Management 13-19

A survey by the Conference Board found that _____ percentage of US workers are satisfied with their work.

45

What percentage of a manager's time is spent in direct communication?

80%

Which of these is based on a set of international standards for quality?

ISO certification

During which stage of team development should the team leader help clarify team roles, norms, and values?

Norming

Which of the following refers to a formal team composed of employees from about the same hierarchical level but from different areas of expertise?

a cross-functional team

Phlex Plastic has a very strong set of corporate values. In fact, Phlex has been known to discourage the emergence of alternative values. Phlex is most likely:

a monoculture

Which of the following is a component of a team?

a performance goal is shared between team members

Which of the following refers to a unit of two or more people who interact and coordinate their work to accomplish a specific objective?

a team

_____ exist(s) when organizations do not provide adequate upward, downward and horizontal communication.

absence of formal channels

The conversion ratio is considered to be a(n) _____ ratio.

activity

Jay is a trusting and forgiving individual who gets along with others because of being good-natured and cooperative. This describes which of the Big Five personality factors?

agreeableness

A manager might use _____ as a type of communication.

all of these

In a family where both parents work, which of the following may be helpful to accommodate the parents' needs?

all of these

Inclusive dimensions of diversity include:

all of these

Stress can be caused by:

all of these

Which of the following characteristics of leaders have been studied?

all of these

_____ increases team cohesiveness.

all of these

_____ is(are) categories of sexual harassment.

all of these

The four primary skills for communicating in a crisis include all of the following EXCEPT:

all of these are skills for communicating in a crisis

Which of the following is a ratio that measures the firm's internal performance with respect to key activities defined by management?

an activity ratio

Studies have found that the characteristic most common to top executives is:

an optimistic attitude

What is the key to successful benchmarking?

analysis

On the continuum of empowerment, employees who are self-managed:

are responsible for decision process and strategy

_____ leaders know and understand themselves, act consistently with high order ethical values, and empower and inspire others.

authentic

Jeff and Rob have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking jokes and goofing off, while Rob constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grownup. On days when Jeff is more reserved, Rob does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior down the road. This is an example of which form of behavior modification?

avoidance learning

The firm's financial position with respect to assets and liabilities at a specific point in time is shown by its:

balance sheet

Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one's peer, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved?

belongingness needs

Which of the following is the process of measuring your organizational process against the best in the industry?

benchmarking

Most executives now believe that important information flows from the:

bottom up

Which of these actions did the U.S. Supreme Court take?

broadened the definition of sexual harassment to include same sex harassment and harassment of men by female coworkers

Pattie's Pancakes recently held a series of focus groups to gather information on employee perceptions of women and minorities in the workplace. In particular, Pattie's was interested in learning about the myths, values, and beliefs that currently exist in their organization. This is an example of:

building a corporate culture that values diversity

_____ indicators focus on production and operating statistics.

business process

Which of the following brings norms into the team from outside?

carryover behaviors

Which of these is a financial budget that estimates cash flows on a daily basis or weekly basis to ensure that the company can meet its obligations?

cash budget

When a group of workers have routine tasks to perform, a _____ communication structure allows more time for the task to be completed.

centralized

Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity?

change equity

Yolanda recently learned that Sue, who works in the same position as she and has been with the company for the same amount of time, earns about ten percent more than she does. As a result, Yolanda feels that she should not work as hard, so she starts coming in late and taking more days off. This is an example of which method for reducing perceived equity?

changing work effort

Which of the following types of leader is one who has the ability to motivate subordinates to transcend their expected performance?

charismatic

Which of the following types of power is vested in the manager's ability to punish employees?

coercive

All of the following are essential parts of any definition of leadership EXCEPT:

coercive power

Beth, a middle manager at Heather's Handbags, uses threats and punishments as ways of influencing the behavior of his subordinates. Which of the following sources of power is Beth relying on?

coercive power

_____ is the extent to which team members are attracted to the team and motivated to remain in it.

cohesiveness

A functional team is also referred to as a(n) _____.

