Management

What is the compensatory forms model?

a model indicating that the various withdrawal behaviors are negatively correlated; engaging in one type of withdrawal makes one less likely to engage in other types

What is the progression model?

a model indicating that the various withdrawal behaviors are positively correlated; engaging in one type of withdrawal makes one more likely to engage in other types

What is resource-based view?

a model that argues that rare and inimitable resources help firms maintain competitive advantage

What is the independent forms model?

a model that predicts that the various withdrawal behaviors are uncorrelated; engaging in one type of withdrawal has little bearing on engaging in other types

What is the social influence model?

a model that suggests that employees with direct linkages to coworkers who leave the organization will themselves become more likely to leave

What is the erosion model?

a model that suggests that employees with fewer bonds with coworkers are more likely to quit the organization

What is loyalty?

a passive response to a negative work event in which on publicly supports the situation but privately hopes for improvement

What is neglect?

a passive, destructive response to a negative work event in which one's interest and effort in work decline

What is the 360-degree feedback?

a performance evaluation system that uses ratings provided by supervisors, coworkers, subordinates, customers, and the employees themselves

What is forced ranking?

a performance management system in which managers rank subordinates relative to one another

What is evidence-based management?

a perspective that argues that scientific findings should form the foundation for management education

What is physical withdrawal?

a physical escape from the work environment

What is job satisfaction?

a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences. It represents how a person feels or thinks about his or her job

What is job analysis?

a process by which an organization determines requirements of specific jobs

What is stress?

a psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes for the person and that tax or exceed the person's capacity or resources

What is responsibility for outcomes?

a psychological state indicating the degree to which employees feel they are key drivers of the quality of work output

What is knowledge of results?

a psychological state indicating the extent to which employees are aware of how well or how poorly they are doing

What is meaningfulness?

a psychological state reflecting one's feelings about work tasks, goals, and purposes, and the degree o which they contribute to society and fulfill one's ideals and passions

What is meaningfulness of work?

a psychological state reflecting one's feelings about work tasks, goals, and purposes, and the degree to which they contribute to society and fulfill one's ideals and passions

What is cognitive distortion?

a reevaluation of the inputs an employee brings to a job, often occurring in response to equity distress

What is an exit?

a response to a negative work event by which one becomes more often absent from work or voluntarily leaves the organization

What is self-determination?

a sense of choice int eh initiation and continuation of work tasks

What is motivation?

a set of energetic forces that determine the direction, intensity, and persistence of an employee's work effort

What is flow?

a state in which employees feel a total immersion in the task at hand, sometimes losing track of how much time has passed

What is engagement?

a term commonly used in the contemporary workplace to summarize motivation levels

What is the job characteristics theory?

a theory that argues that five core characteristics (variety, identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback) combine to result in high levels of satisfaction with work itself

What is value-perept theory?

a theory that argues that job satisfaction depends on whether the employee perceives that his or her job supplies those things that he or she values

What is affective events theory?

a theory that describes how workplace events can generate emotional reactions that impact work behaviors

What is the expectancy theory?

a theory that describes the cognitive process employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses

What is the transactional theory of stress?

a theory that explains how stressful demands are perceived and appraised, as well as how people respond to the perceptions and appraisals

What is equity theory?

a theory that suggests that employees create a mental elder of the outcomes they receive for their job inputs, relative to some comparison other

What is the goal setting theory?

a theory that views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort

Ethical behaviors result from a multistage sequence beginning with _____.

moral awareness

What is socially complex resources?

resources created by people, such as culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation. the source of competitive advantage is known, but the method of replicating the advantage is unclear

What is a perceived organization support?

the degree to which employees believe that the organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being

What is growth need strength?

the degree to which employees dire to develop themselves further

What is life satisfaction?

the degree to which employees feel a sense of happiness with their lives in general

What is knowledge and skill?

the degree to which employees have the aptitude and competence needed to succeed on their job

What is creative task performance?

the degree to which individuals develop ideas or physical outcomes that are both novel and useful

What is work complexity?

the degree to which job requirements tax or just exceed employee capabilities

What is activation?

the degree to which moods are aroused and active, as opposed to unaroused and inactive

What is task complexity?

the degree to which the information and actions needed to complete a task are complicated

What are stressors?

the demands that cause people to experience stress

What is a burnout?

the emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion from coping with stressful demands on a continuing basis

Punishment occurs when a(n):

unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior.

