Management Chapter Three

_____ refers to a less-than-perfect form of rationality in which decision makers cannot be perfectly rational because decisions are complex and complete information is unavailable or cannot be fully processed.

Bounded rationality

Which of the following is the organizational decision process model in which major solutions arise through a series of smaller decisions?

Coalitional model

Which of the following refers to the alternative courses of action that can be implemented based on how the future unfolds?

Contingency plans

_____ refers to a structured debate comparing two conflicting courses of action.

Dialectic

_____ comes into play when a manager makes a decision with a bias weighing short-term costs and benefits more heavily than longer-term costs and benefits.

Discounting the future

Which of the following should be the last phase in an ideal six-phase decision-making process?

Evaluate the decision.

_____ is referred to as emotional disagreement directed toward other people.

Affective conflict

Which of the following terms refers to the condition that causes new goals to replace the original ones?

Goal displacement

_____ occurs when people in a meeting choose not to disagree or raise objections because they don't want to break up a positive team spirit.

Groupthink

Which of the following should be the first phase in an ideal six-phase decision-making process?

Identifying and diagnosing the problem

_____ refers to people's belief that they can influence events even when they have no control over what will happen.

Illusion of control

Which of the following statements is true of brainstorming?

It creates an environment where there is no criticism.

The head of a research facility has to decide what kind of equipment the lab needs to buy for its new stem cell project. Which of the following types of decisions is illustrated in this scenario?

Nonprogrammed decision

Marcus Imports is a trading firm that has a stiff, bureaucratic structure. The company has a promotion scheme where people who have finished a certain number of years in service get a pay hike and a promotion. For the manager at Marcus, this decision highlights which of the following types of decisions?

Programmed

What is the role of a devil's advocate in constructive conflict?

To criticize ideas and point out problems

Hesitation to invest in promising research and development that will not pay off until far into the future is an example of _____.

discounting the future.

The leader of a decision-making group must:

minimize process-related problems.

When a manager must decide between several attractive options, or when there are no attractive options, he or she experiences _____ conflict.

psychological

In the decision-making process, _____ refers to choosing the first option that is minimally acceptable or adequate.

satisficing

Barriers to rational, effective decision making include the broad categories of psychological biases, time pressures, and _____.

social realities