command team

What kinds of skills are fundamental necessities in every part of a manager's job?

communication

The Leadership Grid used the two leader behaviors which were called:

concern for people and concern for production

Managing team _____ is the most important skill required for effective team management.

conflict

Which of the following is a follower who participates actively in the organization but does not use critical thinking skills?

conformist

Which of the following refers to the degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented?

conscientiousness

Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people?

content

Which of the following refers to the system of governing an organization so that the interests of corporate owners are protected?

corporate governance

Which of these, according to the leadership grid, is a 1,9 management style?

country club management

_____ is an important part of the job characteristics model.

critical psychological states

A task force is sometimes called a(n):

cross-functional team

Which of the following is considered a leverage ratio?

debt ratio

Sharon is a part of a software engineering team. Her task is to develop a diagnostic program for the medical profession. This is a very complex task. What type of communication structure would work best for her group?

decentralized

At RWI Distilleries, rules and procedures are used only when necessary. Instead, shared goals and values guide employee behavior. RWI uses what type of organizational control?

decentralized control

_____ refers to a team communication structure in which team members freely communicate with one another and arrive at decisions.

decentralized network

The receiver _____ the symbols to interpret the meaning of the message.

decodes

Research has shown that:

diverse groups are more creative than homogeneous groups

_____ is defined as all the ways in which people differ.

diversity

Which of the following is the most common diversity initiative, according to Fortune1000 respondents?

diversity-focused recruiting

Josh is a manager at On-The-Go Cars. He recently has read quite a bit of literature on the benefits of work teams. He is particularly interested in forming a vertical team. There are twenty-eight employees in his department. Josh should:

divide the group into four teams of seven employees each

The six interpersonal influence tactics for leaders include all of the following EXCEPT:

do not worry about people liking you

The _____ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.

e -> P expectancy

People with an external locus of control are:

easier to lead

Which of the following is a control system that measures performance in terms of after-tax profits minus the cost of capital invested in tangible assets?

economic value-added system

When managers who express positive emotions such as happiness, enthusiasm, and appreciation trigger these same positive emotions in employees, _____is happening.

emotion contagion

If Ben is tense, nervous, depressed and insecure, he would tend to be rated as low on which of these factors?

emotional stability

____ is power sharing, or the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization.

empowerment

Jenna composes an email from home to her boss to inform him that she will be late getting to work that day. The act of composing an email involves which stage of the communication process?

encoding the message

Which of the following is an example of a process theory of motivation?

equity theory

Kendra is a manager at George's Goodies. On a regular basis Kendra and her subordinates set individual and organizational goals. This process is similar to which component of the control model?

establishing performance standards

What is the first step in the feedback control system?

establishing standards of performance

Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs?

esteem

_____ reflects the belief that one's own group is superior to other groups.

ethnocentrism

Which of the following is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes?

expectancy theory

Ron meets with his company's accountant to discuss the budget of anticipated and actual expenses for each segment of the organization. This involves review of which type of budget?

expense budget

Which of the following includes anticipated and actual expenses for a responsibility center?

expense budget

Once a month, the top managers at George's Greenhouse make a point of meeting with the work teams in their respective divisions in order to communicate to them the organization's priorities, goals, and needs. This is an example of top management attempting to influence team norms through:

explicit statements

_____ involves exposing traditional managers to nontraditional peers to help break down stereotypical beliefs.

exposure

Jason has been unemployed for three months. When his wife asked him why he was not looking for a job, Jason responded, "If I am lucky, I will get my old job back." Jason would be considered as having a(n):

external locus of control

Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated?

extinction

Which of these refers to the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future?

extinction

A(n)_____ refers to a reward given by another person.

extrinsic reward

Non-verbal communication has the biggest impact when using _____.

face to face communication

Which communication channel would be most successful to inform managers of impending company-wide layoff?