What is harassment?

unwanted physical contact or verbal remarks from a colleague

What is behaviorally anchored rating scales (bars)?

use of examples of critical incidents to evaluate an employee's job performance behaviors directly

What is wasting resources?

using too many materials or too much time to do too little work

What is citizenship behavior?

voluntary employee behaviors that contribute to organizational goals by improving the context in which work takes place

What is routine task performance?

well-known or habitual responses by employees to predictable task demands

Job satisfaction is defined as:

what employees feel when thinking about their jobs and doing their day-to-day work.

What is role overload?

when an employee has too many demands to work effectively

What is voice?

when an employee speaks up to offer constructive suggestions for change, often in reaction to a negative work event

What is emotional labor?

when employees manage their emotions to complete their job duties successfully

What is job enrichment?

when job duties and responsibilities are expanded to provide increased levels of core job characteristics

What is role conflict?

when others have conflicting expectations of what an individual needs to do

What is emotional support?

the empathy and understanding that people receive from others that can be used to alleviate emotional distress from stressful demands

What is a causal inference?

the establishment that one variable does cause another, based on covariation, temporal precedence, and the elimination of alternative explanations

What is instrumental support?

the help people receive from other that can be used to address a stressfully demand directly

What is social support?

the help people receive from others when they are confronted with stressful demands

What is emotional contagion?

the idea that emotions can be transferred from one person to another

What is the meaning of money?

the idea that money can have symbolic value (achievement, respect, freedom) in addition to economic value

What are self-set goals?

the internalized goals that people use to monitor their own progress

What is past accomplishments?

the level of success or failure with similar job tasks in the past

What are strains?

the negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed a person's capacity or resources

What is work responsibility?

the number and importance of the obligations that an employee has to others

What is focus on commitment?

the people, places, and things that inspire a desire to remain member of an organization

What is impact?

the sense that a person's actions "make a difference" - that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose

What is time pressure?

the sense that the amount of allotted to do a job is not quite enough

What is correlation?

the statistical relationship between two variables

When employees consider efficacy levels for a given task, they first consider _____.

their past accomplishments

What is the method of science?

theory that people accept some belief because scientific studies have tended to replicate that result using a series of samples, settings, and methods

What is the method of intuition?

theory that people hold firmly to some belief because it "just stands to reason"- it seems obvious or self-evident

What are secondary appraisal?

when people determine who to cope with the various stressors they face

What is the method of authority?

theory that people hold firmly to some belief because it is consistent with their own experience and observations

What is the method of experience?

theory that people hold firmly to some belief because it is consistent with their own experience and observations

What are values?

things that people consciously or unconsciously want to seek or attain

What is adaptive task performance?

thoughtful responses by an employee to unique or unusual task demands

What is cognitive coping?

thoughts used to deal with a stressful situation

Which of the following is an example of a problem-focused, behavioral method of coping with stress?

working harder

What is a hypotheses?

written predictions that specify relationships between variables

What is financial uncertainty?

uncertainties with regard to the potential for loss of livelihood, savings, or the ability to pay expenses

Which of the following employees is most likely to behave in a counterproductive manner?

A high performer who is also an abusive supervisor.

What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance, according to goal setting theory?

Intensity and persistence

Which of the following is accurate with regard to meaningfulness as a concept in psychological empowerment?

It captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions.

Which of the following is true with regards to affective commitment?

It exists because employees view organizational membership as important to their sense of self.

Which of the following is true regarding organizational behavior?

It is a field of study aimed at improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in an organization.

Which of the following is characteristic of affect-based trust?

It is based on feelings toward the authority that go beyond any rational assessment.

Which of the following represents the correlation between learning and job performance?

It is positive and moderate

Which of the following is true about tacit knowledge?

It is typically job- or situation-specific.

Which of the following accurately describes work responsibility as a stressor?

It refers to the nature of the obligations that a person has toward others.

What are the two primary outcomes in studies of organizational behavior?

Job performance and organizational commitment

Which of the following is true with regard to downsizing?

Negative emotions aroused by survivor syndrome likely reduce emotional attachment to the organization.

Which of the following is a passive, destructive response to a negative work environment?

Neglect

Which of the following is true with regard to the "Rule of One Eighth"?

One-half of organizations won't believe the connection between how they manage their people and the profits they earn.

Which of the following measures is aimed at improving the ethical component of corporate social responsibility in a company?

Organization of training sessions on moral awareness

Which of the following would cause an increase of continuance commitment in an organization?

The lack of employment alternatives outside of the organization

Which of the following is the first step in the behavioral modeling process?

The learner focuses attention on the critical behaviors exhibited by the model.

