M50B Midterm Study Guide
United Monarchy
(also called united kingdom) The period of Israel's monarchy when all twelve tribes were united under one king; this period lasted through the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon
I'jaz al-Qur'an (inimitability of the Qur'an)
(inimitability of the Qur'an)
Tafsir
(interpretation) commentary on the Qur'an
Aqedah
(lit. "binding" = Genesis 22) is among the key liturgical readings for Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year. the binding of Isaac, where Abraham was going to sacrifice him on the top of the mountain because God told him to. This is significant because it tells us a lot about both Abraham and Isaac's character. Abraham is either being tested one final time by God and passes as a completely straightforward follower, or maybe God is testing Isaac who may know what is about to happen and accepts it and therefore shows his obedience towards God.
Asbab al-nuzul
(occasions of revelation)
Abrogation
(v) cancellation, abolition, by formal or official means; annul by an authoritative act; repeal
Discuss the concept of religious supersession in Christianity and Islam.
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• Compare Islamic Jurisprudence with the rabbinic concept of "building a fence around the Torah"
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• Compare how Judaism, Christianity, and Islam view the divine or human status and essential function of its founding figures (messenger, prophet, messiah, politician, etc.)
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• Compare the interpretations of Abraham in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
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• How is authority established for sacred texts and religious leaders in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?
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• The significance of major holy days in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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• Themes of the Qur'an
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• Varieties of Islam (Sunnism, Shi'ism)
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Septuagint
A pre-Christian Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures made by Jewish scholars, and later adopted by Greek-speaking Christians (213).
Yohanan ben Zakkai
A rabbi who made an academy which is called the academy of Yavneh, and came up with the idea of praying. asked Romans if they could worship in Jamnia, Romans allowed it and Jews studied the Torah
Islam
A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. "submission to the will of Allah"
Fatwa
A ruling on a point of Islamic law that is given by a recognized authority
Muftī
A scholar of Islamic law a jurist who interprets Muslim religious law Qualified legal scholar in Islam
Dhimmi
A tax applied to non muslims but they must be people of the book in order for them to gain access to basic rights while keeping their religion
Shafi'i/al-Shāfiʿī
An Egyptian legal scholar who contributed to Shari'a by creating a chain of authority, which states the order in which kadi, or Islamic judges, should use to consult books to make a decision on a case, starting with the Koran, then the Hadith, then a past case exactly like it, and finally a past case similar to it; died in 822 CE
J E P D
J - Earliest. E - Prophets and advanced theology. D - God is abstract, law. P - Religious practices separated from the natural world.
Divided Monarchy
Jeroboam, Ahab, Hezekiah, Josiah 922 BC 1-2 Kings occurred after Solomon, divided into North(Israel) and South(Judah), capital is Jerusalem Years 922-722-586 BCE. The Kingdoms are now split between the Kingdom of Israel in the north, with Samaria as its capitol, and the Kingdom of Judah in the south, with Jerusalem as its capitol. In 722, the Kingdom of Israel is conquered by Assyria's ruler, Sennacherib, and the Jews are sent by a mass deportation and assimilate with the cultures around them. The Kingdom of Judah survives for another 150 years, and the Chaldeans destroy the kingdom in 586 BCE, and have a policy of deportation, yet it is different from Sennacherib's policy- not all the population of Judah is exiled. The period ends by Nebuchadnezzar destroying the Temple.
Atrahasis
Old Babylonian poem written in Akkadian. Enlil decides to destroy mankind because he cannot sleep. Uses plague, famine, and draught to do so. He floods the Earth and Atrahasis has to build an ark to survive
Madinah / Yathrib
Once known as Yathrib, it is where Muhammad and his supporters went to escape persecution in Makkah. In and on the way to Medinah, Muhammad gained merchant and Bedouin followers. "City of the prophet" is the literal translation.
'Uthman
Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan
10th of Muharram
husayns death at Karbalah The climax of the Mourning of Muharram; Karbala massacre of Husayn, grandson of the Prophet
TaNaKh
the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings Hebrew Bible a common way of reffering to the Hebrew Bible, derived from the first letters of the Hebrew names of its three sections: Torah (T), Prophets (N), and Writings (K).
al-Fatihah (the Opening)
the Opening the first chapter or Sura of the Quran
Retribution Theology
the belief that the righteous who are obedient to God will be blessed, while the wicked who are disobedient will be cursed an assumed principle in the Old Testament. Simply expressed as the belief that righteous who are obedient to God will be blessed, while the wicked that are disobedient will be cursed.