face-to-face contact

All well-designed control systems involve the use of _____ to determine whether performance meets established standards.

feedback

In goal-setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing in progressing toward goal achievement?

feedback

_____ is the extent to which doing the job provides information back to the employee about his or her performance.

feedback

Which of the following is described by the text as a communication channel that flows within the chain of command or task responsibility defined by the organization?

formal communication

A(n) _____ is a person who benefits from team membership but does not make a proportionate contribution to the team's work.

free rider

Paying a woman less than a man for the same work is an example of::

gender discrimination

The learned behaviors associated with being male or female are referred to as:

gender roles

Which workforce generation category is characterized as ambitious but lacking loyalty to the organization?

generation Y

Which of the following is the best advice for written communication that is highly important?

get a second opinion

Josephine would like to become part of an elite manager network at her company so she can get access to general and line management experience to help her succeed within the company. However, she learns that the manager network is made up exclusively of men. This demonstrates which factor affecting women's careers?

glass ceiling

Cross-border work teams made up of members of different nationalities whose activities span multiple countries are called:

global teams

In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the idea that employees have to "buy into" the goals.

goal acceptance

Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable?

goal difficulty

The LHX quality task force has a strong leader in Josh Clark. Josh runs efficient meetings, where he leads discussion and decision-making. In the end, tasks are delegated to members for subsequent follow-up. The LHX task force can best be characterized as a(n) _____.

group

Amber is a member of a work team at Buchanon Dance, Inc. She often attempts to help disagreeing parties reach agreement. This is an example of which socioemotional role behavior?

harmonize

Keys to effective listening include all of the following EXCEPT:

have preconceptions

_____ occurs when members of a team feel comfortable disagreeing and challenging one another in the interest of finding the best solution.

healthy conflict

The basic philosophy of control at Nutrients-For-You, Inc. is based on the policies found in the employee handbook, as well as a strict hierarchy of authority. This philosophy is consistent with:

hierarchical control

Which motivation theory proposes that needs must be satisfied in sequence?

hierarchy of needs theory

Individuals who believe that they control their own destiny are described as having a:

high internal locus of control

Rachel is described by her colleagues as pragmatic, super-competitive, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded. She fits which personality category most closely?

high mach

Research shows that _____are predisposed to being pragmatic, capable of lying to achieve personal goals, more likely to win in win-lose situations, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded.

high mach

Which of these is used for solving intradepartmental problems, interdepartmental coordination, and change initiatives and improvements?

horizontal communication

Upward communication is usually used to communicate information about all of the following EXCEPT

indoctrination

_____ refers to messages designed to motivate employees to adopt the company's mission and cultural values and to participate in special ceremonies.

indoctrination

Sally is a member of a work team at Beauty-R-Us Corporation. She often proposes new solutions to team problems. This is an example of which task specialist role?

initiation

Team _____ occurs when individuals and departments rely on other individuals and departments for information or resources to accomplish their work.

interdependence

Focusing on how well resources and human capital are being managed for the company's future refers to which component of the balanced scorecard?

internal business processes

In the process of implementing the balanced scorecard approach at his company, operations manager Seth Howard wonders whether internal activities and processes add value for customers and shareholders. This involves which dimension of the balanced scorecard?

internal business processes

Which of these styles, according to Jung, avoids specifics, decentralizes decision-making and develops few rules and regulations?

intuitive-feeling

Tammy is a production manager at Eagle's Nest, Inc.. She is concerned that too much money is being wasted on inventory that is sitting in the warehouse too long. She should calculate a(n):

inventory turnover ratio

Which of the following is NOT a valid component of authentic leadership?

isolates self from others

Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job?

job enlargement

Karen is a first line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee's opportunities for growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use?

job enrichment

Silvia, a seasoned assembly line worker at an automobile manufacturer, wants to demonstrate to Allison, a new trainee, how her job relates to other organizational activities. This encompasses which downward communication topic?

