Mammalogy Exam 2

cucurbit plant

"aardvark cucumber" plant

reduced

Major trends in evolution in Proboscidea: -Columnar limbs -enlarged skull and _________ neck -elongate upper lip (proboscis or trunk) -incisors become tusk like -numerous cross lophs on cheek teeth -anterior replacement of cheek teeth

cloaca

Members of tenrecidae have a common urogential opening called a __________

caecum

Shared features of the paenungulata: -forked styglossus muscle of tougue -nail-like hooves -abdominal testes -microbial fermentation in _________ (hindgut)

heterothermic

Some species of tenrecidae are ______________; they conduct daily torpor because they are small

Madagascar

Tenrecs experienced adpative radiation on _____________, and now resemble shrews, hedgehogs, desmans, and moles

ancestral

Tenrecs retain many ____________ traits. Such as, a cloaca, they lack zygomatic arches and they have no auditory bulla

Eutheria

The crown group of placental mammals

precocial

Macroscelidea have a long gestation period and their young are highly __________, because they must be able to quickly help with protection and foraging

scent

Macroscelidea partake in foot drumming and ______ marking

low

Macroscelidea take part in behavorial thermoregulation by basking when their body temperature is too ____

webbed

-The aquatic tenrec has _________ hindfeet -forages rivers and streams for aquatic insects and crustaceans -nocturnal

-stable temperatures -high humidity -protection from predators

3 advantages of fossorial life

-burrowing is energentically costly -reduced oxyen and increased carbon dioxide -food limited

3 disadvantages of fossorial life

invertebrates

Macroscelidea feed on a wide variety of ____________

Afrotheria

A clade of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephant shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants, sea cows, and several extinct clades

graviportal

A mode of locomotion in large terrestrial mammals in which the limbs are straight and column-like to support the great mass of the animal

Loxodonta cyclotis

African Forest Elephant

Loxodonta africana

African elephant

shaded

Behavioral strategies for avoiding daytime heat: -construct burrows or den-take shelter in _______ areas like under dune grasses

true

Chrysochloridae are convergent with "_____" moles and marsupial moles

fossorial

Chrysochloridae live a highly _________ life style -ears lack pinnae and ear canal covered with hair -eyes vestigial and covered with skin and fur -leathery pad on snout -skull conical -auditory bulla present

ungulates

Competetion of paenungulata with true _________ decreased the paenungulatas diversity

floras

During the Pliocene and Plesitocene the world was changing -Continental glaciers pushed southward and distributions of ________ changed -cold arid short grasslands with areas of bare ground south of northern glaciers -the world was inhabited with abundant large mammals -Megafauna in North America

miocene

During which epoch did the tenrecidae start showing up in the fossil record in africa?

Family Tenrecidae (within the order afrosoricida)

Family of the tenrecs and otter shrews

olfactory

Features of the skulls/heads of elephant shrews: -long mobile snout -long slender legs adapted for running -brain has relatively small _________ lobes -complete auditory bulla -complete zygoma

europe

Fossils of tubulidentata appearin the fossil record in the miocene of africa, middle east, and southern _________.

Rhynchocyon chrysopygus

Golden rumped elephant shrew

shrew-rabbit sized

How big are members of tenrecidae?

malleus

In chrysochloridae the __________ is greatly enlarged, showing hearing seismic vibration is very important to them (bone conduction hearing)

forelimbs

In chrysochloridae, the _________ are strongly built for digging -digits 2 and 3 bear huge claws (5th digit absent) -Ossified flexor tendon in forearm (3rd bone)

eocene

In which epoch did fossils of macroscelidea show up in tunisia?

Elephas maximus

Indian elephant

territorial

Macroscelidea are very _________, and some amintain intricate trail systems that the males meticulously sweep them. They don't forage on their trail

insectivores

Most members of tenrecidae are ___________ (bug eating) or omnivores

rainforests / deciduous forests / deserts

Name one of the three environments in madagascar that tenrecidae inhabit (make sure you have your grading set up to allow one answer)

Micropotamogale lamottei

Nimba otter shrew

basking

One of the behavorial strategies for rewarming after cool nights is _______ on rock outcrops in the morning sun

spines

One of the derived traits of the tenrecidae is that they have _______ interspersed between soft hairs

Order Macroscelidea

Order of Elephant shrews (sengis)

Order Tubulidentata

Order of the aardvark

late oligocene

Proboscidea expanded out of Africa in the ____ _________ epoch

glyptodont

The largest armadillos to ever walk the earth

Order Proboscidea

The order of elephants and mammoths and mastodons

columnar

The order proboscidea are large in size and in order to support that size, they have _________ limbs and graviportal locomotion

Subfamily Potamogalinae

The subfamily of the otter shrews within tenrecidae

western

The subfamily potamogalinae are a relict group living in _________ and central africa

aquatic

The subfamily potamogalinae are highly specilized for _________ life. -broad flat rostrum -stiff vibrissae -small eyes and reduced ears -body long and fusiform tail latera;;y compressed -enlarged gluteal muscles

sirenia (phylogeny)

The two proposed phylogenies for the paenungulata are that hyracoidea are in a separate group from sirenia and proboscidea, or that _________ and the hyracoidea are in their own group, and the proboscidea are separate.