Qiblah
the direction toward Mecca; the direction toward which Muslims pray
Book of Genesis
the first book in the Bible First book of the Bible containing the stories of Creation, the Fall and promise of redemption and the story of Abraham and Sarah
Rightly-guided Caliphs
the first four (Rashidun) Caliphs; Chief executive and Justice; Imam; Commander-in-Chief; 1. Abu Bakr fights against apostates 2. Umar expands Arabian Peninsula 3. Uthman—charged with nepotism 4. Ali—father of Shiites 5. Mu'awiyah moves capital to Damascus and refuses to submit to Ali
Five Pillars
true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime
Kufr
ungratefulness to God, unbelief, atheism rejecting belief; implies lack of gratitude for God's Grace
Ali
Fourth Caliph of Islam, Shia Imam He was a cousin of the Muslim prophet Muhammad as well as Muhammad's son-in-law. He had several children by Fatimah, Muhammad's daughter, as well as children by other wives. Some of his descendants through Fatima are still revered today in Shia Islam as Imams, Sharifs and Sayyids
2 Samuel 7
God's Covenant with David In which chapter of the Bible does God make a covenant with David, in which He promises His lovingkindness to David's house forever?
Husayn
Grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali and Fatimah. He was martyred when refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I of the Umayyad Caliphate and especially revered by the Shi'a Muslims for this. Died at the battle of Karbala
Twelvers
Shi'ite sect that believes there are 12 Imams, and that the final one, the Mahdi, will come back Shi'ite sect that believes there are 12 divine Imams, and that the final one, the Mahdi, will come back
Tribal System
Social organization made up of small groups that have a common language, culture, and beliefs.
al-hamdu lillah
standard response: I am fine (literally "thank God")
Etiological Stories
stories that attempt to explain various phenomenon in the human or natural world
in sha' Allah
"God Willing"
al-Tanzil
"That which came down" Descencion of Quran to Muhammad
Lamentations
"The darkest hour in Old Testament History" is associated with which book? 25th Book = to cry. disturbing poems written how the horrible times after the babylonians destroyed jerusalem again. Poems about women having to eat their children.
Riddah Wars
"Wars of Apostasy An Arabic phrase referring to a series of military campaigns led by caliph Abu Bakr after Muhammad's death. They last from 632 CE-633 CE. They were politically driven wars meant to reincorporate tribes into the expanding empire.
Rasul
"messenger"; one who delivers a message from God; the third role of Muhammad the prophet: he speaks for God
Jihad (Greater/Lesser)
"struggle in the way of God" A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal
Alexander the Great*
(356 BCE-323 BCE) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences.
Covenant
(Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return
Ramadan
(Islam) a fast (held from sunrise to sunset) that is carried out during the Islamic month of Ramadan
Halal
(Islam) meat from animals that have been slaughtered in the prescribed way according to the shariah
Imam
(Islam) the man who leads prayers in a mosque A leader of prayer in a mosque
Hadith
(Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran
al-Sunnah
(Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran
al-Mi'raj
(Night Journey) - The journey taken at Night by the Prophet -- Shab e Miraj in Urdu when the ascenscion of muhammad happened -- revelation of the quran)
Zakat
(Part of 5 Pillars) Charity, they must donate to support the less fortunate because they believe that everyone is equal. (Period B)
Ahl al-Kitab
(People of the Book) CHRISTIANS, JEWS, MUSLIMS
Essenes
(Qumran; Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls): they have their own monastery down by the Dead Sea, called Qumran; believed that everything in Jerusalem was going to Hell, was corrupted. John the Baptist was probably sympathetic to the Essenes. There's evidence that before Jesus went out on his own, he was a follower of John the Baptist.
