Male & Female Reproductive System

Why can breastfeeding cause uterine contractions?

Because the same hormone (Oxytocin) that is allowing a mother's milk to be "let down" for the baby, is the same hormone that causes uterine contractions during labor.

What is the order of puberty in male?

Biological clock- Hypothalamus- GnRH- Anterior Pituitary- FSH & ICSH- Gonads- Testes- Testosterone.

Menstrual Phase

Days 0-5 of the menstrual cycle. - caused by the loss of estrogen & progesterone - shedding of the inner lining of the uterus. - period phase

Follicular Phase

Days 1-10 of the ovarian cycle. -Maturing phase for Oocyte. - Stimulated by FSH

Proliferative Phase

Days 5-14 of the menstrual cycle. - the rising estrogen levels of the follicle stimulates the regeneration of the lining. (Endometrium)

FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone is a gonadotropin that is released from the anterior pituitary. FSH causes spermiogenesis.

GnRH (Male)

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone. "turn on" Produced by the Hypothalamus. The release of GnRH causes the anterior pituitary gland to release the gonadotropins. It is the controlling hormone, and is the first to be released from when the biological clock signals it.

ICSH

Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone is a gonadotropin that is only found in males. It is released from the Anterior pituitary. This hormone

What endocrine glands in the Male, aid in hormonal control?

1. Hypothalamus 2. Anterior Pituitary 3. Testes

What 5 endocrine glands in the female, aid in hormonal control?

1. Hypothalamus 2. Anterior Pituitary 3. Posterior Pituitary 4. Ovaries/Ovarian Follicles 5. Trophoblasts/ Placenta

What is Semen made of?

1. Prostatic 2. Testicular 3. Spermatogenic

List the structures Sperm moves?

1. Seminiferous Tubules 2. Rete Testes 3. Efferent Ductules 4. Epididymis 5. Vas Deferens 6. Ejaculatory Duct 7. Prostatic Urethra 8. Membranous Urethra 9. Spongy/Penile Urethra

3 Types of Testicular Cells

1. Spermatogonia 2. Sustentacular Cells 3. Interstitial Cells of Leydig

menarche

1st period

diploid

2x the # of chromosomes. ( 2x23=46 )

PIH

Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone produced in the hypothalamus. This hormone stops the Anterior Pituitary gland from producing lactation. It is the "OFF SWITCH" for lactation. - You release PIH and you do not lactate.

Spermatogonia

a testicular cell type that is made by dividing, it divides to create diploid & haploid cells. - produces 100,000,000 a day - 2 month process

mitosis

cell duplication (diploid - diploid)

FSH (female)

follicle stimulating hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. Helps with the development of ovarian follicles.

androgen binding protien

from sustentacular cells, helps make sperm.

Hypothalamus

is located in the center of the brain in the 3rd ventricle. Produces the gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH in both male and female. This is the 1st thing the biological clock triggers during puberty. PRODUCES- Male: 1- GnRH= FSH & ICSH Female: 1- GnRH= FSH & LH 2- PIH (Prolactin inhibitory hormone)

sustentacular cells

produce androgen binding proteins, that helps make sperm.

Ovarian Follicles

produce estrogen and progesterone.

Progesterone

produced by the ovarian follicles, and helps with the development of the uterine lining.

Gonadotropins (Female)

released from the anterior pituitary. 1. FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (Ovarian hormone) 2. LH- Luteinizing Hormone (Triggers ovulation, only in female)

menopause

stopped cycle

Interstitial cells of Leydig

they produce testosterone -with the presence of ICSH or the Luteinizing hormone (LH)

HCG

- Hormone Chorionic Gonadotropin (Dietary hormone) is produced by a trophoblast/ or placenta. - "Pregnancy Hormone" - maintains the corpus luteum (follicle after ovulation) if pregnant by producing estrogen and progesterone and keeping the uterine wall. - prevents menstruation during pregnancy. - affects the hypothalamus hunger/feeding setting. - it is what is indicated by a PREGNANCY TEST.

Ovulation Phase

Days 10-14 of the ovarian cycle. -LH makes the follicle mature even more and causes it to rupture. -Where the oocyte is released from the ovarian follicle.

Secretory phase

Days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle. - creates nutritious lining layer - preparing for possible implantation. - if not pregnant, levels will begin to go down and starting the cycle again by shedding that thick layer.

Luteal Phase

Days 14-28 of the ovarian cycle. - the creation of the CORPUS LUTEUM - the yellow follicle after the oocyte is removed. -Loss of estrogen and progesterone.

GnRH (Female)

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone. "turn on" the gonadotropins. Produced by the Hypothalamus. The release of GnRH causes the anterior pituitary gland to release the gonadotropins. It is the controlling hormone, and is the first to be released from when the biological clock signals it.

Sustentacular cells

a testicular cell type that provides sperm with nutrients and food. Also known as "nurse cells" or "sertoli", nurse developing sperm cells in the pockets of the nurse cells. 3 Functions: 1. provides ''Sustenance'' to sperm 2. they produce testicular fluid. -Androgen Binding Protein (ABP): helps spermatogonia bind to testosterone (triggers production of sperm) . 3. Provide immunological barrier. (sperm is foreign)

Aneuploidy

abnormal chromosomal count. - most common Downs Syndrome (3x21)

Prolactin

hormone from the anterior pituitary that causes lactation.

Posterior Pituitary

hormones for the female system. 1. ADH 2. Oxytocin

orchitis

inflammation of the testes

LH

is a gonadotropin that is produced by the anterior pituitary. It is triggered by GnRH from the hypothalamus. LH causes the formation of the corpus luteum (the yellow in the ovaries) and triggers ovulation.

androgen

masculinizing hormones (testosterone)

Lactation

milk production

ectopic pregnancy

pregnancy that tries to implant anywhere outside of the womb.

Estrogen

produced by the ovarian follicles, and is the principle feminising hormone. "Principle estrogenic hormone"

Oxytocin

produced by the posterior pituitary gland, and causes uterine contractions (Labor) and milk let down.

Trophoblast/Placenta

produces HCG. (Hormone Chorionic Gonadotropin)

Adrenal Medulla

produces adrenaline & epinephrine.

Gonadotropins (Male)

release from the Anterior Pituitary. These are the "controllers of the gonads" 1. FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (Spermiogenesis) 2. ICSH- Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (Production of testosterone. Only in Male)

spermatogenesis

the formation of sperm

How do you know the maturity of sperm?

the longer the tail of the sperm the more mature it is.

Ovarian Cycle

the maturation of a follicle & egg.

endometriosis

the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. - most commonly found in the tubes.

Menstrual Cycle

the process that happens in the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg

decidua

the shedding of the inside lining of the uterus.

gestation

the time that a female is carrying a baby. - gestational period