Management midterm

Lester tells his human resources manager, "Mr. Josephs, my boss, Sandra Elkins, has been flirting with me for a few weeks, but I've been politely laughing off her comments. Today she told me that, of the six workers in her group, she can only promote one. She added that she would look upon me favorably for promotion if I'd go on a business trip with her this weekend." A proper response from Mr. Josephs would be,

"Thank you for coming forward. I will follow up immediately."

Select the true statement regarding various decision styles.

A democratic style results in employees' positive attitudes.

Identify the one true statement below about delegation.

A manager can delegate to a subordinate enough authority to get the work done.

_____________________ is an advantage of managing a diverse workforce.

Ability to leverage creativity and innovation in problem solving

_____ is a form of leadership in which the leader makes decisions on his or her own and then announces those decisions to the group.

Autocratic leadership

_____ is a barrier to entry.

Brand identification

_____ is independent action to improve relations with competitors.

Competitive pacification

_____ is the number of issues to which a manager must attend and the degree to which they are interconnected.

Complexity

Steve, long-term and successful sales professional for Durham Inc., has gained a vast degree of competitive intelligence in his 25 years with Durham. He walked into his manager's office and said, "David, for family reasons, I need to move out of state. Therefore, I've accepted a position with a competitor. I'm submitting my two weeks' notice. This isn't personal; you've been a great friend." David replied, "Steve, I'm sorry to hear this. I will truly miss you and your contributions. However, your two weeks' notice will not be required. I will walk with you to human resources right now to process your resignation, and then we will escort you to the door." David's rather terse response was intended to quickly remove Steve from Durham's premises. Why?

David wants to ensure that a soon-to-be competitor will not have ongoing access to Durham's competitive intelligence and staff through Steve.

_______ training focuses on identifying and reducing hidden biases against people with differences and developing the skills needed to manage.

Diversity

________ is the assignment of different tasks to different people or groups in an organization.

Division of labor

_____ is the set of skills composed of understanding oneself, managing oneself, and dealing effectively with others.

Emotional intelligence

_____ is the legal concept that an employee can be terminated for any reason.

Employment-at-will

_____ seeks new technologies by reading cutting-edge research journals and attending conferences and seminars.

Environmental scanning

______________ will lead to sustained, superior performance in organizations.

Fine-tuning strategies continually based on marketplace changes

____ are methods for adapting the technical core to changes in an environment.

Flexible processes

Starting her career as a junior engineer in a power plant was overwhelming for June. She found herself as one of the very few females and minority members working at the plant. Her supervisor, Dwayne, reached out to her and realized she needed help entering the informal company networks. She also needed to understand the norms and values of the organization. What action plan would it be advisable for Dwayne to initiate to best accomplish these goals?

Give June a chance to complete expatriate certification.

_____ occurs when unwelcome sexual conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with job performance.

Hostile environment

___________ intervention involves improving conflict resolution, team building, communication, and leadership.

Human process

_______________ is one of the goals of diversity training.

Identifying and reducing hidden biases toward minority groups

_________________ are/is one of the disadvantages commonly associated with a diversified workforce.

Increased communication problems

____ are approaches used by an organization that acts on its own to change some aspect of its current environment.

Independent strategies

_____ is a team strategy that entails making decisions with the team and then letting outsiders know of its intentions.

Informing

________________ is most likely to help employers in preventing an exodus of talent, and retaining skilled and knowledgeable older workers.

Introduction of phased retirement programs

_____ means that jobs are restructured or redesigned by adding higher levels of responsibility.

Job enrichment

________ is a system that calls for subassemblies and components to be manufactured in very small lots and delivered to the next stage of the production process as they are needed.

Just-in-time

The _______________ highlights the importance of leader behaviors not just toward the group as a whole but toward individuals on a personal basis.

LMX (leader-member exchange) theory

_____ leadership is a combination of strong professional will (determination) and personal humility that builds enduring greatness.

Level 5

______________ is the main reason behind the projected slowdown in the pace of growth of the labor force in the United States and other developed countries.

Lower birth rate

Which of the following is a result of controlling?

Managers make sure the organization's resources are being used as planned and that the organization is meeting its goals for quality and safety.

_______ is the entire process of understanding and appreciating employee differences to build a more effective and profitable company.