Jeremiah 1-4
1) Jeremiah was preodained from before his birth to be a Prophet. Enemy forces from the North are coming against Jerusalem. These forces are drawn from all the northern peoples. Jerusalem is being punished for its wickedness and idolatry. 2) The early days of Israel are recalled when we were faithful unto the Almighty and received our land as an inheritance. Now we have sinned and may lose what the Almighty gave us. Israel and Judah are rebuked for placing credence in foreign nations and cultures such as those of Mitsrayim (Egypt or Russia) and Assyria. 3) The Israelites committed Idolatry. The Lost Ten Tribes continued to worship false gods after being exiled and even became worse. They were divorced and suspended from being considered under the Mosaic Covenant. They were cut off, "Lost". Both Judah and Israel (the Ten Tribes) had their own separate tasks to fulfil. The Ten Tribes will have done what it was historically bound to and they (or a representative proportion of them) will be called from out of the North to return to Zion. Judah will go unto the Ten Tribes to bring them back. 4) We are called upon to repent. The destruction of Judah by Babylon is described but terms used are reminsicent of modern warfare and indicate a future disaster. The Christian Israelites of Ephraim and Dan and all the others are also warned of coming tribulation. 5) Both Israel and Judah are warned that punishment will come upon them because of their sexual immorality. They will be conquered, looted, and taken into Exile. Our religious leaders (Prophets) have mislead us. Wicked men especially amongst our leaders and wealthy classes have caused God to turn His face from us. Our elites have betrayed us and themselves.
King David*
1000 BCE (Old Testament) the 2nd king of the Israelites-Unites the tribes; moves capital to Jerusalem (central location); David is from Judea; Revelation from God to build a temple, He doesn't, but his son does -They want a political figure, not just a nation-state ruled over by God. So, God relents and gives them a king by the name of Saul. He is quickly removed and David replaces him. David replaces Saul around 1000 BCE and this becomes known as the Davidic Monarch. It becomes a very important moment in Jewish history, it is looked to later on as a utopian period. -David screws up. He sleeps with a woman, important he commits adultery and kills her husband. As a way of being punished, his descendants are punished with a lot of internal tension. After this turmoil, the Israelites begin to decline, and this culminates the break up of the Davidic Monarch. It gets divided into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom - Israel. The southern kingdom - Judah.
First Temple Period*
1000 BCE - 586 BCE 1000 BC to 586 BC, ended with Babylonian captivity and destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC (Jewish enslavement) David unites Israel, Solomon build temple, Israel divides, Assyrian deportation, Babylonians destroy Jerusalem (the jewish people-remnant of Israel)
Khadija
1st wife of prophet Muhammad, 1st convert to Islam, a smart and successful merchant.
Roman Empire
27 BC-476 AD Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity. an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empire
Umar
2nd caliph - Succeeded Abu Bakr. 2nd CAliph. Not spiritual, but more of a military leader ("Commander of the faithful"). Conquered Persia and almost entire Eastern Roman Empire. Ensured loyalty of the conquered by being nice.
Salat
5 daily prayers
Muhammad
570-632 Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. 570-632. Islam's last and greatest prophet. Believed angel gabriel revealed to him the word of God or Allah. He wrote these words down in the Koran and they became the basis of the Islamic religion. Forced to retreat to Medina but he and his followers later took over mecca.
Babylonian Exile
586 BCE; the southern kingdom of Judah is overrun, and the citizens are carried off as captives; Temple in Jerusalem is destroyed
Ummayad Empire
661-750 based in Damascus, spread to North Africa, Spain, Jerusalem and Persia The first dynasty of the Arab caliphs with the capital Damascus
'Abbasid Empire
750-1258, Golden age of Islam, capital in Baghdad, focused on institutions and economic expansion, ethnic equality, problems were rifts with the Perisans/Shia. an empire created from the revolt of Abu al - Abbas. This time was also seen as the high point in Muslim government n history. Also pro Arab discrimination was abolished. (Bagdad)
Ezra 8-10
8:As explained in previous chapter notes (see notes for 2 Chronicles 36, Ezra 1-4 and Ezra 5-7), the return of the people of Judah to Jerusalem was done in stages, under varying political circumstances as the Persian empire (see Ancient Empires - Persia) became the master of the Middle East in place of the Babylonian empire (see Ancient Empires - Babylon) that had taken Judah into captivity by 586 BC. As with their return, their captivity was also done in stages, allowing the people a very generous opportunity to repent of their idolatry before it was too late, warnings that they defiantly ignored 9: Ezra Chapter 9 The Lord's command against intermarriage was based upon when it could, but not always have (e.g. Moses married a "foreign" woman, Numbers 12:1) a corrupting religious effect upon the people of God 10: Ezra's portion of Bible History ends with the people's dedication to obey God by separating themselves from unconverted spouses, while keeping in mind that even ancient Israel, apart from the reality that Israelites originated from the foreign nations around them (see links above), accepted anyone who turned from paganism to the worship of the only true God e.g. some Egyptians took part in the Exodus out of Egypt with the Israelites ("a mixed multitude also went up with them," Exodus 12:38 RSV).
