Management Exam 3

Tuckman's Stages of Group Development

1. Forming- Group members uncertain about their role 2. Storming- Testing leader's policies and assumptions and how they fit into the power structure 3. Norming- Group becomes cohesive 4. Performing- Strong cooperation 5. Adjourning- Work is done

Dyadic Conflict

A disagreement between two individuals in an organization which creates significant resentment and discontent between them.

John is asking advice about how to effectively empower his employees. Which of the following is NOT good advice?

A manager needs to be careful when empowering employees because it will decrease the manager's power.

Functional conflict is constructive and can have beneficial outcomes such as...

Agreement, stronger relationships, and learning Bringing problems into the open that might otherwise be ignored Encouraging people to voice new ideas, facilitating innovation and change (All of the above)

________ is an alternative dispute resolution technique in which disagreeing parties agree ahead of time to accept the decision of a neutral party in a formal court-like setting, often complete with evidence and witnesses

Arbitration

Organizational-level Conflict

At the organizational level, a failure of coordination can trigger conflict. • Intergroup Conflict - In-Group Thinking

Which of these would you not see from an inspiring transformational leader?

Authoritarian leadership

Tina is new to town, and she is asked to order pizza for the upcoming office party. She's only been to one restaurant since she's been in town, Geraldi's. Despite the multiple pizza options in Fayetteville, she orders Geraldi's for the pizza party. This is an example of the _______________ bias.

Availability

Estimating ________________ in negotiating situations is useful because it lets you know how hard you can push. If yours is strong and the other party's is weak, then you can push harder for the outcomes you desire.

BATNA, or the Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement

The ________ approach attempts to identify the unique ways that effective leaders act.

Behavior Styles

________ is the idea that decision-makers are restricted by constraints when making decisions.

Bounded rationality

Aeronautics Limited Corporation (ALC) is concerned about groupthink occurring within their design team. ALC should do which of the following in an effort to prevent groupthink?

Bring in outside experts to speak to the team.

In groupthink, the "inherent morality" symptom is likely to...

Cause the group to ignore ethical considerations

Your textbook discusses three common individual reactions to power. Which of the three is superior because it is driven by intrinsic motivation? This reaction is fostered by positive legitimate, referent, and expert power.

Commitment

Team ________ describes the collection of jobs, personalities, knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience levels of team members.

Composition

Katrina is a manager at Company XYZ. Due to the financial fallout from COVID-19, she is unable to offer the usual annual Christmas bonus to her employees. She begins to selectively gather information that supports her decision, such as that her employees have been under-performing the past few weeks and needing more time off work. This represents which decision-making bias?

Confirmation

Linda wants to leave her company. No one ever seems to do what they say they will do. In addition, her manager's expectations seem to change from one day to the next. Linda is missing

Contractual trust

Which of the following is an organizational function of a group?

Coordinate interdepartmental efforts

Kevin was trying to decide whether he should go Black Friday shopping. First, he identified the problem - that he wanted to go, but was concerned about getting COVID-19 while shopping and passing it on to his family members who were visiting for the holiday. Second, Kevin generated alternative solutions such as wearing two masks, shopping online for Black Friday, and waiting until Cyber Monday to shop. According to the rational model of decision making, what is the third stage in the process for Kevin?

Evaluate alternatives and select a solution

Imagine that you work in Human Resources and you have been working hard to recruit a candidate for a highly specialized position. The position needs to be filled immediately because the last employee left with short notice, and this particular candidate is a "star" in their field. In order to get them to accept your offer, you make explicit promises of additional vacation time, a quarterly bonus incentive, and higher pay. This influence tactic is called...

Exchange

Group-level Conflict (Intragroup Conflict)

Exists when there are perceive interpersonal incompatibilities or differences between the individuals within a group or team.

Jeff has been a project assistant for EFCO Corporation for five years. Recently he was asked to train Harriet, a new employee. He suggests that she use an Excel worksheet to lay out the projects she is currently working on, and she follows his suggestion. Jeff is using ________ power.

Expert

As a manager, Michelle is very kind-hearted. Sometimes, when one of her employees does something wrong, she avoids saying anything to them. This represents which common reason for avoiding conflict?

Fear of hurting someone else

Which of the following explains the difference between formal and informal groups?

Formal groups are assigned by organizations or managers to accomplish specific goals while the purpose for meeting of informal groups is friendship or a common interest.

According to Tuckman's model of group development, group members tend to be uncertain and anxious about unknowns (e.g., their roles, who is in charge, and their group's goals) during the ________ stage.

Forming

You are in charge of the marketing campaign for a new hand sanitizer your company is distributing. You are trying to decide If you want the package to read "Kills 99% of germs" or alternatively, "Only 1% of germs survive." Even though the two phrases mean the same thing, you know that the way something is worded can influence people's decisions. You decide to go with "Kills 99% of germs," because you think customers will be more likely to purchase this option. This represents the ________ bias.

Framing- "it's the way you frame it"

Which of the following explains the punctuated equilibrium model?