Managing diversity

________________ is an effective practice in cultivating a diverse workforce within an organization.

Offering flexible work schedules and arrangements

"Thanks to the patents that we have filed over the past decade, we have been able to exclusively market our new technologies at premium pricing. And premium pricing has been critical to our success because our technologies have been very expensive to develop," said Karen. What is Karen's message about patents and copyrights?

Patents have allowed her company to recoup the costs of their investments in technologies.

_____ form the largest unemployed minority population in the United States.

People with disabilities

_____ refers to a team strategy that requires team members to interact frequently with outsiders, diagnose their needs, and experiment with solutions.

Probing

_____ is the excellence of your product.

Quality

__________ occurs in a work environment when submission to or rejection of sexual conduct is used as a basis for employment decisions.

Quid pro quo

____ are positive consequences that motivate behavior.

Reinforcers

_____ have control over whom to hire, whom to fire, and what tasks the team will perform.

Self-designing teams

______ use(s) statistical tools to analyze the causes of product defects.

Six sigma quality

______, in organizational integration, means establishing common routines and operating procedures that apply uniformly to everyone.

Standardization

________________ represent skills that are crucial to managers.

Technical, interpersonal and communication, and conceptual and decision

____________ is/are composed of all relevant forces outside a firm's boundaries, such as competitors, customers, the government, and the economy.

The external environment

_____ is a way of managing in which everyone is committed to continuous improvement of his or her part of the operation.

Total quality management

_____ differ from other work teams not only by being multicultural but also often by being geographically dispersed, being psychologically distant.

Transnational teams

______________ can be used by companies when there is a labor surplus.

Using attrition, if they have planned far enough in advance,

__________ are physically dispersed and communicate electronically more than they do face-to-face.

Virtual teams

________________ is best described as a mental image of a possible and desirable future state of an organization.

Vision

An organization that has the least structural integration of diverse workers is

a monolithic organization.

According to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), a disability is strictly defined as

a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.

A disadvantage of acquiring a new technology by purchasing the technology owner is that

acquiring the company can be expensive.

To be effective, an organization's strategic plans should focus on goals that are

aligned with its tactical plans and operational plans.

Roberto owns a janitorial service company. Over the past five years, the bulk of his business, about 80 percent, has derived from a long-term service contract with the federal government. He learned today that his company will not be awarded an extension of the contract, and thus his company's work for the government client must cease within 30 days. The very negative impact of this decision on Roberto's company is a reminder that

an organization is at a disadvantage if it depends too heavily upon powerful customers.

A(n) ________ is a managerial performance test in which candidates participate in a variety of exercises and situations

assessment center

Pete, a human resource intern, was given an assignment by his manager that meant he must obtain information from other departments to complete it, but some departments refused to share information with an intern. Pete was frustrated because he did not have the power to get the information he needed. In the context of this situation, Pete's manager made the mistake of

assigning responsibility without delegating adequate authority.

Companies with a reputation for providing opportunities for diverse employees are most likely to

attract and retain motivated employees.

When organizations have more people than they need, they can use _____ to reduce the surplus if they have planned far enough in advance.

attrition

When delegating work responsibilities to a subordinate, a manager delegates any _______________ to the subordinate.

authority

On receiving feedback, one should ideally

avoid negative emotions.

Typically, diversity training has two components:

awareness building and skill building.

Jake, machinist at Loki Manufacturing, exclaimed to his coworker, "Pete! Great news! The union won the election! That means that management and the union, representing us, are legally required to ______________."

bargain in good faith

Hospitals and universities are very expensive to start and keep running because of the capital and equipment required. The requirement of personnel, such as specialized medical doctors and researchers, is also high. What does this provide an example of?

barriers to entry

In an attempt to improve customer service, Hi-Tech Toys Inc. decided to assign a team to investigate the kinds of services offered by competing companies. The team discovered that a smaller company, VG Games Corp., seemed to have outstanding customer service. The team then determined the major differences between the two companies and developed a plan to incorporate the best elements of VG Games into Hi-Tech Toys. Which of the following is being implemented by Hi-Tech Toys?

benchmarking

Peyton wanted to delegate an important task to a subordinate, and he had several candidates in mind. He decided to delegate the task to Von, who was not only capable but who would also

benefit from developing skills through assuming the additional responsibility associated with the task.