King Solomon*
970-930 B.C 2nd King of the kingdom of Israel (King David's son) who built a great temple in Jerusalem Also was a king when the Jewish Kingdom reached it's zenith. A temple was completed during his rule. After he died the kingdom split in two. (970-930 B.C.E.) - During King Solomon's reign, the Israelites dominated the territory between Syria and the Sinai peninsula. They built their capital city of Jerusalem and entered into diplomatic and commercial relations with Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Arabian peoples. Like many others, the Israelites made use of iron technology to strengthen their military forces and produce tough agricultural implements.
Diaspora
A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.
Josephus
A Jewish historian whose works strive to make Jewish history and traditions understandable to Hellenistic readers A first-century Jewish historian, appointed court historian by the Roman emperor Vespasian, whose works The Jewish War and The Antiquities of the Jews are principal resources for information about life in first-century Palestine. A 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer of priestly and royal ancestry who recorded Jewish history, with special emphasis on the 1st century AD and the First Jewish-Roman War, which resulted in the Destruction of Jerusalem and its temple in 70.
Pharisees
A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strict adherence to the Law. "separated ones"
Sadducees
A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strong commitment to the Temple in Jerusalem A Jewish sect that believed in accommodating Judaism to modern life. They held most of the positions of power in the priesthood. Sadducees did not believe in the resurrection and denied the existence of angels and spirits.
Surah
A chapter of the Qur'an; there are 114 in all, arranged mainly in decreasing order of length except for the first (the Fatihah).
Hajj
A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims
Mishnah
A collection of rabbinic discussions regarding interpretation of the law of Moses; the Mishnah forms one major part of the Jewish Talmud. -Spoken interpretation of the Tora
Midrash
A literary form that relates past scriptural events to help explain and interpret present events. A literary form that relates past scriptural events to help explain and interpret present events
Quraysh
A local tribe in Mecca that became the keepers of the Ka'ba. Gave them prestige and power, tribe of which Mohhamad was born
Monotheism
Belief in a single God
Henotheism
Belief in one primary God and many secondary ones The belief in a single "High God," without the explicit rejection of other, lower gods
Scriptural Religion
Beliefs in a religion that associates w. Divine Scripture
Hellenism
Blending of Egyptian, Persian and Greek culture; emphasis on philosophy and sciences. the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization
Qur'an
Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam.
Muawiyah
Caliph who succeeds Ali and restores unity to the empire First caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty was the caliph after Ali died. he initiated the Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyad set up a hereditary system of succession.
Mecca
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. -home of the "sacred" Black stone- Kaaba is her
Abu Bakr
Companion of 1st muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful succesor. The Shi'ah regard him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as best interpretter of dreams following Muhammad's death.
Ijma' (consensus)
Consensus of Muslims, what the community agrees on.
632 CE
DEATH OF MUHAMMAD
Shahadah
Declaration of Faith the first pillar of Islam is an affirmation of faith B: belief in one God, Allah, and Muhammad his prophet.
Hasmonean Dynasty
Descendants of the Maccabees who rules in Judea after the ousting of the last of the Syrians in 141 BC until the establishment of the Roman authority in 63 BC; John Hyrcanus was the first ruler in this dynasty and ruled until 128 BC.
70CE
Destruction of the Second Temple romans destroy second temple and begin the Great Diaspora
Dead Sea Scrolls
Discovered in 1947 in caves near the Dead Sea, these manuscripts belonged to the Jewish Essene sect, which lived in a monastery at Qumran. The scrolls contain Essene religious documents, commentaries on certain Hebrew Scriptures, and ancient Old Testament manuscripts. They have proved very valuable to scholars in studying the Old Testament and for learning about some Jewish practices at the time of Jesus.
How did the destructions of the First and Second Temples transform Judaism?
Even though the Jews were scattered may remained faithful. Religious leaders called rabbis (Zakkai) to rebuild places for learning, prayer and worship.