Groups do not follow a linear progression through the stages but instead establish periods of stable functioning until an event causes a dramatic change in norms, roles, or objectives.

______ bias occurs when someone uses information from the outcome of a decision, often a negative outcome, and retrospectively realizes what they should have done.

Hindsight

There are several tips for preparing emotionally for an impending negotiation. Colleen knows what issues she doesn't like to discuss and has to remain mindful of them when she negotiates. Which tip does this represent?

Hot buttons (a topic or issue that is highly charged emotionally or politically.)

________ leadership theory is based on the idea that people have beliefs about how leaders should behave and what they should do for their followers.

Implicit

Kendrea is often rude to her coworker, Brittany, at work. Kendrea makes derogatory remarks about the way Brittany dresses and ignores her during meetings. When Kendrea does speak to Brittany, she uses a condescending tone. Kendrea is demonstrating _______________ toward Brittany.

Incivility (not civil)

Sean is questioning his team's effectiveness. He asks himself "Is the group performing less than, equal to, or greater than the sum of its parts?" Once he thinks this through, he recognizes that two people are not contributing at all. Which of the following will not work to combat social loafing?

Increase group size

A(n) ________ negotiation describes a situation where an agreement can be found that is better for both parties.

Integrative

Wendy mentions that she is relying on Bernard's work to get her work done. This is an example of

Interdependence

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the rational decision making model?

It assumes that managers have complete information and leaves emotions out of the equation.

Conflict is considered to be dysfunctional when...

It hinders organizational performance

Which of the following is true about bullying?

It is usually evident to others It affects even those that are not bullied It has group level implications (All of the above)

We all use shortcuts or ________ when making decisions.

Judgmental heuristics

Kevin manages a group of eight project engineers, all of whom have worked for the company for over five years. Almost every day, Kevin and Joe, Carlos, and Kim, who are three of his subordinates, go to the cafeteria and play bridge while eating lunch. Joe, Carlos, and Kim receive very good performance reviews and are typically given the most challenging projects. What theory best explains this situation?

LMX (leader-member exchange)

________ leadership is an example of passive leadership.

Laissez-faire

The leadership theory that is based on the assumption that leaders develop unique one-to-one relationships with each of the people reporting to them is

Leader-member exchange (LMX)

Matt Waller is the Dean of the Walton College of Business. He has ________ power because of his formal authority.

Legitimate

Which of the following is not an advantage of group decision making?

Less time spent making a decision

Which of the following does not foster a climate for psychological safety?

Limit creativity and innovation.

________ is the use of manipulation, a cynical view of human nature, and a moral code that puts results over principles.

Machiavellians

According to research, which of the following statements about men's and women's leadership traits is true?

Men are more autocratic than women (taking no account of other people's wishes or opinions)

Which of the following is not a symptom of groupthink?

Minority dissent

Which of the following interpersonal traits has research shown to have a negative relationship with leadership effectiveness?

Narcissism

Which of the following is true about norms?

Norms are reinforced for group survival and clarification of behavioral expectations. Norms can emerge on their own or be purposefully created Norms help to avoid embarrassment and clarify central values. (All of the above)

Which of the following statements about norms is not true?

Norms are typically written down and discussed openly by groups.

Lydia often uses a _______________ conflict-handling style, showing low concern for herself and great concern for others. This style minimizes differences and highlights similarities to please the other party. Lydia's manager suggests she tries some other conflict-handling styles because this particular tactic is more useful when you think you may be wrong or when the issue is more important to the other party, which is not always the case.

Obliging

Which of the following statements about conflict is NOT true?

Organizations can suffer from either too little or too much conflict. Dysfunctional conflict threatens an organization's interests. People avoid conflict due to a fear of damaging relationships. Functional conflict can promote creative problem solving. All conflict is negative.

Which of the following is not a principle of persuasion?

People tend to resent and disrespect credible experts.

Expert and referent power are both types of ________ power because they are independent of a person's job or formal position.

Personal

Carol and Dee have never gotten along. Carol feels that Dee acts superior, while Dee believes that Carol just tries to please everyone. This is ________ conflict, which is defined as interpersonal opposition based on individual dislike or disagreement.

Personality

Sabrina and Tamara have never gotten along. Sabrina feels that Tamara acts superior, while Tamara believes that Sabrina just tries to please everyone. This is ________ conflict, which is defined as interpersonal opposition based on individual dislike or disagreement.

Personality

Carlos is a leader in his organization. While Carlos may do all of these activities, one of them is more representative of a manager rather than a leader. Which one?

Planning the production schedule for the month

________ is a lack of concern for others, impulsive behavior, and a lack of remorse or guilt when one's actions harm others.

Psychopathy

The ________ model of decision-making assumes that managers are completely objective and possess all information for their decisions. In this model, decisions demonstrate excellent logic.

Rational

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, research indicated that, despite challenges, there were several benefits to virtual teams. Now that many people are working from home, researchers have noticed that one of the purported benefits is actually a disadvantage to working virtually for many people. Which one?

