MAN3025 Chapter 13

With continuous reinforcement schedules, a consequence: Question options: a.is delivered following a specific number of behaviors b.is delivered following a different number of behaviors. c.follows a behavior only after a fixed time has elapsed. d.follows every instance of a behavior.

a

In the context of reinforcement theory, with _____, consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that vary around a specified average time. Question options: a.fixed ratio reinforcement schedules b.variable ratio reinforcement schedules c.variable interval reinforcement schedules d.fixed interval reinforcement schedules

c

____ says that people will be motivated at work when they perceive that they are being treated fairly. Question options: a.Contingency theory b.Goal-setting theory c.Equity theory d.Reinforcement theory

c.Equity theory

In the context of motivation, which of the following is a difference between initiation of effort and direction of effort? Question options: a.) Initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs. b.)Initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs. c.)Initiation of effort is concerned with the amount of expectation a manager holds on the efforts that he or she can expect from an employee, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the accountability of each action taken by an employee toward the achievement of set goals. d.)Initiation of effort is concerned with how much effort an employee puts in when comparing his or her current job prospects with the other available opportunities, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the number of job offers an employee rejects before choosing the one that appears the most appropriate to him or he

a.) Initiation of effort is concerned with the choices that people make about how much effort to put forth in their jobs, whereas direction of effort is concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.

In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following is a similarity between punishment and extinction? Question options: a.Both are forms of reinforcement that weaken behavior. b.Both follow behaviors with desirable consequences. c.Both are types of negative reinforcement. d.Both involve withholding negative consequences.

a.Both are forms of reinforcement that weaken behavior.

offered attractive rewards. Question options: a.Expectancy theory b.Temporal motivation theory c.Herzberg's two-factor theory d.Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

a.Expectancy theory

In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following statements is true of extinction? Question options: a.It weakens behavior by removing a positive consequence. b.It is also known as avoidance learning. c.It strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence. d.It is a type of negative reinforcement.

a.It weakens behavior by removing a positive consequence.

In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following is a difference between negative reinforcement and punishment? Question options: a.Negative reinforcement weakens behavior, whereas punishment strengthens behavior. b.Negative reinforcement is also referred to as extinction, whereas punishment is also referred to as avoidance learning. c.Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement withholds an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior. d.Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences.

a.Negative reinforcement weakens behavior, whereas punishment strengthens behavior.

Which of the following exemplifies an intrinsic reward? Question options: a.Richard enjoys his job and sees it as a chance to learn something new. b.Samantha receives a cash reward for good job performance. c.Dorothy gets promoted at work. d.Rani receives an annual bonus.

a.Richard enjoys his job and sees it as a chance to learn something new.

According to Maslow, which of the following is on the top of the hierarchy of needs? Question options: a.Self-actualization needs b.Physiological needs c.Self-esteem needs d.Safety needs

a.Self-actualization needs

when people perceive that they have been underrewarded, they tend to: Question options: a.experience anger or frustration. b.experience guilt. c.focus on integrating deep-level diversity differences. d.exhibit high tolerance.

a.experience anger or frustration.

According to equity theory, employees compare the rewards they receive from their organization with the contributions they make toward their organization. This comparison is known as the _____. Question options: a.receivables turnover b. ratiooutcome/input c. ratiointerest coverage d. ratiodebt/asset ratio

b. ratiooutcome/input

According to expectancy theory, one of the factors that affects the conscious choices people make about their motivation is _____. Question options: a.equity b.valence c.affiliation d.goal specificity

b. valence

In the context of motivation, _____ is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts. Question options: a.) initiation of effort b.)persistence of effort c.)direction of effort d.)termination of effort

b.)persistence of effort

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory? Question options: a. Valences b.Referents c.Situational constraints d..Goal specificity

b.Referents

In the context of equity theory, _____ are the contributions employees make to their organization. Question options: a.outcomes b.inputs c.referents d.valences

b.inputs

In the context of expectancy theory, _____ is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards. Question options: a.valence b.instrumentality c.reinforcement d.efficacy

b.instrumentality

In the context of equity theory, pay, fringe benefits, status symbols, and job titles and assignments are examples of _____. Question options: a. outcomes b.referents c.inputs d.valences

b.referents

Which of the following is a difference between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic rewards? Question options: a.)Examples of extrinsic rewards include a sense of accomplishment and a sense of responsibility, whereas examples of intrinsic rewards include pay and promotions. b.) Extrinsic rewards are not visible to others in a company, whereas intrinsic rewards are visible to everyone working in a company. c.) Unlike intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards are offered to employees by the management for doing something well. d.)Unlike intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards are intangible.

c.) Unlike intrinsic rewards, extrinsic rewards are offered to employees by the management for doing something well.

Which of the following defines motivation? Question options: a.) It is the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment. b.)It is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome. c.)It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal. d.)It is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

c.)It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal.