job instructions

Larry is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without increasing task complexity. He should try:

job rotation

_____ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.

job rotation

People generally experience _____ when their work matches their needs and interests, when working conditions and rewards (such as pay) are satisfactory, and when the employees like their co-workers.

job satisfaction

_____is defined as a positive attitude toward one's job.

job satisfaction

The less effective leaders, in the University of Michigan studies, were called:

job-centered leaders

The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with:

knowledge of actual results

Ian does not have much of a relationship with his subordinates. They feel obligated to do as he says because he's the boss. This is an example of:

legitimate power

Charismatic leaders are often _____ than transactional leaders.

less predictable

The leader who builds an enduring great organization through a combination of personal humility and professional resolve is a _____ leader

level 5

Which of the following refers to funding activities with borrowed money?

leverage

The _____ ratio refers to the ability of the organization to meet its current debt obligation.

liquidity

The skills of _____ require receiving messages to accurately grasp facts and feelings to interpret the meaning of the message.

listening

The Big Five personality factors includes all of these EXCEPT

locus of control

An advantage of the bottom-up budgeting process is:

lower managers are more involved

Which of the following is defined as the tendency to direct much of one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain?

machiavelliansim

All of the following are tactics for promoting stronger organizational commitment EXCEPT:

maintaining a secretive culture

Contingency factors that can influence the success of a TQM program in a positive way include all of the following EXCEPT:

managers wait for big, dramatic innovations

Zachary, a manager at ExecuComp, receives quarterly reports, which track his department's production statistics. However, these reports lack key information regarding reject rates. Which of the following components of the control model need improvement?

measuring actual performance

Herman is a team leader at CyberChasers. He usually tries to resolve conflict by referring the problem to a third party, such as his boss. This style of conflict resolution is known as:

mediation

Which of the following refers to a higher ranking, senior organizational member who is committed to providing upward mobility and support to a protégé's professional career?

mentor

Birmingham Boardwalk, Inc. uses a(n) _____ program to provide minorities and women with direct training and inside information on the norms and expectations of the organization.

mentoring

_____ reflects a moderate amount of concern for both people and production.

middle of the road management

Which of the following statements is true?

morale is higher in cohesive teams

Which of the following is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior?

motivation

Which of the following are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth?

motivators

____ have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction.

motivators

Most organizations _____ shift from a monoculture perspective to one of pluralism.

must make a conscious effort to

Ahmad is a new manager at AJ Homes Company. He has absolutely no experience as a manager nor does he know the technology of his department well. These two factors prevent Ahmad from directing his workforce. This is an example of _____ impacting leadership styles and behaviors.

neutralizers

_____ refer(s) to typically ambiguous, concern novel events, and impose great potential for misunderstanding.

non routine messages

Which of the following types of power stems from a leader's special knowledge?

none of these

When interviewing prospective employees, Samuel, a seasoned manager, often observes hand gestures, facial expressions, and use of space to gauge individuals' personalities. These are all examples of:

nonverbal communication

Which of the following is a standard of conduct that is shared by team members and guides their behavior?

norm

The average U.S. worker, today, is _____ than ever.

older

Silver n' Gold Inc. recently introduced a new control philosophy where all employees have access to the same information that owners have, such as what money is coming in and where it is going. This is an example of which control philosophy?

open-book management

The goal of _____ is to get every employee thinking and acting like a business owner.

open-book management

Riya was a highly successful manager at Optics International. After ten years with the company, she decided to leave and become a fulltime mother and caregiver to her ailing father. This example demonstrates which factor affecting women's careers?

opt-out trend

_____ implies that women's commitment to their children limits their commitment to the company or their ability to handle the rigors of corporate management.

opt-out trend

An interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of how individuals and groups tend to act in organizations is called:

organizational behavior

Which of the following is the systematic process through which managers regulate organizational activities?

organizational control

In what stage of the perception process are individuals likely to put things into patterns?

organizing

_____ refer(s) to the difference between assets and liabilities and is the company's net worth in stock and retained earnings.