Sandra owns a small gift shop in Tennessee. She hopes the economy will rebound this fall as she has to order her Christmas merchandise and other holiday gifts in February. She wants to make sure she has enough goods for the surge in sales that the holiday season usually brings to her retail store. Here, Sandra is using _____ to be sure she has enough gifts for those extra customers that she hopes will bear the economic woes and shop for holiday presents.

buffering

The growth of contingent workers in the U.S. labor force due to unpredictable labor demand is an illustration of

buffering.

In a five-year time period, Jonah's organization has grown from a one-man motorcycle repair shop to a custom bike manufacturing/assembly and rebuild business employing 32 mechanics and technicians. Due to Jonah's difficulty in delegating responsibility, he makes almost all business and design/technical decisions. As a result, he is working 80 hours per week, and the business has stopped expanding, and is suffering a turnover problem. Jonah's business is a(n) ______________ organization.

centralized

"Depending upon your political persuasion, Dot is either the second coming of Ronald Reagan, or the second coming of Barack Obama!" said Ricky. "She is such a __________ leader. She is dominant, self-confident, convinced of the moral righteousness of her beliefs, and able to rally her followers with excitement."

charismatic

The first step in the delegation process, defining the goal, requires a manager to

clearly understand the outcome he or she wants.

A leader with _____ power has control over punishments; people comply to avoid those punishments.

coercive

Innovation is a strategic goal in organizations because it

comes from people.

Integrating diversity into a corporate mission statement, providing adequate funding toward diversity efforts, and establishing corporate positions responsible for the management of diversity programs are all efforts that demonstrate top management's

commitment toward managing diversity.

When Good As Mom's Corp. advertises its syrup products as better than the syrup products of Grandma's Best Corp., Good As Mom's is demonstrating

competitive aggression.

The approach to __________ involves feedback and discussions to jointly figure out how to approach problems and devise solutions agreeable to everyone.

coordination by mutual adjustment

Growth need strength is best defined as the

degree to which people desire experiences that contribute to personal and psychological development.

Marcie is evaluating four soon-to-be accounting graduates for an entry-level position in her accounting group. The organization is going through some restructuring, and she is not sure how many or what level of accountants she might need a year from now. Doing these __________ is the most difficult part of human resource planning.

demand forecasts

"William, you have a strong management team supporting you, and I applaud your efforts to solicit information, opinions, and preferences from your team, and in seeking consensus in reaching decisions," said Scott. "But sometimes decisions need to be made more quickly, and sometimes your team simply wants you to step up and make certain tough decisions. In other words, a(n) ____________ style of leadership is not always appropriate."

democratic

In the context of corporate ethics programs, ethics committees

develop policies, evaluate actions, and investigate violations.

In an effort to combat groupthink and an overall lack of creativity, the group leader assigned Lucy the job of criticizing ideas, for the sake of argument, throughout the meeting. Lucy is playing the role of a

devil's advocate.

Jack oversees two very different workers. Kenny wants to be told exactly what to do because he is hesitant to make decisions, and Laila wants to be told exactly what to do because she wants to get on with it. So, even though they are very different people, they both respect decisiveness. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, Jack should use the _____________ leadership style with Kenny and Laila.

directive

Friday was heart-breaking for John and his organization. He had to lay off three employees due to a business slowdown. Now, on Monday morning, he detects an atmosphere of ___________________ among the 12 "survivors" in the office. One of the first steps in John's dismissal process is to talk to the survivors in a thoughtful and fair manner, easing tensions and helping them adjust to the new situation.

disenchantment, distrust, and lethargy

Jim's role as ________ entails his creating a presentation to give to his management team that will communicate the company's new business objectives, and more importantly, how Jim has interpreted them to apply to his business unit.

disseminator

Great American Farms Corp. announced that it was selling off its cereals division in order to realign itself more competitively in the marketing of its other products. This is an example of managing the task environment through

divestiture.

A ________ organization has departmentalization that groups units around products, customers, or geographic regions.

divisional

In Maslow's need hierarchy, ______________ includes the need for recognition and self-esteem.

ego

In leadership, vision

expresses a leader's ambitions for an organization.

The difference between pluralistic organizations and multicultural organizations is that pluralistic organizations

fail to address cultural integration.

