m6 ch 13

______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

Autonomous

The relationships between which three elements are highlighted in the social cognitive theorists' views on morality?

Behavior Environment Cognition

What concept of fairness involves giving special consideration to individuals in disadvantaged conditions?

Benevolence

Which of the following refers to a direct moral education program in which students are taught moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior?

Character education

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?

He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.

The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was:

Kohlberg.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence the religion and religiousness of adolescents? Parental attachment Religious socialization Media and school Religious teachings of their upbringing

Media and school

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

Moral

________ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

Moral

What theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral competence and his or her moral performance?

Social cognitive theory

Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?

Social domain

______ stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world.

Social domain theory

Which of the following questions focus on identify development over spiritual development? Why am I on this planet? Who am I? What really are my religious views? Is there really a God or higher spiritual being? What am I all about as a person?

Why am I on this planet? Who am I? What am I all about as a person?

True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.

True

True or false: Religious and spiritual beliefs play a role in adolescents' health and whether they engage in problem behaviors.

True

True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.

True Piaget believed this was due to the lack of give-and-take in the parent-child relationship, as compared to the peer relationship.

The combination of which three of the following most contributes to conduct problems in children? Violent neighborhood Family lack of religiosity Ineffective parenting Bad elementary school teachers Genetic inheritance

Violent neighborhood Ineffective parenting Genetic inheritance

Moral ______ includes what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors.

competence

Thirteen-year-old Rilie sneaks out of the house often. She and her friends destroy property, drink alcohol, and smoke cigarettes. Of the following, Rilie would most likely be diagnosed with:

conduct disorder.

An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called:

forgiveness.

As a result of cognitive development in adolescents, adolescents and emerging adults:

may begin to question their own religious beliefs.

Those who wish to link the ideas of religion and coping have introduced the concept of _______-making coping.

meaning / mean / means

Hank is angered when his younger brother receives the same amount of allowance as he. "I do twice as many chores as he does!" Hank expects fairness according to:

merit.

Most schools do not have a plan for moral education; they provide moral education through a(n) _______ curriculum, or a moral atmosphere.

hidden

Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as:

inconsistent.

According to the World Values Survey, 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed countries were ______ likely to be religious compared to emerging adults in more developed countries.

more

Securely attached adolescents are more inclined to adopt the religious orientation of their:

parents.

In Kohlberg and Piaget's views of moral development, _____ play the primary role, and ______ provide role-taking opportunities.

peers parents

Roughly ______ of all youths are involved in juvenile delinquency.

2 percent

Spiritualty/religiosity has been associated with which three of the Big Five personality factors?

Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness

According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?

Authoritarian

According to the Pittsburgh Youth Study, what are three developmental pathways to delinquency?

Authority conflict Covert acts Overt aggressive acts

Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?

Concern and empathy for others

______ ______ refers to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's standards, and the personal or property rights of others.

Conduct disorder

______ antisocial behavior is associated with more negative developmental outcomes.

Early-onset

What are the two main components of the superego?

Ego ideal and conscience

Which factors did Kohlberg consider the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages? (Choose every correct answer.) Direct instruction from parents Experience in dealing with moral questions Peer interaction Perspective taking

Experience in dealing with moral questions Peer interaction Perspective taking

True or false: According to Kohlberg, children's maturation corresponds to their advancement in moral reasoning.

False

True or false: Religion is not a determining factor in the premarital sexual attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and emerging adults.

False

Conduct disorders and delinquency are LEAST likely to be diagnosed in which of the following?

Female

Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? (Select all that apply)

He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior. He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account.

______ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.

Immanent justice

Which of the following accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? (Select all that apply)

It puts abstract principles above relationships. It sees the individual standing alone independently making moral decisions. It is based on a male norm.

According to Darcia Narváez, mature moral individuals engage in which activities? (Choose every correct answer.)

Moral self-monitoring Moral self-reflection Moral metacognition

Based on a developmental study, which of the following statements apply to developmental changes in religiousness from ages 14 to 20?

More change occurred in attending religious services than in religiousness. Religiousness, such as frequency of prayer, declined from 14 to 20 years of age. Attendance of religious services declined between 14 and 18 years of age.