owners' equity

Tim is a manager at Chuck's Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Chuck's Construction, regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Tim?

p-> O expectancy

According to Herzberg, _____ is an example of a hygiene factor.

pay

_____is the process by which individuals screen and select the various objects and stimuli that vie for their attention.

perceptual selectivity

Messages that appraise how well individuals and departments are doing their jobs are called:

performance feedback

_____ power comes from personal sources that are not as invested in the organization, such as personal interests, goals, and values.

personal

Referent power depends on the leader's:

personal characteristics

_____ channels are channels that exist outside the formally authorized channels without regard for the organization's hierarchy of authority.

personal communication

Ron, a new associate at Barkley and Sons, is working to cultivate personal relationships with individuals outside of his department, in hopes that someday these relationships will help him succeed professionally. Ron is developing which of the following?

personal communication network

_____ describe the most basic human physical needs, including food, water and oxygen.

physiological needs

Will explains to his boss that his computer has a virus, and needs to be scanned and cleaned. This is an example of which topic of upward communication?

problems and exceptions

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of team structure and context influence cohesiveness?

productivity expectations

Net income divided by sales is the correct formula for calculating

profit margin on sales

All of the following are major approaches to leadership EXCEPT:

progressive leadership

A group of 6 to 12 volunteer employees who meet regularly to discuss and solve problems affecting their common work activities is a _____.

quality circle

Traditional model dimensions of diversity include:

race

The key assumption of Hersey and Blanchard's situational theory is that subordinates vary in their:

readiness level

Which of the following, in the communication process, has the responsibility to decode the symbols and interpret the meaning of the message?

receiver

Which of the following behaviors is consistent with the socioemotional role?

reduce tension

Smileline Inc. has an onsite daycare facility and provides employees fulltime daycare at a very low cost. The company implemented this years ago when managers realized that childcare responsibilities were contributing to high turnover and absenteeism. This example highlights which dividend of workplace diversity?

reduced costs associated with high turnover, absenteeism, and lawsuits

Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences?

reinforcement theory

Two leadership styles used by Fiedler in his contingency theory were:

relationship-oriented and task-oriented

Type A behavior pattern is characterized by all of these EXCEPT:

relaxed lifestyle

All of the following are traditional model dimensions of diversity EXCEPT:

religious beliefs

All of the following are interpersonal influence tactics EXCEPT:

rely on the rule of demand

_____ is any organizational department or unit under the supervision of a single person who is responsible for its activity.

responsibility center

Which of the following is the uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role?

role ambiguity

Messages that convey data or statistics or simply put into words what managers already agree on and understand are referred to as:

routine messages

When leaders influence others through the exchange of benefits or favors, which influence tactic is being used?

rule of reciprocity

In the context of work team effectiveness, _____ pertains to the team's ability to meet the personal needs of its members.

satisfaction

A high degree of _____means you can accurately assess your own strengths and limitations and have a healthy sense of self-confidence

self-awareness

The general assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities is referred to as:

self-confidence

An individual's strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome is referred to as:

self-efficacy

Which of the following statements is true?

self-managed teams are empowered with decision-making authority

The tendancy to overestimate the contribution of internal factors is part of which perceptual bias?

self-serving bias

The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures is a result of

self-serving bias

The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures is a result of:

self-serving bias

____type people, according to Jung, would rather work with known facts and hard data and prefer routine and order in gathering information.

sensation

Which of these styles would likely be appropriate for a counseling job?

sensation-feeling

Jerome, a manager at Welford Nonprofit Group, is known for his selflessness and willingness to give to others. He likes working in the nonprofit sector because he wants to apply his skills and abilities to serve others who are less fortunate. Based on this information, which type of leader best describes Jerome?

servant leader

All of these are inclusive dimensions of diversity EXCEPT:

sexual orientation

Tiffany recently discovered that the reject rate for her department has exceeded the standard for performance in this area. What should Tiffany do to exercise effective control?