In the context of expectancy theory, which of the following is a difference between expectancy and instrumentality? Question options: a.Unlike instrumentality, when expectancies are strong, employees figure that no matter what they do or how hard they work, they will not be able to perform their jobs successfully, so they do not work harder. b.Unlike expectancy, when instrumentality is weak, employees believe that improved performance will lead to better and more rewards, so they choose to work harder. c.Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance, whereas instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards. d.Expectancy is the attractiveness or desirability of various rewards or outcomes, whereas instrumentality is the perceived relationship between effort and rewards.

c.Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance, whereas instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards.

Which of the following statements describes positive reinforcement? Question options: a.It strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence of a specific behavior. b.It weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences. c.It strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences. d.It weakens a behavior by making it less likely to occur in future.

c.It strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences.

In the context of motivation, identify a difference between lower-order needs and higher-order needs. Question options: a.Lower-order needs are concerned with belongingness, relatedness, and affiliation, whereas higher-order needs are concerned with safety. b.Unlike higher-order needs, lower-order needs are concerned with influence. c.Lower-order needs are concerned with physiological and existence requirements, whereas higher-order needs are concerned with esteem, self-actualization, and growth. d.Unlike higher-order needs, lower-order needs are concerned with challenges and accomplishments

c.Lower-order needs are concerned with physiological and existence requirements, whereas higher-order needs are concerned with esteem, self-actualization, and growth.

Which of the following steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees? Question options: a.Keeping inputs and outcomes b.constantReducing outcomes c.Reducing employees' inputs d.Fixing a referent as constant

c.Reducing employees' inputs

In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following is a difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement? Question options: a.Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior, whereas negative reinforcement weakens behavior. b.Unlike negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement is also referred to as avoidance learning. c.Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement withholds an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior. d.Extinction is a type of positive reinforcement, whereas punishment is a type of negative reinforcement.

c.Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement withholds an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior.

McClelland stated in his theory that: Question options: a.people are motivated by their highest unsatisfied need. b.people can only be motivated by one need at a time. c.needs are learned, not innate. d.rewards are tangible, not intangible.

c.needs are learned, not innate.

In the context of motivation theories, _____ is defined as the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior. Question options: a.job enrichment b.cronyism c.reinforcement d.self-actualization

c.reinforcement

In the context of equity theory, _____ occurs when a referent's outcome/input (O/I) ratio is better than one's own O/I ratio. Question options: a.distributive justice b.overreward c.underreward d.procedural justice

c.underreward

In industrial psychology, which of the following equations best represents job performance? Question options: a.) Job Performance = (Instrumentality × Situational Constraints)/(Expectancy × Valence) b.)Job Performance = Motivation/(Ability × Effort) c.)Job Performance = Instrumentality × Expectancy × Valence d.)Job Performance = Motivation × Ability × Situational Constraints

d.)Job Performance = Motivation × Ability × Situational Constraints

Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward? Question options: a.A sense of accomplishment b.A feeling of responsibility c.A chance to learn something new d.A promotion to a higher position

d.A promotion to a higher position

Identify a step that managers can take to motivate employees using the expectancy theory. Question options: a.Reduce employees' inputs b.Overreward employees c.Avoid publicizing the way in which pay decisions are made d.Empower employees to make decisions

d.Empower employees to make decisions

Which of the following statements is true of reinforcement theory? Question options: a.It says that a behavior is a function of the efforts that go into performing that behavior. b.Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences. c.Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when a specific behavior is performed. d.It says that behaviors followed by negative consequences will occur less frequently.

d.It says that behaviors followed by negative consequences will occur less frequently.

Which of the following statements is true of reinforcement theory? Question options: a.It says that a behavior is a function of the efforts that go into performing that behavior. b.Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences. c.Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence when a specific behavior is performed. d.It says that behaviors followed by negative consequences will occur less frequently.

d.It says that behaviors followed by negative consequences will occur less frequently.

In the context of equity theory, which of the following is a difference between underreward and overreward? Question options: a.Unlike overreward, in underreward, one gets more outcomes relative to his or her inputs than the referent being considered for comparison. b.People experience guilt when they perceive that they have been underrewarded, whereas people experience frustration when they perceive that they have been overrewarded. c.People have a very high tolerance for underreward, whereas people have a very low tolerance for overreward. d.Unlike overreward, underreward occurs when a referent's outcome/input ratio is better than one's own outcome/input ratio. View Feedback

d.Unlike overreward, underreward occurs when a referent's outcome/input ratio is better than one's own outcome/input ratio.

In the context of equity theory, when people perceive that they have been underrewarded, they may try to restore equity by: Question options: a.keeping inputs and outcomesconstant. b.fixing a referent as constant. c.decreasing outcomes. d.withholding their inputs.

d.withholding their inputs.