Exodus 3, 6, 19-20
Exodus 3: Moses and the Bush Exodus 6: Pharaoh, god's impact in letting israelites go free, etc Exodus 19-20: mount sinai moses account of commandments etc
Describe an episode from Jewish history in which Judaism was delivered from marginalization or even extinction.
Exodus from Egypt under Moses .
Iman
Faith in Allah
Ahl al-Bayt
Family of the prophet "The People of the House"; descendants of Ali
Sawm
Fasting during Ramadan
Primordial History
Genesis 1-11, history of first times Creation Story; Before man was created what was the world like
Caliphate
Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.
Josianic Reform
Holds passover and worship only in Jerusalem (sweeping reforms); Josiah is the best King of Judah according to the author; in 622 BCE Josiah authorized and underwrote the restoration of the temple after its disgraceful neglect; writing of history that would have served to demonstrate the way in which the people of God had strayed from Him throughout their history
Leviticus 17-26
Holiness Code
Fitrah
Humans are born sinless human beings, Islam True Nature the original creation in a state of purity
"Temple to Table"
Idea of Oral Tradition. Taking religion out of the religious building/temple and into the home. Public to Personal religious spaces of worship.
Holiness Code
In Leviticus, it is a collection of teachings that show how true worship is expressed in a person's everyday life. (Lev. 17-26). A sub-collection of the Priestly Code which details the laws for ensuring, protecting, and promoting the holiness.
Judges
In ancient Israel, those who acted as temporary military leaders, as well as arbiters of disputes within and between tribes. The judges were also expected to remind people of their responsibilities to God.
Khatim al-nabiyin
Seal of the Prophets (Last prophet was Muhammad according to Islam)
Fiqh (jurisprudence)
Islamic Jurisprudence. Qur'an gives a clearly defined and concrete answer on what is right and wrong and how to deal with different issues.
Shari'ah
Islamic law, based on interpretations of the Qur'an and Sunnah
Mujtahid
Islamic legal authority or one who exercises ijtihad Muslim teacher who gives a ruling, legal decision or deduction on the basis of his own learning or authority. In Shi'a Islam, the mujtahidun have great authority.
1 Samuel 8-10
Israel demands a king 8-10: Bad judges (Samuel's children) only want money. People want new king. God warns them, they ignore and Samuel appoint Saul as the new king. 15-17: god orders saul to kill amalekites. saul disobeys and keeps sheep/ and cattle alive. saul removed and becomes tormented by evil spirit. only satiated when hears harp. hires david. david annointed new king. David defeats goliath and philistines become the israelites slaves.
Mishnah Avot
It is the passing of the law, God to Moses at Sinai to Joshua to the elders to the prophets to the men of the Great Synagogue. It sets up the authoritative hierarchy.
Nabi
Means "prophet" in Arabic; there were 124,000 prophets; Mohammed was the last, Also prophet in Hebrew
King Herod
King when Jesus was born; wanted to kill Jesus so he could remain king Ruler of the area where Jesus is born... He sends people to kill Jesus thus forcing Joseph to move the family until his death
Qiyas
Legal term for analogical reasoning means "analogy"; it is a means of determining shari'ah based on analogies drawn between the situation in the Qur'an and the present; these analogies are drawn by the ulama
Blood Clot
MADE HUMANS FROM BLOOD CLOT ITS WRITTEN IN QURAN
167-164BCE
Maccabean Revolt
Oral Torah
Mishnah Talmud Jewish teachings explaining and elaborating on the Written Torah, handed down orally until the 2d century C.E., when they began to be written down in what became the Talmud.
622 CE
Muhammad Flees to Medina
Ummah
Muslim community of believers
Sunnis
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.
Shi'ites
Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph
al-salam 'alaykum
PEACE BE UPON YOU
Al-Nass
Pan Arabism, the people
"Temple to Torah"
Pharise
Isaiah 51-54
Promise of a restored zion / jerusalem
200CE
Rabbi Judah Hanassi compiles the Mishnah, Mishnah is accepted as study
Second Temple Period*
Roughly takes place 516 - 70 CE. A time period of transition between the ancient Israelites and Rabbinic Judaism.
Hanbali
Saudi Arabian school of law considered by many to be the most conservative of the five schools of Law follower of the madhhab of Ibn Hanbal One of the Four Schools, and the most recent one, founded by Imam Ahmed ibn Hanbal (780-855).