What is extrinsic motivation?

desire to put forth work effort due to some contingency that depends on task performance

What is role ambiguity?

lack of information about what needs to be done in a role, as well s unpredictability regarding the consequences of performance in that role

Which of the following is a group mechanism which shapes individual mechanisms?

leadership styles

What are task strategies?

learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achier successful performance

Which of the following explains the existence of a positive correlation between trust and job performance?

Willingness to be vulnerable to authorities increases levels of task performance.

Which of the following is true with regard to the meaning of money?

Younger employees are less likely to view money in a positive light, relative to older employees.

What is sportsmanship?

maintaining a positive attitude with coworkers through good and bad times

What is a theory?

a collection of verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how ands why variables are related, as well as the conditions in which they should (and should not) be related

What is history?

a collective pool of experience, wisdom, and knowledge created by people that benefits the organization

What is psychological withdrawal?

mentally escaping the work environment

What are daily hassles?

minor day to day demands that interfere with work accomplishment

What is work-family conflict?

a form of role conflict in which the demands of a work role hinder the fulfillment of the demands in a family role (or vice versa)

What is management by objectives (mob)?

a management philosophy that bases employee evaluations on whether specific performance goals have been met

What is meta-analysis?

a method that combines the results of multiple scientific studies by essentially calculating a weighted average correlation across studies (with larger studies receiving more weight)

Job crafting involves:

...

Lack of _____ is characteristic of jobs which are dull, repetitive, and uncomfortable.

...

Which of the following is an example of an intense positive mood?

...

Which of the following is associated with being in a state of "flow"?

...

Which of the following jobs are most likely to be high in emotional labor?

...

Which of the following methods to assess the job satisfaction of rank and file employees is the most effective?

...

Which of the following is characteristic of the Type A behavior pattern?

competitiveness

_____ theory argues that job satisfaction depends on whether you perceive that your job supplies the things that you value.

...

*Increased _____ leads to a sense of responsibility for the outcome of one's job and hence increases job satisfaction

...

Believing in the meaningfulness of work is a critical psychological state making work more satisfying. Which of the following is true with regard to the meaningfulness of work?

...

Dellaware Computers Inc. either gives all employees a bonus, or gives no one a bonus. This policy aims to establish _____ among employees.

...

Which of the following describes utilitarianism that is used in the principled stage of moral development?

An act is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.

According to the equity theory, which of the following emotions is most likely to be seen in an employee whose ratio of outcomes to inputs is less than those of their comparison other?

Anger

Which of the following refers to people's tendency to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall?

Availability bias

Which of the following is a finding of research conducted on organizational behavior practices?

Companies with good OB practices were more profitable than their peers without good OB practices.

Which of the following is a step in the rational decision making process?

Develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.

Which of the following questions is used to evaluate distributive justice?

Do allocations of rewards occur according to the proper norm?

Which of the following questions is used to evaluate interpersonal justice?

Do authorities treat employees with sincerity?

Which one of the following is an example of production deviance?

Employees in a software development firm taking too many coffee breaks.

_____ refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action.

Escalation of commitment

Which of the following is the most common form of reinforcement schedule?

Fixed interval

_____ refers to the various people, places, and things that can inspire a desire to remain a member of an organization.

Focus of commitment

Which of the following is a unit-focused element in a compensation-plan?

Gainsharing

Which of the following is the first step in conducting a job analysis?

Generate a list of activities involved in a particular job

Which of the following is true about the relationship between organizational commitment and withdrawal behavior?

High organizational commitment is associated with low withdrawal behavior.

Which of the following is an example of affective commitment to an organization?

I really like the atmosphere at my current job . . . it's fun and relaxed.

Which of the following is a performance outcome fostering extrinsic motivation?

Job security

_____ are individual mechanisms that directly affect job performance and organizational commitment.

Learning and decision making

_____ possess low levels of organizational commitment but high levels of task performance.

Lone wolves

Which of the following is a hidden cost associated with attrition?

Lost organizational knowledge

_____ reflects the process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical

Moral judgment

Which of the following describes the "method of intuition"?

People hold firmly to some belief because it "just stands to reason"—it seems obvious or self-evident.

_____ is a decision making bias defined as the tendency to assess the likelihood of an event by comparing it to a similar event and assuming it will be similar.

Representativeness

Which of the following is a characteristic of the principled stage of moral development?

Right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles.

Which of the following is an outcome (or reward) of job duties considered by equity theory?

Status symbols

What are family time demands?

The amount of time committed to fulfilling family responsibilities

Which of the following describes the relationship between challenge stressors and organizational commitment?

There is a moderate positive correlation

Which of the following best describes the correlation between motivation and organizational commitment?

There is a moderate, positive correlation

Which of the following describes the relationship between hindrance stressors and organizational commitment?

