Macro Chapter 12

The U.S. private sector holds about _____ percent of outstanding U.S. Treasury bonds.

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With greater deficit spending, ceteris paribus,

Any inflationary gap will become larger.

Which of the following is an automatic stabilizer that reduces tax receipts during a recession?

Corporate and individual income taxes.

In order to maintain a balanced budget every year, during a recession the government would have to

Decrease spending or increase taxes or both.

Automatic stabilizers

Help to moderate the extremes of the business cycle.

A progressive income tax system is particularly effective as an automatic stabilizer because

In a booming economy, taxpayers move into higher tax brackets, which restrains their spending.

U.S. Treasury bonds owned by U.S. households, institutions, and government entities are referred to as

Internal debt.

The U.S. federal debt that accumulated between 1970 and 2010

Is an asset and a liability for the U.S. economy.

When the Federal Reserve System buys bonds in the open market, the national debt

Is not affected.

The fiscal year

Is the 12-month period used for federal government accounting purposes.

When there is excess aggregate demand, the appropriate fiscal policy would be for the government to

Make budget surpluses larger.

Discretionary expenditures account for approximately

One-fifth of the federal budget.

Deficit financing tends to change the mix of output in the direction of more

Public sector goods.

Debt ceilings are designed to

Reduce the deficit.

Which of the following contributed to the increase in the national debt during the 1990s?

The bailout of failed savings and loan associations.

According to Keynes, an unbalanced budget is appropriate in all of the following situations except when

The economy is at full employment.

A deficit ceiling directly limits

The rate at which government spending can exceed government revenue.

Which of the following is a possible effect of automatic stabilizers on the federal budget?

decrease in the deficit during an expansion.

An obligation to make future payment is

. A liability.

A decrease in private sector borrowing and spending caused by increased government borrowing is

. Crowding out.

The Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act of 1985 created a

. Deficit ceiling.

The elements of the federal budget not determined by past legislative or executive commitments are

. Discretionary fiscal spending.

Which of the following policies will reduce the budget deficit while achieving greater fiscal restraint?

. Less government expenditure and higher taxes.

Debt service

. Refers to the annual interest payments on the debt.

If debt-financed less productive government spending crowds out more productive private investment, future generations will bear

. Some of the burden of the debt due to lower productive capacity.

Federal agencies hold roughly _____ percent of all outstanding Treasury bonds.

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Foreign households and institutions hold approximately _____ percent of the U.S. national debt.

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Which of the following is most likely to increase a federal budget surplus?

A higher inflation rate and a lower unemployment rate.

Which of the following might encourage the government to let inflation rates rise?

A higher inflation rate reduces the budget deficit.

Which of the following is most likely to reduce a federal budget surplus?

A recession.

Policies designed to pay off the national debt will result in:

A smaller level of aggregate demand

With an increase in deficit spending, the

Aggregate demand curve shifts to the right.

A budget surplus is

An excess of government revenues over government expenditures in a given time period.

Interest payments on the national debt

Are a redistribution of income from taxpayers to bondholders.

If the structural deficit is zero,

At full employment, the budget is balanced.

If Congress failed to keep the deficit below the ceiling, then the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act required

Automatic spending cuts.

The national debt increased by nearly $2 trillion in the 1980s because of all of the following except

College financing.

Which of the following is not an explanation of why the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act proved inadequate in reducing the deficit?

Congress controls only the cyclical portion of government spending.

At the time it occurs, external financing of the debt allows the economy to

Consume beyond the production possibilities curve.

Which of the following would occur if the federal government decided to use a budget surplus to reduce the existing debt?

Crowding in and private sector output would increase.

An increase in private sector borrowing and spending caused by decreased government borrowing is known as

Crowding in.

If the total budget deficit is $200 billion and the deficit at full employment is $120 billion, then the

Cyclical deficit is $80 billion.

Which of the following results from a change in the business cycle, ceteris paribus?

Cyclical unemployment.

When the U.S. Treasury issues new bonds to replace bonds that have matured, it is engaging in

Debt refinancing.

The government can use a budget surplus to do all of the following except

Decrease the money supply.

Which of the following is not an automatic stabilizer?

Defense spending.

Suppose the economy is at a full-employment GDP of $1 trillion and the tax revenue received by the federal government is always one-fifth of GDP. If planned government expenditure is $300 billion, the structural

Deficit is $100 billion.

Which of the following is an appropriate fiscal policy prescription for the government to follow?

Deficit reduction when there is excess AD.

Which of the following is an argument against balancing the federal budget?

Doing so may prevent the government from pulling the economy out of recession.