Maliki
Sunni school of law, dominance in North-Africa, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Central/West Africa, and Eastern Arabia The Sunni legal school named after Anas Ibn Malik
Ezra
Teacher, scribe, and priest who encouraged the exiles as they rebuilt the walls
586BCE
The Exile, Babylon conquered the Kingdom of Judah, people who survived were moved to Babylon, Jews couldn't perform sacrifices at temple
Hijra
The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam
539BCE
The Return, Persians overthrow Babylonians, told Jews they could return, a group went back and made the 2nd Temple
Angel Gabriel
The angel who came to Muhammad and recited messages from God The arch angel that announce to Mary that she was going to have a baby and she was to name him Jesus and that he will be the son of God.
Tawhid
The oneness of Allah Oneness of God and humanity
Shirk
The sin of regarding anything as an equal or partner of Allah The sin of believing in any divinity except the one God, in Islam
Documentary Hypothesis
The theory that the Torah came to exist through the combination of several originally separate "documents." The most common "documents" are labeled: J, E, P & D. J - Yahwist (Jahwist), E - Elohist, P - Priestly, D - Deuteronomist; Biblical theory to explain repetition in the Torah
Gilgamesh Epic
a Babylonian epic centering on Gilgamesh, and ancient king of Uruk; the eleventh tablet of this epic contains a story of a flood that has parallels to the biblical story of Noah and the ark.
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
a Seleucid ruler who tried to unify his people by enforcing a more Hellenic way of life Seleucid ruler that was big on greek life and wanted his people to be completely helenized, therefore he forbid the worship of YAHWEH in Judah, slaughtered a pig(unclean animal) over the altar in the temple and forced all the people of Judah to swear allegiance to him
Edict of Cyrus*
allowed Jews to rebuild the Temple and return to Jerusalem/ Israel 539BCE
Yavneh
an ancient city in Israel that became a center for Jewish learning after Jerusalem fell to the Romans this became the Center of Jewish life and teaching and Rabbinic Judaism under ben Zakkai at the beginning of the Diaspora. City where the 1st academy was founded after the Temple was destroyed.
Madhhab
any of several schools of Islamic legal interpretation (fiqh)(legal school)
Aniconism
avoidance of figural imagery Refers to the belief that people should avoid naturalistic figurative representation. practice or belief in avoiding or shunning the graphic representation of divine beings or religious figures; no images of human figures, very often found in Islamic art
Isnad
chain of transmitters of hadith
Mu'adhdhin
chosen person to lead "call to prayer" (muezzin)
333BCE
conquest of Alexander the Great and beginning of Hellenistic/Greek period
Tahrif
corruption of the sunna; process by which teaching of prophet is messed up (distortion) Idea that Jews and Christians distorted revelation
Tetragrammaton
four Hebrew letters usually transliterated as YHWH (Yahweh) or JHVH (Jehovah) signifying the Hebrew name for God which the Jews regarded as too holy to pronounce
Rabbinic Judaism
main form of Judaism, which emerged during the first century AD under the leadership of the rabbis; clarified Jewish practice, elevated the oral law to equal authority with the written Torah and enabled Judaism to evolve flexibly
Masjid
mosque
Jahiliyyah
period of ignorance, pre-Islamic Arabia
Ijtihad (gate of Ijtihad)
reasoned interpretation of sacred law by a qualified scholar Independent Judgement. A qualified scholar could use independent judgement/reasoning based on all of the other Sharia to reach a legal dicision.
Occultation
refers to a belief that the messianic figure, al-Mahdi, who in Shi'a thought is an infallible male descendant of the founder of Islam, Muhammad, has been born but has disappeared and will one day return and fill the world with justice
One of the central themes presented in Tanakh is retribution theology. Explain what retribution theology is and discuss its impact on the people and their relationship with God. How did this impact Jews' understanding of the historical events they experienced?
relativity of things
Maccabean Revolt*
revolt against the Seleucids 167-164bce 168 BCE, the Jews in Jerusalem had been left relatively free to practice their religion, but in the early second century one of the Seleucids, Antiocus IV Epiphanes, tried to restrict the practice of Judaism and to impose Greek religion and culture on the Jews. Under the Maccabees a successful revolt was launched, and a semiautonomous kingdom was established in the region now called Judea
Hanafi
school of sunni; prevalent in Indian subcontinent largest of the schools; hoped for tolerance between Muslim communties