Match Baumeister and Voh's four main needs for finding meaning in life to the appropriate characterization.

Need for purpose - present events draw meaning from their connection with future events; divided into goals and fulfillments Need for values - can lend a sense of goodness to life and justifies certain courses of action; enables people to decide whether certain acts are right or wrong Need for sense of efficacy - belief that one can make difference Need for self-worth - individual needs to be a good person; feeling that one is good at doing something or self-esteem derived from group belonging

Baumeister and Vohs found that which of the following four main needs guide how people try to make sense of their lives? Need for values Need for purpose Need to make money Need for a sense of efficacy Need for self-worth Need to begin a family

Need for values Need for purpose Need for a sense of efficacy Need for self-worth

What group provide(s) the most immediate stimulation for sharing?

Peers

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation. Instructions

Preconventional - Individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishments. Conventional - Individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society. Postconventional - Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.

Which of Kohlberg's levels of moral development is sometimes described as "What's in it for me?"

Preconventional reasoning

What is the most common offense type with which juvenile delinquents are charged?

Property offenses

______ behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling, concern, and empathy.

Prosocial

______ is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor.

Reciprocity

______ is an organized set of beliefs, whereas ______ refers to the degree of affiliation with an organized religion.

Religion; religiousness

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding religion and coping? can forestall anxiety and depression disorders by promoting social interaction. Religiousness impairs effective coping. Religious beliefs can shape a person's psychological perception of pain or disability. Religious cognitions can help maintain hope and stimulate motivation toward recovery.

Religiousness impairs effective coping.

According to Frankl, what are the three most distinct human qualities? (Choose every correct answer.) Responsibility Self-worth Purpose Spirituality Freedom

Responsibility Spirituality Freedom

______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.

Spirituality

What can be concluded about religion and identity development?

Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood transcends but does not necessarily exclude the assigned religious identity in childhood.

What is the moral branch of the personality in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Superego

According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true about timing of the three levels of moral development? (Select all that apply)

The levels occur in a sequence. Only a small number of those in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways. Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence.

True or false: According to research, during their second year of life children will offer assistance to an unfamiliar experimenter, building on their awareness of others' intentions.

True

True or false: Although someone may be capable of higher moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's levels, in real life he or she may not apply it.

True

Although finances are tight, William contributes 10 percent of his income to his favorite charity. This is an act of:

altruism.

To a 6-year-old child, being fair would most likely mean giving:

an equal amount to all.

According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children ______ than Piaget envisioned.

are less egocentric

Carol Gilligan's _____ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

Proponents of ______ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.

character education

Adolescents and emerging adults can question and select their own beliefs about religion because of advancement in _____ development

cognitive

Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by:

considering its consequences.

According to psychoanalytic theory, the ______ rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts in approved ways, whereas the ______ punishes the child for engaging in disapproved ways by making the child feel guilty and worthless.

ego ideal; conscience

The hidden curriculum is reflected in all of the following EXCEPT:

explicit moral instruction.

Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and ______, or the ability to be thankful and appreciative.

gratitude

According to Freud, ______ is the foundation of moral behavior.

guilt

Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.

heteronomous

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's ________ perspective of moral development and argued for a(n) ________ perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

justice care

The label ______ is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.

juvenile delinquent

One of the biggest influences of religion on the sexuality of adolescents and emerging adults is that:

most churches discourage premarital sex.

According to Kohlberg, in ______ reasoning, individuals decide on a moral code.

postconventional

Which of the following are among the most important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to children's moral development?

proactive strategies conversational dialogue relational quality

Research shows that over the last several years, college-aged students are placing more value on:

self-fulfillment and material gain.

Research indicates that all of the following may underpin morality in young children, EXCEPT: an intuitive sense of fairness. early interactions with caregivers. structured infant morality education. parental empathy.

structured infant morality education.

The ego ideal and the conscience make up the:

superego.

Darcia Narváez argues that attention should be focused on ______, which involve focusing on students' sense of purpose, social engagement, community connections, and ethics.

sustaining climates

A major criticism of Kohlberg's theory has been that:

there is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior.

Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are:

values.