The national debt

Equals the dollar amount of outstanding U.S. Treasury bonds.

Debt accumulation by the U.S. government in the 1980s

Exceeded the debt the country had accumulated over the preceding 200 years.

If full-employment income and equilibrium income are equal for a country, then a tax cut will result in

Excess AD.

Crowding in is the result of

Falling interest rates.

The structural deficit represents

Federal revenues minus federal expenditures at full employment under current fiscal policy.

If the cyclical deficit shrank by $60 billion while the structural deficit increased by $35 billion, the total deficit

Fell by $25 billion.

Deficit spending results whenever the government

Finances current expenditures that exceed current tax revenues.

The use of government taxes and spending to alter economic outcomes is known as

Fiscal policy.

In contrast to the structural deficit, the cyclical deficit reflects

Fluctuations in economic activity.

Internal ownership of the national debt occurs when U.S. Treasury bonds are purchased b all of the following except

Foreign countries that we trade with.

The burden of the debt is passed on to future generations when the debt is held by

Foreign households.

Which of the following represents the use of fiscal policy to achieve a fiscal stimulus?

Greater government expenditure or lower taxes.

Automatic stabilizers tend to stabilize the level of economic activity because they

Increase spending during recessions and reduce spending during inflationary periods.

Uncontrollable government spending includes

Interest payments on the national debt.

The cost of servicing the debt may increase if

Interest rates rise.

If the economy is in a recession,

It is operating inside the production possibilities curve, and the opportunity cost of deficit spending is zero.

The opportunity cost of the debt is

Less of an issue if the economy is below full employment since crowding out is less likely to occur.

Much of each year's federal budget is considered "uncontrollable" because

Most of the current revenues and expenditures are the result of decisions made in prior years.

The fiscal year for the federal government begins on

October 1.

Increased government purchases crowd out private purchases whenever the economy is

On the production possibilities curve.

An increase in unemployment, ceteris paribus,

Reduces a budget surplus.

If the budget deficit for each year is held to a constant nominal value during constant inflationary times, then the inflation-corrected or real value of the total debt would

Rise at a decreasing rate.

In the 20th century, the ratio of the U.S. debt to GDP has

Risen in response to wars.

Crowding out is most likely to occur when the federal government

Runs a deficit and sells bonds to make up the difference.

To pay back Social Security loans, Congress could do all of the following except

Sell fewer U.S. Treasury bonds.

If full-employment output exceeds equilibrium output, greater deficit spending will result in

Smaller recessionary gap.

For the convenience of analyzing the part of the deficit that is sensitive to fiscal policy, the actual deficit is divided into which of the following components?

Structural and cyclical deficits.

Fiscal restraint is

Tax hikes and/or spending cuts intended to reduce aggregate demand.

The U.S. government incurred a national debt for the first time during

The Revolutionary War.

The national debt is

The accumulation of all annual deficit and surplus flows.

If there was a federal budget surplus and the government decided to either increase spending or decrease taxes

The budget surplus would get smaller.

An opportunity cost that occurs because of increased government spending is

The crowding out of private sector output.

A measure of the burden of continual deficit financing over time is the ratio of

The debt to the GDP.

The debt would cease to grow if

The federal government balanced its budget.

Which of the following owns the largest portion of the U.S. national debt?

The federal government.

The largest single holder of the U.S. national debt after the U.S. government is

The foreign sector.

Which of the following is not true when the economy is fully employed and government bonds are sold to finance greater government spending?

The government is running a cyclical deficit.

In order to reduce the U.S. debt

The government should spend less than it collects in tax revenues.

The "real burden" of the debt is directly related to

The idea of opportunity cost.

Which of the following statements about the U.S. national debt is not correct?

The primary economic costs of the debt are being passed on to future generations.

If deficit spending does not contribute to public investment and crowds out private investment, then

The rate of economic growth will decline, ceteris paribus.

Selling bonds to finance new government debt leads to an opportunity cost that is

The same as financing government debt with taxes. D. Dependent on who buys the bonds.

Which of the following is the best indication that the government is pursuing restrictive fiscal policy?

The structural deficit decreases.

The fiscal agent of the U.S. government is the

U.S. Treasury.

All of the following contribute to greater deficits when unemployment rises and reduce the deficit during an inflationary gap except for

U.S. exports.

External debt of the United States refers to

U.S. government debt held by foreigners.

The burden of the internal portion of the debt is incurred

When the debt-financed activity takes place.

Spending for unemployment compensation and welfare benefits increase automatically

When the economy goes into recession.

The largest percentage of U.S. national debt to GDP occurred during

World War II.