she should investigate and discover the cause of the problem

Hersey and Blanchard are responsible for which theory?

situational theory

Which of the following teams are created outside the formal organization structure to undertake a project of special importance or creativity?

special-purpose

For control, this type of measure is an important part of achieving higher performance.

statistical

_____ is a rigid, exaggerated, irrational belief associated with a particular group of people.

stereotype

_____ is a psychological experience of a person who, usually engaged in a task, is aware of a stereotype about his or her identity group suggesting he or she will not perform well on that task.

stereotype threat

Which of the following is the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then to attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual?

stereotyping

Which of the five stages of team development is marked by conflict and disagreement?

storming

_____ refers to dialogue across boundaries and hierarchical levels about the team or organization's vision, critical strategic themes, and values that help achieve important goals.

strategic conversation

There are two types of roles that emerge in teams. They are the ____ role and the ____ role.

task specialist, socioemotional

A centralized network is one in which:

team members communicate through one individual to make decisions.

_____ are examples of channels which managers might choose to use when communicating with employees.

telephone, electronic mail, and memo

According to the situational theory of Hersey and Blanchard, which of the following leader styles matches up best with low readiness subordinates?

telling style

Channel richness refers to the:

the amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episode

Which of the following is more common in large teams?

the development of subgroups

Which of the following is an invisible barrier that separates women and minorities from top management positions?

the glass ceiling

_____ serves as invisible barriers to important horizontal movement within the organization.

the glass wall

Which of the following links employees in all directions, ranging from the president through middle management, support staff, and line employees?

the grapevine

An overall impression of a person or situation based on one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable, is an example of:

the halo effect

Josh evaluates Kandi's performance and gives her an "outstanding" based on his knowledge that she came to work everyday earlier than anyone else and therefore she is extremely hardworking. Josh is making which of these errors in perceptual judgment?

the halo effect

Decentralized control is usually implemented in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

the quality control department

Organizations must find ways to eliminate the glass ceiling effect. One effective way to do this has been:

to develop mentoring relationships

Brad is a department manager at Home Theater, Inc. His sole role in the budget process is to implement the budget that is developed for him. This is an example of:

top-down budgeting

Charlie, a manager at a textile company, is bothered by a lack in quality of products manufactured by his company. Charlie hopes to infuse quality into the company through continuous improvement by involving everyone who works there. This describes which control philosophy?

total quality management

Hopetech Industries has a corporate diversity plan that limits diversity to areas that do not change throughout a person's lifetime, such as race, gender, age, and disability. Hopetech's diversity plan follows which model of corporate diversity?

traditional model

The distinguishing personal characteristics of a leader are known as:

traits

Which type of leader clarifies the role and task requirements of subordinates?

transactional

The _____ leader is distinguished by his/her ability to bring about organizational change.

transformational

Many organizations use suggestion boxes, open door policies, and surveys to facilitate:

upward communication

At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of:

vicarious learning

Which of the following teams are described as a team that uses computer technology and groupware so that geographically distant members can collaborate on projects and reach common goals?

virtual

Members of _____ teams remain in separate locations around the world and conduct their work electronically.

virtual global

Sylvia is a member of a team that uses e-mail, instant messaging, and blogging to communicate. Although she sees members of her team on breaks and at lunch, Sylvia does not interact with them face-to-face in a professional setting. Sylvia's team can best be described as a:

virtual team

Today, many virtual teams use _____ to facilitate regular collaboration and open information sharing.

wikis

According to research, _____ typically score higher on social and emotional skills.

women

_____ are less likely than _____ to develop mentoring relationships.

women; men

According to MANAGER'S SHOPTALK in Chapter 15, when delegating leaders do all of the following EXCEPT:

work done to accomplish important tasks

According to the text, all of the following are ways managers can improve their writing skills EXCEPT:

writing lengthy explanations

All of the following are changes that are reshaping our workforce EXCEPT:

younger workforce