Management Ch. 11-12

Which of the following characteristics relates to a compressed work week?

A four-day (or shorter) period in which an employee works 40 hours

What is meant by an authentic leader?

A leader who is passionate about company objectives, models corporate values in the workplace, and forms strong relationships with stakeholders

Which of the following characteristics relates to situational leadership theory?

A leadership model whose premise is that a leader's style should be contingent on subordinates' competence and commitment

What is path-goal theory?

A model concerned with how a leader affects employees' perceptions of their personal and work goals and the paths to goal attainment

What is meant by expectancy?

A person's expectation that effort will lead to high performance

What is flextime?

A work schedule that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified time period

Which of the following refers to power that is derived by virtue of a person's association with someone else who has some source of power?

Affiliative power

What is meant by behavior modification?

An application of reinforcement theory, which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself

Which of the following characteristics relates to motivation?

An inner drive that directs behavior toward goals

Subordinate resistance to the use of power is most likely when which of the following sources of power is used?

Coercive

What term describes a group of theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that seek to identify what their needs are?

Content theories

What term describes the suggestion that successful leadership requires matching leaders with primarily stable leadership styles to the demands of the situation?

Contingency theory

The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies was

Elton Mayo.

What name is given to the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically?

Emotional intelligence

What name is given to the most effective managers, who engage in both dimensions of leadership behaviors by getting employees involved in the operation of their departments or divisions in a positive and constructive manner, setting general goals, providing fairly loose supervision, and recognizing employees' contributions?

Employee-centered leaders

What term describes the process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions?

Empowerment

What term describes a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange?

Equity theory

What name is given to the theory that states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it?

Expectancy theory

What term describes power or influence derived from a person's special knowledge or expertise in a particular area?

Expert power

If a leader wants a high degree of commitment from his or her subordinates, which sources of power are most likely to lead to that?

Expert, referent, and charismatic

What term describes a theory that recognizes the importance of goals in improving employee performance?

Goal-setting theory

What name is given to the order in which people strive to satisfy the five basic needs as theorized by Maslow—physiological, security, social, esteem, and self-actualization?

Hierarchy of needs

Which of the following refers to a working arrangement whereby two employees do one job?

Job sharing

What name is given to a description of how leaders develop "unique" working relationships with each of their employees, based on the nature of their social exchanges?

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

Which of the following refers to the sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues?

Morale

Your company's work teams have won national awards for making the finest widgets ever seen. Your loyal and productive workers have never been more proud of their work. What important characteristic of motivation is probably at an all-time high at your company?

Morale

Giving employees tickets to "cash in" for a paid day off when they get their projects done well ahead of the deadline is an example of the creative use of

NOT formal rewards and NOT recognition and praise

What term describes a person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need, based on a formal contractual relationship between an organization and the individual?

Organizational power

Which of the following characteristics relates to reward power?

Organizational power that stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards

What name is given to a person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need, based on an interpersonal relationship between individuals or on his or her personal characteristics?

Personal power

Which of the following refers to a person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others?

Power

Which of the following characteristics relates to information power?

Power that is a result of having access to important information that is not common knowledge, or of having the ability to control the flow of information to and from others

Which of the following refers to a set of theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform?

Process theories

What term describes the act of weakening or eliminating an undesired behavior by providing negative consequences?

Punishment

What name is given to personal power that results when one person identifies with and admires another?

Referent power

What name is given to a process theory that assumes that behavior may be reinforced by relating it to its consequences?

Reinforcement theory

What is the theory that states that employees learn not only through direct experience but also through observation and personal qualities?

Social learning theory

What is meant by charisma?

The ability to inspire admiration, respect, loyalty, and a desire to emulate, based on some intangible set of personality traits; a personal source of power

Which of the following characteristics relates to positive reinforcement?

The act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes

What is meant by legitimate power?

The influence that comes from a person's formal position in an organization and the authority that accompanies that position

Which of the following characteristics relates to leadership?

The process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group toward the achievement of a goal

Which of the following characteristics relates to motivational factors?

Those aspects of a job that relate to the content of the work, including achievement, recognition, the work itself, involvement, responsibility, and advancement

What are maintenance factors?

Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security

Which of the following refers to a more traditional approach in which managers engage in both task- and consideration-oriented behaviors in an exchange manner?

Transactional leadership

Poor morale is most likely to cause

absenteeism.

It is interesting that in certain industries, such as the hotel industry, service personnel

actually dislike increased empowerment.

The First Lady's primary source of power is

affiliative.

Frederick Taylor

analyzed jobs to improve efficiency.

When Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X made their followers feel strong enough to resist racism and segregation, they were using

charismatic power.

Motivational theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs, and then seek to identify what those needs are, are called

content theories.

The examination of input-output ratios, employee contributions, and the perception of fairness is most associated with

equity theory.

There is increasing evidence that transformational leaders

exist at all levels in organizational hierarchies and in a broad range of organizations.

In expectancy theory, if a person believes that extra effort will lead to high performance, such as a bonus or commission, we are talking about the person's

expectancy.

Professors, computer geniuses, mechanics, airline pilots, and ship captains supposedly have a lot of

expert power.

You are a computer whiz, and you have installed some software that monitors all incoming and outgoing company emails. You have no formal understanding of leadership theory, but you clearly understand

information power.

Although regulations and laws sharply limit a leader's ability to use coercive power, it is a fair assessment that

it is still too commonly used in business settings.

Which of the following characteristics relates to a servant leader?

leader who leads by example and forms strong relationships with employees

When financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan reward employees with bonuses and other financial incentives for making risky decisions, they may find that their attempts to motivate employees

may sometimes have negative effects on the organization.

To achieve organizational objectives, employees must have the ability, tools, and _____ to perform their jobs.

motivation

Sue wants to be warm, but she is not; she has a

need

Reward power, which stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards, is

organizationally based.

When extra effort is required from employees and managers have no control over rewards and punishments and close supervision is not practical

personal sources of power are essential.

The motivational theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform are called

process theories.

A personal source of power that a leader possesses when he or she is admired by employees who identify with the leader is called

referent power.

An employee's confidence that he or she can perform a task or behavior successfully is called

self-efficacy.

The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to

the Hawthorne studies.

Herzberg's two-factor theory proposes that

the absence of maintenance factors may dissatisfy workers

With regard to leadership and management, most American companies today appear to be

under-led and over-managed.

In applying reinforcement theory, one of the problems in punishing unacceptable behavior is that punishment may produce

undesirable long-term side effects.