Reduced work-life conflicts for employees

Personality conflict

Relational or interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike or disagreement

Which of the following is an individual function of a group?

Satisfy the person's need for affiliation

Because people want items, information, and opportunities that have limited availability, managers can use their access to these resources to persuade their followers. Which of the six principles of persuasion does this represent?

Scarcity

__________________ is the tendency for individual effort to decline as group size increases.

Social loafing

____________ empowerment is enhanced by organizational policies and procedures, job design, and team design.

Structural

__________ is based on transferring authority and responsibilities from management to employees.

Structural empowerment

Fiedler's contingency model identifies which leadership styles?

Task-motivated or relationship-motivated

______________ roles enable the work group to define, clarify, and pursue a common purpose, while _______________ roles foster supportive and constructive interpersonal relationships.

Task; maintenance

________ is a group process that anonymously generates ideas or judgments from physically dispersed experts.

The Delphi Technique

One of the main issues is that some team members do not have faith in each other. This issue is primarily related to a lack of

Trust

Debra is a restaurant manager at a high-end restaurant. She works very long hours, and sometimes double shifts. When she's home, she is constantly texting with restaurant employees. Her husband complains that he rarely gets to see her and that he is unable to keep the household tasks himself. Debra is experiencing...

Work-family conflict

Carol is a behind-the-scenes kind of person, but everyone wants her on their committee because those committees tend to meet their objectives. Which of the following statements might describe why people want Carol on their committee?

You do not need to have a formal position of authority to be a leader.

Criticizing subordinates in front of colleagues and other managers and telling them that their ideas are stupid is referred to as ________ supervision.

abusive

Which of the following best practices is James struggling with?

adapting communications

In ________, the negotiating parties cooperatively develop multiple-deal packages while building a productive long-term relationship

added-value negotiation

When applying for jobs, job seekers often focus on a desired salary while ignoring other aspects of the job offer such as benefits, fit with the job, and working environment. In many cases, the salary may be good, but there are other, negative features of the job not being considered. This is an example of

anchoring bias

Which of the following is not an advantage of including the mayor and police chief in the decision-making process?

authority to make the decision

Lottery organizers heavily promote the jackpot winners so that people are continually hearing about those who've won big. By contrast, players hear almost nothing about the vast majority of people who haven't won a single dollar. This tactic draws upon which type of bias?

availability bias

Which of the following situations is most likely to result in conflict?

competition for limited resources

The styles of conflict handling are differentiated along two dimensions:

concern for others and concern for self.

Acme Company would like to reduce stereotyping and combat in-group thinking by creating social hours after work where members of different ethnicities and races can mingle and learn more about each other's backgrounds and interests. This would be an example of ________

contact hypothesis

Which of the following is not one of the key leader behaviors that are part of transformational leadership?

creating an in-group

Which of the following causes is most likely to result in workplace conflict?

differences in methods for doing work

Which of the following is not a benefit to working on James's team?

duplication of effort

Rich is part of a newly formed work group. He has been introduced to all the group members, but he still feels like he cannot trust them. The group has not yet chosen a leader, and Rich feels unsure about his exact role within the group. According to Tuckman's five-stage model of group development, which of the following stages is Rich's group currently in?

forming

At the beginning of the meeting Kira does not properly lead the team during the ______ stage of team development. Therefore; the team was stuck in the ______ stage

forming; storming

Which of the following is not an advantage of group decision-making?

goal displacement

Ramon portrays which of the following team roles? (video)

harmonizer

When a leader is encouraging employees to question the status quo and seek innovative and creative solutions to organizational problems, he or she is engaging in

intellectual stimulation

Fiedler's model uses the ________ scale to measure a person's leadership style.

least preferred coworker

________ power is the basis of power that most people think of as authority.

legitimate

Ethan tried to convince his subordinates to accept a new policy by showing them that the policy is consistent with the organizational rules and policies. He also showed them that the people above him had already supported and sanctioned the policy. What influence tactic was Ethan using?

legitimating tactics

The evacuation decision had ethical implications. Which of the following is not one of those ethical implications?

proper use of meteorological instruments

Carrie is a supervisor at a local art gallery. Her primary concern is the well-being of her employees and the level of closeness between her and her employees. Carrie is a ____________ leader

relationship-oriented

Kendall is shopping for a rug for her new dorm room. She's been to numerous stores and they all seem to be similar in price and she is running out of time before she has to move in. She is not particular on which one she chooses and decides to go with the rug that seems to be the most neutral in color. Kendall considers this a(n) ________ or "good enough" solution.

satisficing

Contingency theories propose that the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior depends on the

situation

Team

small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable

The primary purpose of ________ behaviors is to ensure that people, equipment, and other resources are used in an efficient way to accomplish the mission of a group or organization.

task-oriented

Gina promised her employees that if they reached the goal of fewer than five customer complaints during December, she would give them each a $500 gift card. What type of power is Gina using and what is her likely result?

using reward, result is compliance.