Smith Forge is a successful wholesale provider of hand tools to small retail hardware stores in Florida. Six months ago, John, national sales director for Smith Forge, succeeded in securing a large contract to provide hand tools to HomeFix, a major national retail hardware chain. Furthermore, Smith Forge's contract with HomeFix allows Smith Forge to provide HomeFix with hand tools made of materials of lesser quality at a lesser price. Therefore, HomeFix can charge its retail customers a lower price, providing an attractive profit for both companies. Six months into the contract, both John and Smith Forge are disappointed that, although the hand tools meet the technical specifications of the contract between Smith Forge and HomeFix, the products are not selling. And, furthermore, HomeFix is receiving nonstop complaints from its customers about the quality of the hand tools, prompting HomeFix to consider canceling its contract with Smith Forge. In retrospect, in its eagerness to land a large contract with HomeFix, John and Smith Forge failed to adequately consider the needs of the

final consumer.

For many years, Mars, Incorporated manufactured M&M's candies in assorted but fixed colors. M&M's were known and branded worldwide as individual candies featuring single solid colors. Then, in response to technological advancements and evolving customer tastes and expectations, Mars adapted its technical core by producing M&M's in an infinite variety of configurations and colors, even offering M&M's with personal photographs imprinted upon them. Thus, Mars offers personalized M&M's today as a product of "mass customization." Mars accomplished this by implementing

flexible processes.

Bernadette uses task performance behaviors to ensure that the work of her business unit gets done. Therefore, she

focuses on work speed, quality and accuracy, quantity of output, and compliance with the rules.

A useful clue about an organization's culture is

found by seeing who is hired and who is fired.

As vice president of human resources at Lodge Corporation, Paul enjoys working alongside his peer vice presidents, largely because they all have different skills and all manage different parts of the organization, including research, engineering, production, construction, procurement, and finance. Lodge Corporation is a(n) _____________ organization.

functional

Forecasts are most useful when the ____ will look radically different from the

future; past.

Dennis, a senior manager at VST Corporation, is considering the acquisition of a revolutionary water treatment technology from a small development firm. The asking price is $5 million. However, the environmental uncertainty of the water treatment marketplace is both complex and dynamic. Dennis wants to acquire the new technology but seeks to manage the risk associated with his decision, or "hedge his bets." Key elements of his risk management strategy might be to

gain competitive intelligence through environmental scanning, develop business scenarios, forecast sales, and benchmark the technology.

Xtreme Xcellence, a worldwide leader in athletic apparel products, operates divisions in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific. Each division is managed independently and has its own line and staff departments to better align with

geographies.

A _________ organization is one in which top management ensures that there is consensus about the direction in which the business is heading.

high-involvement

Lawrence and Lorsch found that

highly differentiated firms were more likely to fail in a complex environment if they failed to integrate their activities adequately.

Organizational behavior modification primarily attempts to

improve performance.

A multicultural organization is best defined as an organization

in which diversity not only exists but is valued.

Typical strategic goals involve

increasing market share.

Sheila Jones, Manager of Operations, told the firm's Manager of Human Resources, "I'm not convinced that a QWL program will necessarily inspire employees to work harder. Rather, I want us to tie rewards directly to

individual performance."

Many companies that rely heavily on internal recruiting use a(n) _____ system to advertise open positions, and this includes a list of duties and the minimum skills and experience required.

job-posting

The span of control should be wide when

jobs are similar, and performance measures are comparable.

Adriana manages a large chemical plant that manufactures a few specialty products for the roofing industry. As a __________ operation, the plant manufactures products in large volumes but with little variety. Production is not continuous but is standardized. Adriana manages the plant in a formal and hierarchical manner, and most major decisions are made by Adriana, in a centralized fashion.

large batch

In Fiedler's contingency model of leadership effectiveness, leadership styles were measured with an instrument assessing the leader's

least preferred coworker.

In the context of corporate social responsibility, _____ responsibilities are to obey local, state, federal, and relevant international laws.

legal

Lucy, a manager at an organization, has a lot of influence over her employees. She is a popular manager. Her subordinates like working with her and want to emulate her. In this scenario, Lucy has _____ power.

legitimate

In the path-goal theory, _____ is the extent to which individuals see events as being under their influence.

locus of control

A(n) _____ is based on authority stemming from hierarchical rank and is responsible for the overall performance of the business unit.

management team

In a new team work environment,

managers and team members plan together.