There is a strong negative correlation

Which of the following is characteristic of social exchange relationships?

They are vaguely defined and characterized by mutual investment

Which of the following is characteristic of cognitive behavioral techniques?

They attempt to help people appraise and cope with stressors in a rational manner.

The Independent Forms model supports which of the following views of withdrawal behavior?

Various withdrawal behaviors are uncorrelated with one another, occur for different reasons, and fulfill different needs on the part of employees.

What are S.M.A.R.T. goals?

acronym that stands for specific, measurable, achievable, results-based, time-sensitive goals

In a restaurant, dealing with a customer who has eaten a meal but does not have money to pay for it is part of a waiter's _____.

adaptive task performance

_____ involves employee responses to task demands that are novel, unusual, or, at the very least, unpredictable.

adaptive task performance

What is embeddedness?

an employee's connection to and sense of fit in the organization and community

What is affective commitment?

an employee's desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of emotional attachment

What is normative commitment?

an employee's desire to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation

What is continuance commitment?

an employee's desire to remain a member of an organization due to an awareness of the costs of leaving

What is organizational commitment?

an employee's desire to remain member of an organization

What is psychological empowerment?

an energy rooted in the belief that tasks are contribution to some larger purpose

What is equity distress?

an internal tension that results from being over rewarded or under rewarded relative to some comparison other

what is occupational information network (o*net)?

an online database containing job tasks, behaviors, required knowledge, skills, and abilities

What is comparison other?

another person who provides a frame of reference for judging equity

What is helping?

assisting coworkers who have heavy workloads, aiding them with personal matters, and showing new employees the ropes when they are first on the job

True learning occurs when:

behavioral changes become permanent.

What is emotion-focused coping?

behaviors and cognitions of an individual intended to help manage emotional reactions to stressful demands

What is problem-focused coping?

behaviors and cognitions of an individual intended to manage the stressful situation itself

What is coping?

behaviors and thoughts used to manage stressful demands and the emotions associated with the stressful demands

What is property deviance?

behaviors that harm the organization's assets and possessions

What is political deviance?

behaviors that intentionally disadvantage other individuals

Which of the following is an example of psychological strain occurring due to stress?

burnout

What is gossip?

casual conversations about other people in which the facts are not confirmed as true

Making a _____ requires establishing three things: that two variables are correlated, that the presumed cause precedes the presumed effect in time, and that no alternative explanation exists for the correlation.

casual inference

_____ is defined as voluntary employee activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the overall quality of the setting in which work takes place.

citizenship behavior

_____ refers to participating in the company's operations at a deeper-than-normal level by attending voluntary meetings and functions, reading and keeping up with organizational announcements, and keeping abreast of business news that affects the company.

civic virtue

What is incivility?

communication that is rude, impolite, discourteous, and lacking in good manners

What are external comparisons?

comparing oneself to someone in a different company

What are internal comparisons?

comparing oneself to someone in the same company

Employees with a strong sense of _____ believe they can execute the particular behaviors needed to achieve success at work.

competence

What is withdrawal behavior?

employee actions that are intended to avoid work situations

What is abuse?

employee assault or endangerment from which physical and psychological injuries may occur

What is task performance?

employee behaviors that are directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into the goods or services that the organization produces

What is job performance?

employee behaviors that contribute either positively or negatively to the accomplishment of organizational goals

What is counterproductive behavior?

employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organization goal accomplishment

What is a psychological contracts?

employee beliefs about what employees owe the organization and what the organization owes them

What is promotion satisfaction?

employee's feelings about how the company handles promotions

What are negative emotions?

employee's feelings of fear, guilt, shame, sadness, envy, and disgust

Using only results to indicate job performance gives an inaccurate picture of an employee's worth because:

employees contribute to their organization in ways that go beyond bottom-line results.

What are stars?

employees with high commitment levels and high task performance levels who serve as role models within the organization

What are citizens?

employees with high commitment levels and low task performance levels who volunteer to do additional activities around the office

What are lone wolves?

employees with low commitment levels and high task performance levels who focus on their own career rather than what benefits the organization

What are apathetics?

employees with low commitment levels and low task performance levels who exert the minimum amount of effort needed to keep their jobs

What is pay satisfaction?

employees' feelings about the compensation for their jobs

What is satisfaction with the work itself?

employees' feelings about their actual work tasks

What is supervision satisfaction?

employees' feelings about their boss, including his or her competency, communication, and personality

What is coworker satisfaction?

employees' feelings about their coworkers, including their abilities and personalities

What are positive emotions?

employees' feelings of joy, pride, relief, hope, love, and compassion

What is primary appraisal?

