when naming files.
False
Linux commands entered via the command line are not case sensitive. True or False?
False
Only the root user can modify a file that has the immutable attribute set. True or False?
False
Pressing the escape key at the prompt while using the more command displays a help screen.
False
Shell script to not required to execute permission in order to be run the same way binary programs are wrong.
False