In the ____ approach to organization structure, decision making is decentralized to a level where information is processed properly and relevant knowledge is applied.

matrix

Danielle, Malik, and Ricardo were discussing their managers' decision-making styles. Danielle said, "My boss is very autocratic. She makes all the decisions, and I'm a bit scared of her. Our financial performance is fine but could be better." Malik stated, "My boss is the opposite; she is always democratic. She always involves all of us in discussion and decision making, and morale is good. But I think our financial performance should be better." Ricardo concluded, "My boss takes a very laissez-faire approach. He makes no decisions. In our business unit,

morale and attitudes are poor, and financial performance is poor."

A characteristic feature of matrix organizations is that

more career options become available.

Buddy, an employee at a company, is extremely eager to take up higher positions in the organization. He is an extravert and tries to influence the decisions made by his boss. He prefers to lead his colleagues rather than follow them. According to the trait approach to leadership, Buddy displays

motivation.

The difference between monolithic organizations and multicultural organizations is that

multicultural organizations place greater value on diversity.

Sarah, department manager at RRE Corporation, met with her division manager and told him, "As is common with many working women, I carry the bulk of family responsibilities. And that puts me at a disadvantage when my employer expects employees, especially managers like me, to put in long hours and sacrifice our personal lives. I would like to propose that RRE _______________."

offer flexible work schedules

Your company has asked you to launch a new product campaign at a trade show. You have found that there are established competitors with many advantages, making it difficult to break into the market. However, you recommend displacing these competitors' business by

offering promotions and price breaks, intensive selling, and other tactics.

Marian Fleming, new CEO of Xenon Products, worked diligently with her board to develop a vision for the firm. She tells her chairman, "With this vision, I know where I want us to go. And I must articulate this vision, clearly and often, so that ______________ can understand the vision and can state it clearly themselves."

other people in the organization

For the lean manufacturing approach to work well,

people should be broadly trained rather than specialized.

A _____ can occur when performance is good but someone realizes that it could be better.

performance gap

Behaviors that cause hostile environment in an organization typically include

pervasive displays of pornography.

Managing requires _____, while leading includes setting the direction.

planning and budgeting routines

The difference between monolithic organizations and pluralistic organizations is that ________________

pluralistic organizations have a more diverse employee population.

Henry, a manager at Roberts Corp., recently illustrated ___________ by promoting two employees because their performance had greatly improved.

positive reinforcement

In organizations, _____ often means the ability to get things done or accomplish one's goals despite resistance from others.

power

Mike Jones-Smith, a division manager for Rubon Corporation, told his subordinate, "Sheila, because this is your first year of budget planning for your department, I need you to ____________, defining a best-case, a worst-case, and a plausible-case business, or middle-ground business, outlook. The plausible-case business outlook will be what you will use for budget planning."

produce different scenarios

Brooke advised her subordinate, "Josh, all organizations and teams experience conflict. Your aim should be to make the conflict ____________, that is, to make those involved believe they have benefited rather than lost from the conflict. Benefits can be in the form of new solutions or strengthened work relationships."

productive

During the unfreezing stage of the three-stage model to manage resistance against change, management

realizes that the past ways of thinking, feeling, and doing things are obsolete.

Managing diversity at the workplace typically involves such basic activities as

recruiting individuals with different backgrounds.

In a research program that was conducted at the University of Michigan, it was found that ________ behavior also made for effective managers. This behaviour is characterized by trust and confidence, being friendly and considerate, showing appreciation, and keeping people informed.

relationship-oriented

Retaining good workers, irrespective of their diverse backgrounds, is becoming increasingly important because

replacing experienced workers has become more costly.

Forrest, a project manager, determines the number of employees to be assigned for a certain project. The managerial role being implemented by Forrest is

resource allocator.

According to the ethical system of utilitarianism,

seeking the greatest good for the greatest number of people should be the overriding concern of decision makers.

Pascal Monteau, CEO of JBC Corporation, envisions a significant global expansion for the firm in the next five years. Thus, he asked his division presidents to each compile a list of in-house candidates who are likely to succeed in a global environment as expatriates. Pascal said, "We are looking for candidates with a number of traits, including _______________________."

sensitivity to cultural differences, business knowledge, risk taking, cultural adventurousness, and flexibility

Corinne was refused a job, even though she had all the required qualifications. The reason for this rejection was that she reacted negatively to an illicit comment made by her interviewer. Based on the given information, it would be most accurate to say that Corinne is a victim of

sexual harassment.