evaluation of whether a demand is stressful and, if it is, the implications of the stressor in terms of personal goals and well-being

What are negative life events?

events such as a divorce or death of a family member that tend to be appraised as a hinderance

What is negative life events?

events such as a divorce or death of a family member that tend to bed to be appraised as a hinderance

What are positive life events?

events such as marriage or the birth of a child that tend to be appraised as a challenge

What is strategic management?

field of study devoted to exploring the product choices and industry characteristics that affect an organization's profitability

What is organizational behavior?

field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations

What is human resource management?

field of study that focuses on the applications of OB theories and principles in organizations

What are specific and difficult goals?

goals that stretch an employee to perform at his or her maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of his or her ability

What is organizational citizenship behavior?

going beyond normal expectations to improve operations of the organization, as well as defending the organization and being loyal to it

What is interpersonal citizenship behavior?

going beyond normal job expectations to assist, support, and develop coworkers and colleagues

What are needs?

groupings or clusters of outcomes viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences

Which of the following counterproductive behaviors falls under the heading of personal aggression?

harassment

What is personal aggression?

hostile verbal physical actions directed toward other employees

_____ are written predictions that specify relationships between variables.

hypotheses

What is feedback?

in job characteristics theory, it refers to the degree to which the job itself provides information about how well the job holder is doing. In goal setting theory, it refers to progress updates on work goals

What is inimitable?

incapable of being imitated or copied

What are emotions?

intense feelings, often lasting for a short duration, that are clearly directed at someone or some circumstance

What is production deviance?

intentionally reducing organizational efficiency of work output

What are benign job demands?

job demands that tend not to be appraised as stressful

What is knowledge work?

jobs that primarily involve cognitive activity, versus physical activity

What are vicarious experiences?

observations of and discussions with others who have performed some work task

What is personal development?

participation in activities outside of work that foster growth and learning

What is civic virtue?

participation in company operations at a deeper-than-normal level through voluntary meetings, readings, and keeping up with news that affects the company

What is numerous small decisions?

people making many small decisions every day that are invisible to competitors

What is type A behavior pattern?

people who tend to experience more stressors, appraise more demands as stressful, and be prone to experiencing more strains

What is verbal persuasion?

pep talks that lead employees to believe that they can "get the job done"

What is behavioral coping?

physical activities used to deal with a stressful situation

What are emotional cues?

positive or negative feelings that can help or hinder task accomplishment

What is boosterism?

positively representing the organization when in public

What is job crafting?

proactively shaping and molding the characteristics contained within one's job

Ned routinely takes printer paper and ink cartridges home from work. His coworker, William is known for his rudeness to coworkers as well as clients. Ned engages in _____, while William demonstrates ______.

property deviance, political deviance

What is service work?

providing a service that involves direct verbal or physical interactions with customers

What is a relational contracts?

psychological contracts that focus on a broad set of open-ended and subjective obligations

What is a transactional contracts?

psychological contracts that focus on a narrow set of specific monetary obligations

What is sabotage?

purposeful destruction of equipment, organizational processes, or company products

Which one of the following is an example of a work hindrance stressor?

role conflict

In which of the following situations would an employee use emotion-focused coping?

role overload

What is courtesy?

sharing important information with coworkers

What are moods?

states of feelings tat are mild in intensity, last for an extended period of time, and are dot directed at anything

What is theft?

stealing company products or equipment from the organization

The negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed a person's capacity or resources are called _____.

strains

What are challenge stressors?

stressors that tend to be appraised as opportunities for growth and achievement

What are hindrance stressors?

stressors that tend to be appraised as thwarting progress toward growth and achievement

What is substance abuse?

the abuse of drugs or alcohol before coming to work or while on the job

What is family time demands?

the amount of time committed to fulfilling family responsibilities

What is valence?

the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with successful performance

What is self-efficacy?

the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to perform the behaviors required on some task

What is the rule of one-eighth?

the belief that at best one-eight or 12 percent of organizations will actually do what is required to build profits by putting people first

What is expectancy?

the belief that exerting high peel of effort will result in successful performance on some task

What is instrumentality?

the belief that successful performance will result in the attainment of some outcomes

What is competence?

the capability to perform work tasks successfully

What is autonomy?

the degree to which a job allows individual freedom and discretion regarding how the work is to be done

What is identity?

the degree to which a job offers completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work

What is significance?

the degree to which a job really matters and impacts society as a whole

What is variety?

the degree to which a job requires different activities and skills

What is goal commitment?

the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to reach it

What is pleasantness?

the degree to which an employee si in a good versus bad mood