Microgale dobson

shrew tenrec

night

Tubulidentata are almost entirly nocturnal, they are awake at _______.

protrusible

Tubulidentata have -elongate skulls -long and slender dentary bones -adults lack incisors and canines -teeth are rootless and consist of hexagonal prisms of dentine -tongue is slender, _________ and sticky

6 Afrosoricida Macroscelidea Tubulidentata Proboscida Sirena Hyracoidea

What are the 6 orders in the clade afrotheria?

Platybelodon, Stegodon, Gompthotherium, Primelephas, Mammut, Deinotherium

What are the 6 proboscideans that emerged during the miocene? (according to figure 9-2)

Sub-Sahran Africa

What area do they aardvarks live in africa? (hint: below sahara)

When the elbow extends, the wrist and the digits flex like a pulley

What is the benefit to the calcified tendon in the arm of golden moles?

Mammuthus

What is the one proboscidean that emerged during the pliocene and the plesitocene ? (according to figure 9-2)

55 mya

When did the tenrecidae disperse to madagascar (mya)?

Madagascar, Comoro islands, and western central Africa

Where are members of the family tenrecidae found today?

Palaeomastodon

Which ancestor of the proboscideans emerged during the Oligocene? (according to figure 9-2)

Stegolophodon

Which one of the proboscideans did Dr. Butcher say represents the basis of diversification in that group?

Moeritherium and Barytherium

Which two condylarth-like ancestors of the proboscideans emerged during the Eocene? (according to figure 9-2)

(behavorial thermoregulation) to cool down

Why do golden moles burrow in the hot desert?

2

_ number of species of mammoths that existed with humans

condylarths

_________ gave rise to five orders, of which hyracoids are the most basal and arose during the early Eocene

Orycteropus afer

aardvark

semi-fossorial

aardvarks are powerful scratch diggers who can take out termite mounds, they are ____-__________

stridulating organ

an organ capable of producing sound by the rubbing together of modified hairs. Notably present in Hemicentes via specialized quills

Limnogale mergulus

aquatic tenrec

olecranon process

back of elbow, in golden moles it is a huge hook to allow for muscle attachment for power

Chrysochloris asiatica

cape golden mole

pleistocene

diversity of proboscidea declined during the __________ epoch. This was a result of the Great American Biotic Interchange

Family Chrysochloridae

family of golden moles

Family chrysochloridae (within the order afrosoricida)

family of golden moles

Family Orycteropodidae

family of the aardvark

retraction

golden moles use protraction and __________ to swim through sand like a breast stroke

Eremitalpa granti

grants golden mole or namib desert golden mole

Rhynchocyon udzungwensis

grey-faced sengi (elephant shrew)

Echinops telfairi

lesser hedgehog tenrec

Hemicentetes semispinosus

lowland streaked tenrec

tropical

macroscelidea inhabit open plains to _______ forests (very diverse distribution)

lazy

male amd female elephant shrews partake in different roles. Overall males are the _____ ones, while females protect the nest and forage for food. Males mostly clean eachothers tails and sweep their trails

Elephantulus rozeti

north african elephant shrew

Mammuthus primigenius

one of the principal species of woolly mammoth

Order Afrosoricida

order of the Tenrecs, otter shrews, golden moles

myoglobin

physiological fossorial adaptations: -blood has high affinity for oxygen -rbc count is high -high _______ content in muscles -low respiratory rates -tolerate high CO2 levels

Oryzorictes

rice tenrecs, which are adpated for digging

swim

some species of chrysochloridae "_____" through loose sand using forearms, head and shoulder girdle

echolocation

some species of tenrecidae use tongue clicks or stridulating quills as a rudimentary form of _____________

steppe

sparse, dry, treeless grassland with short class. Was the main ecotype found in the northern hemisphere during the pliocene

panniculus carnosus

tenrecidae have a well developed under skin muscle that allows them to erect their spines or curl themselves up

edentata

the aardvark was once categorized under ________ with xenarthrans based on the superficial characteristic of ant eating

Potamogale velox

the giant otter shrew

1

the giant otter shrew (potamogale) can grow up to _kg

(super order) Paenungulata

the monophyletic Superorder of elephants, hyraxes, and manatees/dugongs

thermal neutral zone

the range of environmental temperatures over which the metabolic rate of a homeothermic animal does not change. Golden moles burrow to this zone (31-35c)

run

tubulidentata dig fast and ____ slow

tentacles

tubulidentata have well developed olfaction and fleshy ________ on nasal septum. These are used to keep invertebrates out of nose

water

why do aardvarks eat aardvark cucumbers?