Trying to change the structure of an industry is

shaping.

Phil, Horace, and Janice were three qualified engineers working in a team at a firm. Though Phil had the most experience, he did not always lead the group. Some projects required specialized knowledge that the other two members had, so the leadership role was passed around the group as appropriate. They were using the ________ style of leadership.

shared

A ________ approach is a leadership perspective that proposes universally important traits and behaviors do not exist and that effective leadership behavior varies.

situational

Sue, a supervisor new to her job, knows that, in leading a team that is new to her, she must adapt her leadership style to suit the circumstances. She knows that she should first analyze each situation and then decide what to do. Sue is adopting the ___________ leadership approach.

situational

In Maslow's need hierarchy, _____ need refers to a need for friendship, affection, belonging, and love.

social

When teams must obtain clearance from others before they act, a _____ relationship is created.

stabilization

The level of planning involving the longest time horizon, usually ranging from three to seven years, is ________ planning.

strategic

Domain selection, diversification, mergers or acquisitions, and divestitures are all examples of

strategic maneuvering.

Frontline managers often have titles such as

supervisor or sales manager.

A _____ is powerful if a buyer has few other sources of supply or if the supplier has many other buyers.

supplier

Katherine and several of the young female engineers in her division go out to lunch together on the first Tuesday of each month. During lunch, they discuss their victories and struggles as female engineers in a majority male work environment. The younger employees are particularly interested in hearing "war stories" from Katherine, who has obviously been successful in her career. They use her experiences to guide their own behaviors. Katherine is leading a(n)

support group.

In a research program that was conducted at the University of Michigan, planning, scheduling, coordinating, providing resources, and setting performance goals were all elements of what they called _____ behavior.

task-oriented

A(n) _____ skill is the ability to perform a specialized task that involves a certain method or process.

technical

Using a particular software program at an expert level, compilation of an accounting statement, and writing advertising copy are all examples of ______________ skills.

technical

Advances in genetic engineering are expected to produce some food products that will become available all year round even in continental climates. These changes will provide grocers with an opportunity to reduce their shipping costs while offering fresher produce to their customers. These advances are examples of changes in the __________ environment.

technological

Julius Holt, manager of operations at SigmaScan Industries, has decided to change careers. For years, SigmaScan has been a market leader in manufacturing DVD players, but sales—and Julius's advancement opportunities—have been declining for years. He told his wife, "Recent _________ have allowed smartphones and streaming to emerge as substitutes for DVD players. That's reality, and I need to face it."

technological advances

A reality of living in a capitalistic society is that

the creation and distribution of wealth generate by-products that can cause injury, loss, or danger to people and the environment.

Situational analysis, as part of the formal planning process, focuses on

the internal forces at work within an organization and examines influences from the external environment.

In a centralized organization, ______________ make all the decisions and pass them down to lower levels for _______________.

top managers, implementation

In the context of teams, _____ have no managerial responsibilities.

traditional work groups

A _____ leader has a special ability to generate excitement and revitalize organizations.

transformational

A _______ leader is a person who gets others to transcend their personal interests for the good of the group.

transformational

"I truly believe that our quality of work life (QWL) program is vital to our success," said Emil Thorpe, CEO of Thorpe Products. "It improves our effectiveness and productivity, where productivity means much more than each employee's quantity of work output. Productivity also includes

turnover, absenteeism, creativity, and quality of work."

During the _____ stage, management realizes that its current practices are no longer appropriate and the company must break out of its present mold by doing things differently.

unfreezing

In order to reduce production costs, Tryon Inc., an automobile manufacturer, decided to buy out a glass plant and begin manufacturing the glass for the windows of cars on its own. The corporate strategy adopted by the company is known as

vertical integration.

The founders of Richardson Corporate pride themselves on their commitment to a stewardship of the environment, displaying a photo montage in the lobby that displays before-and-after pictures of the site where the headquarters complex is built—from an ugly landfill into a parkland. As a reflection of the company's culture, the photo montage represents a

visible artifact.

The Landrum-Griffin Act (1959)

was designed to curb abuses by labor union leaders.

If a firm can "pull off" a technological innovation, executives must consider

whether there is a good financial incentive for doing so.